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1 | (24) |
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1.1 What Are [ Systematic] Literature Reviews About? |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 Brief History of Systematic Reviews |
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3 | (2) |
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1.3 Addressing Variety in Literature Reviews |
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5 | (2) |
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1.3.1 Variety in Types of Literature Reviews |
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5 | (2) |
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1.3.2 Specific Approaches for Disciplines |
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7 | (1) |
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1.4 Scope and Outline of Book |
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7 | (7) |
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1.4.1 What Does the Book Cover |
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8 | (1) |
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1.4.2 What Does the Book Not Cover |
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9 | (1) |
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1.4.3 Part I: Basic Concepts for Effective Literature Reviews |
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9 | (2) |
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1.4.4 Part II: Quantitative Analysis and Synthesis |
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11 | (1) |
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1.4.5 Part III: Qualitative Analysis and Synthesis |
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12 | (1) |
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1.4.6 Part IV: Reporting Literature Reviews |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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1.5 How to Use This Book? |
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14 | (4) |
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1.5.1 Type of Study and Use |
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14 | (3) |
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1.5.2 Structure of Chapters |
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17 | (1) |
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1.5.3 Informed Choices for Undertaking and Assessing Literature Reviews |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (7) |
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19 | (6) |
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Part I Basic Concepts for Effective Literature Reviews |
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2 Objectives and Positioning of [ Systematic] Literature Reviews |
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25 | (32) |
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2.1 Literature Sensitivity and Professional Knowledge |
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26 | (1) |
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2.2 Research Processes and Literature Reviews |
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27 | (5) |
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2.2.1 Basic Research Processes |
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27 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Where Literature is Used and How in Empirical Studies |
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29 | (3) |
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2.2.3 Solving Practical Problems and Use of Literature |
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32 | (1) |
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2.3 Evaluating Literature |
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32 | (3) |
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2.3.1 Difference Between Critical Evaluation and Critiquing |
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33 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Elements of Appraisals |
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33 | (2) |
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2.4 Synthesising Literature |
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35 | (1) |
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2.5 Archetypes of Literature Reviews |
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36 | (6) |
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2.5.1 Narrative Overviews |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (1) |
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2.5.3 Systematic Literature Reviews |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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2.6 Prepositional Logic and Literature Reviews |
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42 | (4) |
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2.6.1 Brief Introduction to Propositional Logic |
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43 | (2) |
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2.6.2 Overview of Literature Reviews Related to Propositional Logic |
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45 | (1) |
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2.7 Research Paradigms and Literature Reviews |
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46 | (3) |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (4) |
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2.10.1 ... Select an Appropriate Approach to a Literature Review? |
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53 | (1) |
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2.10.2 ... Evaluate Which Studies Are of Interest for a Review |
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53 | (1) |
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2.10.3 ... Avoid Plagiarism |
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54 | (1) |
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2.10.4 ... Write a Literature Review |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (3) |
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3 Quality of Literature Reviews |
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57 | (50) |
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3.1 Quality Based on Fitness for Purpose as Frame of Reference for Literature Reviews |
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58 | (2) |
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3.2 Quality Based on Archetypes of Literature Reviews |
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60 | (14) |
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60 | (4) |
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64 | (2) |
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3.2.3 Systematic Literature Review |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Relating the Archetypes to Quality of the Review |
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70 | (3) |
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3.2.6 Criteria for Systematic Literature Reviews and Systematic Reviews |
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73 | (1) |
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3.3 Associating Research Paradigms with Literature Reviews |
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74 | (16) |
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3.3.1 Distinguishing Between Idiographic and Nomothetic Research |
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74 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Background to Research Paradigms |
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75 | (3) |
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3.3.3 (Post)Positivist Perspectives and Archetypes of Literature Reviews |
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78 | (3) |
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3.3.4 Interpretivist Perspectives and Archetypes of Literature Reviews |
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81 | (4) |
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3.3.5 Extending the Interpretivist Approach to Academic Mastery |
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85 | (2) |
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3.3.6 Hermeneutic Perspectives on Literature Reviews |
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87 | (3) |
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3.4 Quality by Effectively Linking Literature Reviews to Empirical Studies |
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90 | (3) |
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3.5 Quality by Evidencing Engagement with Consulted Studies |
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93 | (5) |
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94 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Achieving Rigour for Citations-In-Text |
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95 | (3) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (8) |
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3.7.1 Evaluate the Quality of a Literature Review |
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99 | (1) |
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3.7.2 Achieve a Higher Degree of Accuracy in Literature Reviews |
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100 | (1) |
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3.7.3 Write Literature Reviews |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (6) |
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4 Developing Review Questions |
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107 | (38) |
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4.1 Differentiating Research Objectives and Review Questions |
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108 | (2) |
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4.2 What Are Good Questions for a Literature Review? |
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110 | (4) |
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4.2.1 Guiding Collection and Analysis of Literature |
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110 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Single Guiding Question as Point of Reference |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Clarity of Good Review Questions |
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111 | (1) |
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4.2.5 Assuming Possibility of Different Outcomes or Opinions |
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112 | (2) |
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4.2.6 Building on Sound Assumptions |
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114 | (1) |
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4.3 Starting Points for Review Questions |
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114 | (8) |
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4.3.1 From Generic to Specific and Vice Versa |
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114 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Establishing Causation |
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116 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Testing and Falsification of Theories |
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117 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Considering the Spatial Dimension |
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118 | (1) |
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4.3.5 Considering the Temporal Dimension |
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118 | (1) |
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4.3.6 Artefacts, Methods and Tools |
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119 | (1) |
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4.3.7 Setting and Evaluating Policy |
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119 | (1) |
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4.3.8 Investigating Assumptions |
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120 | (1) |
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4.3.9 Rigour and Reliability |
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121 | (1) |
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4.4 Population-Intervention-[ Comparison]-Outcome |
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122 | (10) |
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4.4.1 Root Format Population-Intervention-Outcome |
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122 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Format Population-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome and Other Variants |
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123 | (3) |
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4.4.3 Enhancing Population-Intervention-Outcome by Using Models |
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126 | (5) |
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4.4.4 Using Theories and Laws of Observed Regularities |
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131 | (1) |
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4.5 Scoping Study for Review Questions |
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132 | (4) |
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4.5.1 Scoping Review as Protocol-Driven Literature Review |
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132 | (4) |
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4.5.2 Scoping Study for Topical Mapping |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (7) |
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4.7.1 ... Develop Review Questions That Are Worthwhile |
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138 | (1) |
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4.7.2 ... Conduct and Time a Scoping Review or Scoping Study |
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139 | (1) |
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4.7.3 ... Write a Literature Review |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (5) |
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5 Search Strategies for [ Systematic] Literature Reviews |
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145 | (56) |
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5.1 Criteria for Retrieving Publications |
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146 | (4) |
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150 | (4) |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Propositional Writings |
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153 | (1) |
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5.2.5 Professional Publications |
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153 | (1) |
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5.2.6 Other Types of Publications and Sources |
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153 | (1) |
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5.3 Iterative Search Strategy |
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154 | (5) |
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5.4 Keywords, Controlled Vocabulary and Database Search Strategies |
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159 | (13) |
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5.4.1 Defining Keywords as Search Terms |
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159 | (5) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Controlled Vocabulary |
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167 | (1) |
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5.4.5 Selecting Databases |
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168 | (2) |
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5.4.6 Using Databases and Search Engines |
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170 | (2) |
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5.4.7 On Using Publishers' Databases |
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172 | (1) |
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5.5 Other Search Strategies |
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172 | (6) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Backward and Forward Searching |
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174 | (1) |
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5.5.4 Root and Branch Searches |
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175 | (1) |
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5.5.5 Citation Pearl Growing |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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5.6 Enhancing Effectiveness of Search Strategies |
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178 | (6) |
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5.6.1 Determining Saturation When Searching |
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178 | (2) |
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5.6.2 Trading Off Specificity and Sensitivity |
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180 | (2) |
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5.6.3 Complementary Search Strategies |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (4) |
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5.8 Undertaking the Search and Recording Results |
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188 | (2) |
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5.9 Scoping Reviews and Scoping Studies for Search Strategy |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (8) |
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5.11.1 ... Set an Appropriate Search Strategy |
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193 | (1) |
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5.11.2 ... Determine Which Type of Sources to Consider |
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193 | (1) |
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5.11.3 ... Write a Literature Review |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (7) |
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6 Setting Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria |
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201 | (36) |
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6.1 Filtering for Relevant Sources |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (5) |
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203 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Date of Publication |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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6.2.5 Research Design and Method |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (10) |
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6.4.1 Hierarchy of Evidence Pyramid---Systematic Reviews |
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211 | (2) |
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6.4.2 GRADE: Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations |
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213 | (6) |
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6.4.3 Quality of Evidence for Qualitative Analysis and Synthesis |
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219 | (1) |
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6.5 Determining Level of Evidence for Other Archetypes |
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220 | (3) |
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6.6 Scoping Reviews and Scoping Studies for Setting Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria |
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223 | (3) |
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226 | (2) |
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228 | (9) |
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6.8.1 ... Set Effective Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria |
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228 | (1) |
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6.8.2 ... Evaluate the Quality of Evidence in Studies |
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228 | (1) |
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6.8.3 ... Write a Literature Review |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (8) |
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Part II Quantitative Analysis and Synthesis |
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7 Principles of Meta-Analysis |
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237 | (62) |
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7.1 Introduction to Meta-Analysis |
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238 | (2) |
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7.2 Basics of Meta-Analysis |
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240 | (7) |
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7.2.1 Conditions for Applicability |
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240 | (2) |
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7.2.2 Use of Data in Meta-Analysis |
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242 | (2) |
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7.2.3 Process for Meta-Analysis |
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244 | (3) |
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7.3 Identifying and Coding Variables and Attributes for Inclusion in Meta-Analysis |
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247 | (3) |
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7.4 Models for Calculating Effect Sizes |
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250 | (10) |
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7.4.1 Common-Effect Models |
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251 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Fixed-Effects Models |
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252 | (2) |
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7.4.3 Random-Effects Models |
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254 | (2) |
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7.4.4 Mixed-Effects Models |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (2) |
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7.5 Common Measures for Effect Size Used in Meta-Analysis |
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260 | (6) |
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7.5.1 Standardised Mean Difference |
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261 | (2) |
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7.5.2 Weighted Mean Difference |
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263 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Odds Ratio and Risk Ratio |
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263 | (2) |
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7.5.4 Correlation Coefficients, Proportions and Standardised Gain Scores (Change Scores) |
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265 | (1) |
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7.6 Methods for Meta-Analysis |
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266 | (2) |
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7.7 Determining Between-Study Heterogeneity |
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268 | (14) |
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7.7.1 Distinguishing Types of Between-Study Heterogeneity |
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269 | (1) |
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7.7.2 Determining Statistical Heterogeneity |
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270 | (4) |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (2) |
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7.7.6 (Galbraith) Radial Plot |
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280 | (2) |
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7.8 Publication Bias and Sensitivity Analysis |
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282 | (4) |
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7.8.1 Assessing Publication Bias |
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283 | (2) |
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7.8.2 Sensitivity Analysis |
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285 | (1) |
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7.9 Assessing Quality of Meta-Analysis |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (3) |
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291 | (8) |
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7.11.1 ... Choose the Most Appropriate Statistical Method for Meta-Analysis |
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291 | (1) |
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7.11.2 ... Write A Literature Review |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (7) |
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8 Meta-Analysis in Action: The Cochrane Collaboration |
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299 | (14) |
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299 | (1) |
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8.2 Cochrane Collaboration |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (7) |
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301 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Identifying Relevant Studies |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Potential Sources of Bias |
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303 | (1) |
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8.3.5 Biases in the Systematic Review Process |
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303 | (1) |
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8.3.6 Analysing Data (Including Meta-Analysis) |
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304 | (1) |
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8.3.7 Alternatives to Meta-Analysis |
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305 | (1) |
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8.3.8 Summary of Findings |
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305 | (1) |
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8.3.9 Drawing Conclusions |
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306 | (2) |
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8.4 Example of a Cochrane Review |
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308 | (1) |
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8.4.1 Organised in Patient (Stroke Unit) Care |
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308 | (1) |
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8.5 Advantages of Cochrane Reviews |
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309 | (1) |
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8.5.1 What Features Indicate that Cochrane Reviews Are Reliable? |
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310 | (1) |
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8.6 Challenges for the Cochrane Collaboration |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (2) |
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311 | (2) |
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9 Other Quantitative Methods |
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313 | (40) |
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9.1 Network Meta-Analysis: Making More Than One Comparison |
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314 | (5) |
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9.1.1 Key Considerations in Network Meta-Analysis |
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314 | (2) |
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9.1.2 Example of Network Meta-Analysis |
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316 | (3) |
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9.2 Best-Evidence Synthesis |
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319 | (8) |
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9.2.1 Conducting Best-Evidence Synthesis |
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320 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Example: Exercise Prescription for Treating Shoulder Pathology |
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321 | (2) |
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9.2.3 Example: Students' Learning with Effective Learning Techniques |
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323 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of Best-Evidence Synthesis |
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324 | (3) |
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9.3 Qualitative Modelling of Causal Relationships |
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327 | (3) |
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9.4 Bibliometric Analysis |
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330 | (6) |
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9.4.1 Purpose of Bibliometric Analysis |
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331 | (2) |
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9.4.2 Conducting Bibliometric Analysis |
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333 | (2) |
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9.4.3 Caveats of Bibliometric Analysis |
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335 | (1) |
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9.4.4 Complementing Bibliometric Analysis |
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336 | (1) |
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9.5 Systematic Quantitative Literature Reviews |
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336 | (8) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (3) |
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9.5.3 Quantifying Literature |
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340 | (2) |
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9.5.4 Methods for Analysis and Displaying Results |
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342 | (2) |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (9) |
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345 | (8) |
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Part III Qualitative Analysis and Synthesis |
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10 Principles of Qualitative Synthesis |
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353 | (36) |
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10.1 Differentiating Qualitative Synthesis from Quantitative Synthesis |
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354 | (2) |
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10.2 Purpose of Qualitative Synthesis |
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356 | (5) |
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10.2.1 Aggregative Synthesis |
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357 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Interpretive Synthesis |
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358 | (2) |
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10.2.3 Supplementing Quantitative Synthesis |
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360 | (1) |
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10.3 Selecting a Qualitative Review Approach |
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361 | (13) |
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10.3.1 Overview of Methods for Qualitative Synthesis |
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361 | (5) |
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10.3.2 Selecting a Method for Qualitative Synthesis |
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366 | (8) |
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10.4 Qualitative Synthesis of Findings |
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374 | (5) |
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10.4.1 Extraction of Data and Findings |
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376 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Synthesising Findings |
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377 | (2) |
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10.4.3 Software and Online Tools for Qualitative Synthesis |
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379 | (1) |
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10.5 Quality Assessment for Qualitative Synthesis |
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379 | (2) |
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10.5.1 Assessment of Quality of Studies in Qualitative Synthesis |
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379 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Appraising Qualitative Synthesis |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (7) |
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10.7.1 ... Undertake a Qualitative Synthesis |
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382 | (1) |
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10.7.2 ... Select the Most Appropriate Method for Qualitative Synthesis |
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382 | (1) |
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10.7.3 ... Write a Literature Review |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (6) |
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11 Methods for Qualitative Analysis and Synthesis |
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389 | (28) |
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11.1 Meta-Summary: Aggregating Findings and Preparing for Meta-Synthesis |
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390 | (6) |
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11.1.1 Some Caution Before Starting |
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390 | (1) |
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11.1.2 Qualitative Meta-Summary |
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391 | (2) |
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11.1.3 Some Dos and Don'ts |
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393 | (3) |
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11.1.4 Overview of Meta-Synthesis Versus Meta-aggregation |
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396 | (1) |
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11.2 Thematic Analysis and Thematic Synthesis |
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396 | (4) |
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11.2.1 Thematic Analysis in Overview |
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398 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Thematic Analysis Step-by-Step |
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399 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Thematic Analysis as Qualitative Synthesis Approach |
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400 | (1) |
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400 | (4) |
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11.3.1 Seven Step Approach |
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401 | (2) |
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11.3.2 Pros and Cons of Meta-Ethnography |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (4) |
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11.4.1 Basics of Grounded Theory Methodology |
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404 | (2) |
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11.4.2 Grounded Theory Meta-Synthesis |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (3) |
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11.5.1 Application of Discourse Analysis to Systematic Literature Reviews |
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408 | (2) |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (6) |
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411 | (6) |
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12 Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Syntheses |
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417 | (24) |
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12.1 Purpose of Mixed-Methods Synthesis |
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417 | (2) |
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12.2 Approaches to Designs of Mixed-Methods Synthesis |
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419 | (4) |
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12.3 Methods for Integrated Mixed-Methods Syntheses |
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423 | (8) |
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12.3.1 Sequential Exploratory Method |
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423 | (2) |
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12.3.2 Sequential Explanatory Method |
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425 | (2) |
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12.3.3 Convergent Qualitative Method |
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427 | (2) |
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12.3.4 Convergent Quantitative Method |
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429 | (2) |
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12.4 Quality Criteria for Mixed-Methods Syntheses |
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431 | (2) |
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12.5 Other Methods for Diversity in Mixed-Methods Synthesis |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (6) |
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12.7.1 ... Select the Most Appropriate Method for Mixed-Methods Synthesis |
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435 | (1) |
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12.7.2 ... Write a Literature Review |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (5) |
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Part IV Presentation and Writing |
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13 Reporting Standards for Literature Reviews |
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441 | (24) |
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13.1 Relevance of Adequate Reporting |
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442 | (2) |
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13.2 Reporting Methods and Tools for Extraction of Data, Analysis and Synthesis |
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444 | (5) |
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444 | (2) |
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446 | (1) |
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13.2.3 Spreadsheets and Other Tools |
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447 | (1) |
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447 | (2) |
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13.3 Making Results and Findings Accessible |
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449 | (4) |
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13.3.1 Annotated Bibliography |
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449 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Chronological Reporting |
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450 | (1) |
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13.3.3 Thematic Reporting |
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451 | (1) |
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13.3.4 Tabulation and Visualisation |
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452 | (1) |
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13.4 Formats for Reporting |
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453 | (4) |
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453 | (2) |
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13.4.2 Other Formats for Reporting |
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455 | (1) |
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13.4.3 Domain-Specific Reporting Formats |
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|
456 | (1) |
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13.5 What Not to be Reported |
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457 | (1) |
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458 | (1) |
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|
458 | (7) |
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13.7.1 ... Report What is Needed |
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458 | (1) |
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13.7.2 ... Identify What Needs No Reporting |
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|
459 | (1) |
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13.7.3 ... Write a Literature Review |
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459 | (1) |
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|
460 | (5) |
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14 Data Management and Repositories for Literature Reviews |
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465 | (14) |
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14.1 Data Management for Literature Reviews |
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|
465 | (2) |
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14.2 Processes for Data Management |
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|
467 | (3) |
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14.3 Repositories for Systematic Reviews |
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|
470 | (3) |
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14.3.1 The Campbell Collaboration |
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|
470 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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14.3.3 Environmental Evidence Library of Evidence Syntheses |
|
|
471 | (1) |
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472 | (1) |
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|
472 | (1) |
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|
472 | (1) |
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14.3.7 Systematic Review Data Repository |
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473 | (1) |
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|
473 | (1) |
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14.4.1 Academic Libraries |
|
|
473 | (1) |
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14.4.2 Scholarly Journals |
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|
473 | (1) |
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|
474 | (1) |
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14.5 Preparing Data Sets for Repositories |
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|
474 | (1) |
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14.6 Literature Reviews and Data Repositories Enabling Open Science |
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|
474 | (2) |
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|
476 | (3) |
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|
476 | (3) |
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15 Writing Literature Reviews |
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|
479 | (24) |
|
15.1 What Makes Writing Literature Reviews Different |
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|
479 | (4) |
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15.2 Timing the Start of Writing |
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|
483 | (1) |
|
15.3 Getting to the Writing of Literature Reviews |
|
|
484 | (2) |
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|
486 | (3) |
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15.5 Gaining Proficiency in Writing |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
15.6 Improving Text Structure: Revisiting the Basics |
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|
491 | (5) |
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|
|
491 | (1) |
|
|
492 | (1) |
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|
493 | (1) |
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|
494 | (1) |
|
15.6.5 Vocabulary: Some Common Pitfalls |
|
|
494 | (2) |
|
15.7 Avoiding Some Common Errors and Inaccuracies When Writing |
|
|
496 | (3) |
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15.7.1 How Can Accuracy in Writing Be Improved? |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
15.7.2 How Can Efficiency in Writing Be Improved? |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
15.7.3 Avoiding Common Mistakes |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
15.7.4 Added Value of Peer Review |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
499 | (4) |
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|
500 | (3) |
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16 Publishing Literature Reviews |
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|
503 | (28) |
|
16.1 When is a Literature Review Worth Publishing |
|
|
504 | (3) |
|
|
504 | (2) |
|
16.1.2 Articulation of Contribution to Scholarly Knowledge |
|
|
506 | (1) |
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|
507 | (4) |
|
16.3 Final Preparation of Manuscript |
|
|
511 | (7) |
|
16.3.1 Taking Advantage from Feedback by Peers |
|
|
511 | (2) |
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|
513 | (4) |
|
16.3.3 Letter to the Editor |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
16.4 Processes of Submission and Review |
|
|
518 | (5) |
|
16.4.1 Submission and Initial Check |
|
|
518 | (2) |
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|
520 | (1) |
|
16.4.3 Decision by Editor |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
16.4.4 Processes After Acceptance |
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|
521 | (1) |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
16.4.6 Publication Fees and Open Access |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
523 | (2) |
|
16.5.1 Double-Blind Peer Review Process |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
16.5.2 Single-Blind Peer Review Process |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
16.5.3 Open Peer Review Processes |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
16.5.4 Other Types of Review Processes |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
16.6 Revising the Manuscript |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
526 | (5) |
|
|
527 | (4) |
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|
|
|
531 | (4) |
|
17.1 Literature Reviews as Activation |
|
|
531 | (2) |
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17.2 And Caution Nurtures Craftsmanship |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
17.3 Balancing the Approach to Literature Reviews for Those Starting Out |
|
|
534 | (1) |
References |
|
535 | (2) |
Appendix A Generic, Specialist Databases and Search Engines |
|
537 | (4) |
Appendix B List of Journals Publishing Only Literature Reviews |
|
541 | (6) |
Index |
|
547 | |