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Materials for Biomedical Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 720 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 10x10x10 mm, kaal: 454 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Jan-2022
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-American Ceramic Society
  • ISBN-10: 1119551080
  • ISBN-13: 9781119551089
Teised raamatud teemal:
Materials for Biomedical Engineering: Fundamentals and ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 720 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 10x10x10 mm, kaal: 454 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Jan-2022
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-American Ceramic Society
  • ISBN-10: 1119551080
  • ISBN-13: 9781119551089
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781119551089.html
Märksõnad:
"This textbook suitable for a one-semester (or two-quarter) course in biomaterials at the junior/senior undergraduate and introductory graduate levels. While intended primarily for students in biomedical engineering degree programs, this textbook providea concise yet comprehensive resource for an interdisciplinary audience composed of medical and dental students, researchers in the biomedical industry, and students with science and engineering backgrounds who have an interest in biomaterials. The focus of the book centers on the fundamentals to aid students to understand the materials science of biomaterials and their interaction with cells and tissues. However, it also describes conventional and emerging applications to show how these fundamentals are applied. Each chapter is replete with data in the form of tables and illustrations, and concludes with homework, review and examination problems, and a list of references for further reading. Beginning with an introductory chapter that covers general aspects related to the history, properties and applications of biomaterials. For academic adopters a solutions manual and other materials for their courses"--

MATERIALS FOR BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

A comprehensive yet accessible introductory textbook designed for one-semester courses in biomaterials

Biomaterials are used throughout the biomedical industry in a range of applications, from cardiovascular devices and medical and dental implants to regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, drug delivery, and cancer treatment. Materials for Biomedical Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications provides an up-to-date introduction to biomaterials, their interaction with cells and tissues, and their use in both conventional and emerging areas of biomedicine.

Requiring no previous background in the subject, this student-friendly textbook covers the basic concepts and principles of materials science, the classes of materials used as biomaterials, the degradation of biomaterials in the biological environment, biocompatibility phenomena, and the major applications of biomaterials in medicine and dentistry. Throughout the text, easy-to-digest chapters address key topics such as the atomic structure, bonding, and properties of biomaterials, natural and synthetic polymers, immune responses to biomaterials, implant-associated infections, biomaterials in hard and soft tissue repair, tissue engineering and drug delivery, and more.

  • Offers accessible chapters with clear explanatory text, tables and figures, and high-quality illustrations
  • Describes how the fundamentals of biomaterials are applied in a variety of biomedical applications
  • Features a thorough overview of the history, properties, and applications of biomaterials
  • Includes numerous homework, review, and examination problems, full references, and further reading suggestions

Materials for Biomedical Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications is an excellent textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in biomedical materials science courses, and a valuable resource for medical and dental students as well as students with science and engineering backgrounds with interest in biomaterials.

Preface xix
About the Companion Website xxi
Part I General Introduction
1(20)
1 BiomateriaLs -- An Introductory Overview
3(18)
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Definition and Meaning of Common Terms
3(5)
1.3 Biomaterials Design and Selection
8(3)
1.3.1 Evolving Trend in Biomaterials Design
8(1)
1.3.2 Factors in Biomaterials Design and Selection
9(2)
1.4 Properties of Materials
11(2)
1.4.1 Intrinsic Properties of Metals
11(1)
1.4.2 Intrinsic Properties of Ceramics
11(1)
1.4.3 Intrinsic Properties of Polymers
12(1)
1.4.4 Properties of Composites
12(1)
1.4.5 Representation of Properties
13(1)
1.5 Case Study in Materials Design and Selection: The Hip Implant
13(4)
1.6 Brief History of the Evolution of Biomaterials
17(2)
1.7 Biomaterials -- An Interdisciplinary Field
19(1)
1.8 Concluding Remarks
19(2)
Part II Materials Science of Biomaterials
21(98)
2 Atomic Structure and Bonding
23(24)
2.1 Introduction
23(1)
2.2 Interatomic Forces and Bonding Energies
23(3)
2.3 Types of Bonds between Atoms and Molecules
26(1)
2.4 Primary Bonds
27(7)
2.4.1 Ionic Bonding
29(1)
2.4.2 Covalent Bonding
30(3)
2.4.3 Metallic Bonding
33(1)
2.5 Secondary Bonds
34(2)
2.5.1 Van der Waals Bonding
34(1)
2.5.2 Hydrogen Bonding
35(1)
2.6 Atomic Bonding and Structure in Proteins
36(8)
2.6.1 Primary Structure
36(1)
2.6.2 Secondary Structure
37(1)
2.6.3 Tertiary Structure
38(5)
2.6.4 Quaternary Structure
43(1)
2.1 Concluding Remarks
44(3)
3 Structure of Solids
47(22)
3.1 Introduction
47(1)
3.2 Packing of Atoms in Crystals
47(4)
3.2.1 Unit Cells and Crystal Systems
49(2)
3.3 Structure of Solids Used as Biomaterials
51(7)
3.3.1 Crystal Structure of Metals
51(1)
3.3.2 Crystal Structure of Ceramics
52(2)
3.3.3 Structure of Inorganic Glasses
54(1)
3.3.4 Structure of Carbon Materials
55(2)
3.3.5 Structure of Polymers
57(1)
3.4 Defects in Crystalline Solids
58(4)
3.4.1 Point Defects
59(1)
3.4.2 Line Defects: Dislocations
59(3)
3.4.3 Planar Defects: Surfaces and Grain Boundaries
62(1)
3.5 Microstructure of Biomaterials
62(3)
3.5.1 Microstructure of Dense Biomaterials
63(1)
3.5.2 Microstructure of Porous Biomaterials
64(1)
3.6 Special Topic: Lattice Planes and Directions
65(2)
3.7 Concluding Remarks
67(2)
4 Bulk Properties of Materials
69(30)
4.1 Introduction
69(1)
4.2 Mechanical Properties of Materials
69(15)
4.2.1 Mechanical Stress and Strain
70(2)
4.2.2 Elastic Modulus
72(2)
4.2.3 Mechanical Response of Materials
74(4)
4.2.4 Stress-Strain Behavior of Metals, Ceramics, and Polymers
78(1)
4.2.5 Fracture of Materials
79(3)
4.2.6 Toughness and Fracture Toughness
82(1)
4.2.7 Fatigue
82(1)
4.2.8 Hardness
83(1)
4.3 Effect of Microstructure on Mechanical Properties
84(1)
4.3.1 Effect of Porosity
84(1)
4.3.2 Effect of Grain Size
85(1)
4.4 Designing with Ductile and Brittle Materials
85(2)
4.4.1 Designing with Metals
85(1)
4.4.2 Designing with Ceramics
85(2)
4.4.3 Designing with Polymers
87(1)
4.5 Electrical Properties
87(1)
4.5.1 Electrical Conductivity of Materials
87(1)
4.5.2 Electrical Conductivity of Conducting Polymers
88(1)
4.6 Magnetic Properties
88(4)
4.6.1 Origins of Magnetic Response in Materials
88(1)
4.6.2 Meaning and Definition of Relevant Magnetic Properties
89(1)
4.6.3 Diamagnetic and Paramagnetic Materials
89(1)
4.6.4 Ferromagnetic Materials
90(1)
4.6.5 Ferrimagnetic Materials
91(1)
4.6.6 Magnetization Curves and Hysteresis
91(1)
4.6.7 Hyperthermia Treatment of Tumors using Magnetic Nanoparticles
91(1)
4.7 Thermal Properties
92(2)
4.7.1 Thermal Conductivity
92(1)
4.7.2 Thermal Expansion Coefficient
93(1)
4.8 Optical Properties
94(1)
4.9 Concluding Remarks
95(4)
5 Surface Properties of Materials
99(20)
5.1 Introduction
99(1)
5.2 Surface Energy
100(4)
5.2.1 Determination of Surface Energy of Materials
101(1)
5.2.2 Measurement of Contact Angle
102(2)
5.2.3 Effect of Surface Energy
104(1)
5.3 Surface Chemistry
104(4)
5.3.1 Characterization of Surface Chemistry
105(3)
5.4 Surface Charge
108(2)
5.4.1 Surface Charging Mechanisms
108(1)
5.4.2 Measurement of Surface Charge and Potential
109(1)
5.4.3 Effect of Surface Charge
110(1)
5.5 Surface Topography
110(6)
5.5.1 Surface Roughness Parameters
112(1)
5.5.2 Characterization of Surface Topography
112(13)
5.5.3 Effect of Surface Topography on Cell and Tissue Response
125
5.6 Concluding Remarks
116(3)
Part III Classes of Materials Used as Biomaterials
119(220)
6 Metallic Biomaterials
121(32)
6.1 Introduction
121(1)
6.2 Crystal Structure of Metals
121(1)
6.3 Polymorphic Transformation
122(4)
6.3.1 Formation of Nuclei of Critical Size
123(1)
6.3.2 Rate of Phase Transformation
123(1)
6.3.3 Diffusive Transformations
124(1)
6.3.4 Displacive Transformations
125(1)
6.3.5 Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) Diagrams
125(1)
6.4 Alloys
126(1)
6.5 Shape (Morphology) of Phases
126(1)
6.6 Phase Diagrams
127(2)
6.7 Production of Metals
129(2)
6.7.1 Wrought Metal Products
129(1)
6.7.2 Cast Metal Products
130(1)
6.7.3 Alternative Production Methods
130(1)
6.8 Mechanisms for Strengthening Metals
131(2)
6.8.1 Solid Solution Hardening
131(1)
6.8.2 Precipitation and Dispersion Hardening
131(1)
6.8.3 Work Hardening
131(1)
6.8.4 Grain Size Refinement
132(1)
6.9 Metals Used as Biomaterials
133(12)
6.9.1 Stainless Steels
133(1)
6.9.2 Titanium and Titanium Alloys
134(3)
6.9.3 Cobalt-Based Alloys
137(4)
6.9.4 Nickel-Titanium Metals and Alloys
141(2)
6.9.5 Tantalum
143(1)
6.9.6 Zirconium Alloys
144(1)
6.9.7 Noble Metals
144(1)
6.10 Degradable Metals
145(4)
6.10.1 Designing Degradable Metals
145(1)
6.10.2 Degradable Magnesium Alloys
146(3)
6.11 Concluding Remarks
149(4)
7 Ceramic Biomaterials
153(34)
7.1 Introduction
153(1)
7.2 Design and Processing of Ceramics
154(3)
7.2.1 Design Principles for Mechanically Reliable Ceramics
154(1)
7.2.2 Principles of Processing Ceramics
155(2)
7.3 Chemically Unreactive Ceramics
157(5)
7.3.1 Alumina (Al2O3)
157(1)
7.3.2 Zirconia (ZrO2)
158(2)
7.3.3 Alumina-Zirconia (Al2O3-ZrO2) Composites
160(1)
7.3.4 Silicon Nitride (Si3N4)
161(1)
7.4 Calcium Phosphates
162(5)
7.4.1 Solubility of Calcium Phosphates
163(1)
7.4.2 Degradation of Calcium Phosphates
164(1)
7.4.3 Hydroxyapatite
164(1)
7.4.4 Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP)
165(1)
7.4.5 Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP)
165(1)
7.4.6 Other Calcium Phosphates
166(1)
7.4.7 Mechanical Properties of Calcium Phosphates
167(1)
7.5 Calcium Phosphate Cement (CPC)
167(3)
7.5.1 CPC Chemistry
168(1)
7.5.2 CPC Setting (Hardening) Mechanism
168(1)
7.5.3 Microstructure of CPCs
168(1)
7.5.4 Properties of CPCs
169(1)
7.6 Calcium Sulfate
170(1)
7.7 Glasses
170(2)
7.7.1 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)
171(1)
7.7.2 Glass Viscosity
171(1)
7.7.3 Production of Glasses
172(1)
7.8 Chemically Unreactive Glasses
172(1)
7.9 Bioactive Glasses
173(6)
7.9.1 Bioactive Glass Composition
173(1)
7.9.2 Mechanism of Conversion to Hydroxyapatite
174(1)
7.9.3 Reactivity of Bioactive Glasses
175(1)
7.9.4 Mechanical Properties of Bioactive Glasses
176(1)
7.9.5 Release of Ions from Bioactive Glasses
177(1)
7.9.6 Applications of Bioactive Glasses
178(1)
7.10 Glass-Ceramics
179(4)
7.10.1 Production of Glass-Ceramics
179(1)
7.10.2 Bioactive Glass-Ceramics
180(1)
7.10.3 Chemically Unreactive Glass-Ceramics
181(1)
7.10.4 Lithium Disilicate Glass-Ceramics
181(2)
7.11 Concluding Remarks
183(4)
8 Synthetic Polymers I: Nondegradable Polymers
187(30)
8.1 Introduction
187(1)
8.2 Polymer Science Fundamentals
188(10)
8.2.1 Copolymers
188(1)
8.2.2 Linear and Crosslinked Molecules
189(1)
8.2.3 Molecular Symmetry and Stereoregularity
189(1)
8.2.4 Molecular Weight
190(2)
8.2.5 Molecular Conformation
192(1)
8.2.6 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)
193(1)
8.2.7 Semicrystalline Polymers
194(3)
8.2.8 Molecular Orientation in Amorphous and Semicrystalline Polymers
197(1)
8.3 Production of Polymers
198(1)
8.3.1 Polymer Synthesis
198(1)
8.3.2 Production Methods
199(1)
8.4 Mechanical Properties of Polymers
199(2)
8.4.1 Effect of Temperature
199(1)
8.4.2 Effect of Crystallinity
200(1)
8.4.3 Effect of Molecular Weight
200(1)
8.4.4 Effect of Molecular Orientation
200(1)
8.5 Thermoplastic Polymers
201(6)
8.5.1 Polyolefins
201(2)
8.5.2 Fluorinated Hydrocarbon Polymers
203(1)
8.5.3 Vinyl Polymers
204(1)
8.5.4 Acrylic Polymers
204(1)
8.5.5 Polyaryletherketones
205(1)
8.5.6 Polycarbonate, Polyethersulfone, and Polysulfone
206(1)
8.5.7 Polyesters
206(1)
8.5.8 Polyamides
206(1)
8.6 Elastomeric Polymers
207(2)
8.6.1 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
208(1)
8.7 Special Topic: Polyurethanes
209(3)
8.7.1 Production of Polyurethanes
209(1)
8.7.2 Structure---Property Relations in Polyurethanes
210(1)
8.7.3 Chemical Stability of Polyurethanes in vivo
211(1)
8.7.4 Biomedical Applications of Polyurethanes
212(1)
8.8 Water-soluble Polymers
212(1)
8.9 Concluding Remarks
213(4)
9 Synthetic Polymers II: Degradable Polymers
217(28)
9.1 Introduction
217(1)
9.2 Degradation of Polymers
217(1)
9.3 Erosion of Degradable Polymers
218(1)
9.4 Characterization of Degradation and Erosion
219(1)
9.5 Factors Controlling Polymer Degradation
219(4)
9.5.1 Chemical Structure
219(1)
9.5.2 pH
220(1)
9.5.3 Copolymerization
221(1)
9.5.4 Crystallinity
222(1)
9.5.5 Molecular Weight
222(1)
9.5.6 Water Uptake
223(1)
9.6 Factors Controlling Polymer Erosion
223(2)
9.6.1 Bulk Erosion
224(1)
9.6.2 Surface Erosion
224(1)
9.7 Design Criteria for Degradable Polymers
225(1)
9.8 Types of Degradable Polymers Relevant to Biomaterials
226(15)
9.8.1 Poly (α-hydroxy Esters)
226(4)
9.8.2 Polycaprolactone
230(1)
9.8.3 Polyanhydrides
231(2)
9.8.4 Poly (Ortho Esters)
233(1)
9.8.5 Polydioxanone
234(1)
9.8.6 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
235(1)
9.8.7 Poly (Propylene Fumarate)
236(1)
9.8.8 Polyacetals and Polyketals
237(1)
9.8.9 Poly (polyol sebacate)
238(2)
9.8.10 Polycarbonates
240(1)
9.9 Concluding Remarks
241(4)
10 Natural Polymers
245(34)
10.1 Introduction
245(1)
10.2 General Properties and Characteristics of Natural Polymers
246(1)
10.3 Protein-Based Natural Polymers
246(16)
10.3.1 Collagen
247(8)
10.3.2 Gelatin
255(1)
10.3.3 Silk
256(3)
10.3.4 Elastin
259(1)
10.3.5 Fibrin
260(1)
10.3.6 Laminin
261(1)
10.4 Polysaccharide-Based Polymers
262(13)
10.4.1 Hyaluronic Acid
263(2)
10.4.2 Sulfated Polysaccharides
265(2)
10.4.3 Alginates
267(2)
10.4.4 Chitosan
269(2)
10.4.5 Agarose
271(1)
10.4.6 Cellulose
272(2)
10.4.7 Bacterial (Microbial) Cellulose
274(1)
10.5 Concluding Remarks
275(4)
11 Hydrogels
279(28)
11.1 Introduction
279(1)
11.2 Characteristics of Hydrogels
279(2)
11.3 Types of Hydrogels
281(1)
11.4 Creation of Hydrogels
281(3)
11.4.1 Chemical Hydrogels
281(1)
11.4.2 Physical Hydrogels
282(2)
11.5 Characterization of Sol to Gel Transition
284(1)
11.6 Swelling Behavior of Hydrogels
285(4)
11.6.1 Theory of Swelling
285(3)
11.6.2 Determination of Swelling Parameters
288(1)
11.7 Mechanical Properties of Hydrogels
289(1)
11.8 Transport Properties of Hydrogels
289(1)
11.9 Surface Properties of Hydrogels
290(1)
11.10 Environmentally Responsive Hydrogels
291(3)
11.10.1 pH Responsive Hydrogels
291(2)
11.10.2 Temperature Responsive Hydrogels
293(1)
11.11 Synthetic Hydrogels
294(5)
11.11.1 Polyethylene Glycol and Polyethylene Oxide
294(3)
11.11.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol
297(1)
11.11.3 Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate
298(1)
11.11.4 Polyacrylic Acid and Polymethacrylic Acid
298(1)
11.11.5 Poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide)
298(1)
11.12 Natural Hydrogels
299(2)
11.13 Applications of Hydrogels
301(2)
11.13.1 Drug Delivery
301(1)
11.13.2 Cell Encapsulation and Immunoisolation
302(1)
11.13.3 Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
302(1)
11.14 Concluding Remarks
303(4)
12 Composite Biomaterials
307(4)
12.1 Introduction
307(1)
12.2 Types of Composites
307(1)
12.3 Mechanical Properties of Composites
307(4)
12.3.1 Mechanical Properties of Fiber Composites
308(1)
12.3.2 Mechanical Properties of Particulate Composites
309(2)
12 A Biomedical Applications of Composites
311(4)
12.5 Concluding Remarks
313(2)
13 Surface Modification and Biological Functionalization of Biomaterials
315(24)
13.1 Introduction
315(1)
13.2 Surface Modification
315(1)
13.3 Surface Modification Methods
316(1)
13.4 Plasma Processes
317(2)
13.4.1 Plasma Treatment Principles
317(1)
13.4.2 Advantages and Drawbacks of Plasma Treatment
318(1)
13.4.3 Applications of Plasma Treatment
318(1)
13.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition
319(3)
13.5.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition of Inorganic Films
319(1)
13.5.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition of Polymer Films
319(3)
13.6 Physical Techniques for Surface Modification
322(1)
13.7 Parylene Coating
322(1)
13.8 Radiation Grafting
323(1)
13.9 Chemical Reactions
323(1)
13.10 Solution Processing of Coatings
324(6)
13.10.1 Silanization
324(1)
13.10.2 Langmuir--Blodgett Films
325(3)
13.10.3 Self-Assembled Monolayers
328(1)
13.10.4 Layer-by-Layer Deposition
329(1)
13.11 Biological Functionalization of Biomaterials
330(7)
13.11.1 Immobilization Methods
331(1)
13.11.2 Physical Immobilization
331(1)
13.11.3 Chemical Immobilization
332(2)
13.11.4 Heparin Modification of Biomaterials
334(3)
13.12 Concluding Remarks
337(2)
Part IV Degradation of Biomaterials in the Physiological Environment
339(34)
14 Degradation of Metallic and Ceramic Biomaterials
341(14)
14.1 Introduction
341(1)
14.2 Corrosion of Metals
342(7)
14.2.1 Principles of Metal Corrosion
342(3)
14.2.2 Rate of Corrosion
345(1)
14.2.3 Pourbaix Diagrams
346(1)
14.2.4 Types of Electrochemical Corrosion
347(2)
14.3 Corrosion of Metal Implants in the Physiological Environment
349(2)
14.3.1 Minimizing Metal Implant Corrosion in vivo
351(1)
14.4 Degradation of Ceramics
351(2)
14.4.1 Degradation by Dissolution and Disintegration
351(1)
14.4.2 Cell-Mediated Degradation
352(1)
14.5 Concluding Remarks
353(2)
15 Degradation of Polymeric Biomaterials
355(18)
15.1 Introduction
355(1)
15.2 Hydrolytic Degradation
356(2)
15.2.1 Hydrolytic Degradation Pathways
356(1)
15.2.2 Role of the Physiological Environment
357(1)
15.2.3 Effect of Local pH Changes
357(1)
15.2.4 Effect of Inorganic Ions
358(1)
15.2.5 Effect of Bacteria
358(1)
15.3 Enzyme-Catalyzed Hydrolysis
358(4)
15.3.1 Principles of Enzyme-Catalyzed Hydrolysis
359(1)
15.3.2 Role of Enzymes in Hydrolytic Degradation in vitro
360(2)
15.3.3 Role of Enzymes in Hydrolytic Degradation in vivo
362(1)
15.4 Oxidative Degradation
362(7)
15.4.1 Principles of Oxidative Degradation
363(1)
15.4.2 Production of Radicals and Reactive Species in vivo
363(3)
15.4.3 Role of Radicals and Reactive Species in Degradation
366(1)
15.4.4 Oxidative Degradation of Polymeric Biomaterials
367(2)
15.5 Other Types of Degradation
369(2)
15.5.1 Stress Cracking
369(1)
15.5.2 Metal Ion-Induced Oxidative Degradation
370(1)
15.5.3 Oxidative Degradation Induced by the External Environment
370(1)
15.6 Concluding Remarks
371(2)
Part V Biocompatibility Phenomena
373(142)
16 Biocompatibility Fundamentals
375(26)
16.1 Introduction
375(1)
16.2 Biocompatibility Phenomena with Implanted Devices
375(3)
16.2.1 Consequences of Failed Biocompatibility
376(1)
16.2.2 Basic Pattern of Biocompatibility Processes
377(1)
16.3 Protein and Cell Interactions with Biomaterial Surfaces
378(2)
16.3.1 Protein Adsorption onto Biomaterials
378(1)
16.3.2 Cell-Biomaterial Interactions
378(2)
16.4 Cells and Organelles
380(9)
16.4.1 Plasma Membrane
380(2)
16.4.2 Cell Nucleus
382(2)
16.4.3 Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and the Golgi Apparatus
384(2)
16.4.4 Mitochondria
386(1)
16.4.5 Cytoskeleton
386(2)
16.4.6 Cell Contacts and Membrane Receptors
388(1)
16.5 Extracellular Matrix and Tissues
389(4)
16.5.1 Components of the Extracellular Matrix
389(1)
16.5.2 Attachment Factors
389(1)
16.5.3 Cell Adhesion Molecules
390(1)
16.5.4 Molecular and Physical Factors in Cell Attachment
391(1)
16.5.5 Tissue Types and Origins
391(2)
16.6 Plasma and Blood Cells
393(3)
16.6.1 Erythrocytes
393(2)
16.6.2 Leukocytes
395(1)
16.7 Platelet Adhesion to Biomaterial Surfaces
396(1)
16.8 Platelets and the Coagulation Process
396(2)
16.9 Cell Types and Their Roles in Biocompatibility Phenomena
398(1)
16.10 Concluding Remarks
399(2)
17 Mechanical Factors in Biocompatibility Phenomena
401(13)
17.1 Introduction
401(1)
17.2 Stages and Mechanisms of Mechanotransduction
401(6)
17.2.1 Force Transduction Pathways
401(2)
17.2.2 Signal Transduction Pathways and Other Mechanisms
403(1)
17.2.3 Mechanisms of Cellular Response
404(3)
17.3 Mechanical Stress-Induced Biocompatibility Phenomena
407(7)
17.3.1 Implantable Devices in Bone Healing
407(1)
17.3.2 Implantable Devices in the Cardiovascular System
408(2)
17.3.3 Soft Tissue Healing
410(1)
17.3.4 Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering
411(3)
17 A Outcomes of Transduction of Extracellular Stresses and Responses
414(3)
17.5 Concluding Remarks
414(3)
18 Inflammatory Reactions to Biomaterials
417(20)
18.1 Introduction
417(1)
18.2 Implant Interaction with Plasma Proteins
418(1)
18.3 Formation of Provisional Matrix
418(1)
18.4 Acute Inflammation and Neutrophils
419(4)
18.4.1 Neutrophil Activation and Extravasation
419(2)
18.4.2 Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species
421(1)
18.4.3 Phagocytosis by Neutrophils
421(1)
18.4.4 Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)
421(2)
18.4.5 Neutrophil Apoptosis
423(1)
18.5 Chronic Inflammation and Macrophages
423(3)
18.5.1 Macrophage Differentiation and Recruitment to Implant Surfaces
423(1)
18.5.2 Phagocytosis by M1 Macrophages
424(1)
18.5.3 Generation of Oxidative Radicals by M1 Macrophages
425(1)
18.5.4 Anti-inflammatory Activities of M2 Macrophages
425(1)
18.6 Granulation Tissue
426(1)
18.7 Foreign Body Response
427(2)
18.8 Fibrosis and Fibrous Encapsulation
429(1)
18.9 Resolution of Inflammation
430(1)
18.10 Inflammation and Biocompatibility
431(2)
18.11 Concluding Remarks
433(4)
19 Immune Responses to Biomaterials
437(12)
19.1 Introduction
437(1)
19.2 Adaptive Immune System
437(6)
19.2.1 Lymphocyte Origins of Two Types of Adaptive Immune Defense
438(1)
19.2.2 Antibody Characteristics and Classes
438(1)
19.2.3 Major Histocompatibility Complex and Self-Tolerance
439(1)
19.2.4 B Cell Activation and Release of Antibodies
440(1)
19.2.5 T Cell Development and Cell-Mediated Immunity
440(3)
19.3 The Complement System
443(1)
19.4 Adaptive Immune Responses to Biomaterials
443(3)
19.4.1 Hypersensitivity Responses
444(1)
19.4.2 Immune Responses to Protein-Based Biomaterials and Complexes
445(1)
19.5 Designing Biomaterials to Modulate Immune Responses
446(1)
19.6 Concluding Remarks
447(2)
20 Implant-Associated Infections
449(14)
20.1 Introduction
449(1)
20.2 Bacteria Associated with Implant Infections
450(1)
20.3 Biofilms and their Characteristics
450(1)
20.4 Sequence of Biofilm Formation on Implant Surfaces
451(2)
20.4.1 Passive Reversible Adhesion of Bacteria to Implant Surface
452(1)
20.4.2 Specific Irreversible Attachment of Bacteria to Implant Surface
452(1)
20.4.3 Microcolony Expansion and Formation of Biofilm Matrix
452(1)
20.4.4 Biofilm Maturation and Tower Formation
453(1)
20.4.5 Dispersal and Return to Planktonic State
453(1)
20.5 Effect of Biomaterial Characteristics on Bacterial Adhesion
453(1)
20.6 Biofilm Shielding of Infection from Host Defenses and Antibiotics
454(1)
20.7 Effects of Biofilm on Host Tissues and Biomaterial Interactions
454(2)
20.8 Strategies for Controlling Implant Infections
456(4)
20.8.1 Orthopedic Implants Designed for Rapid Tissue Integration
456(1)
20.8.2 Surface Nanotopography
457(1)
20.8.3 Silver Nanoparticles
458(1)
20.8.4 Anti-biofilm Polysaccharides
458(1)
20.8.5 Bacteriophage Therapy
458(1)
20.8.6 Mechanical Disruption
459(1)
20.9 Concluding Remarks
460(3)
21 Response to Surface Topography and Particulate Materials
463(36)
21.1 Introduction
463(1)
21.2 Effect of Biomaterial Surface Topography on Cell Response
464(7)
21.2.1 Microscale Surface Topography in Osseointegration
466(3)
21.2.2 Microscale and Nanoscale Patterned Surfaces in Macrophage Differentiation
469(1)
21.2.3 Microscale Patterned Surfaces in Neural Regeneration
470(1)
21.3 Biomaterial Surface Topography for Antimicrobial Activity
471(11)
21.3.1 Microscale Topography with Antimicrobial Activity
471(6)
21.3.2 Nanoscale Topography with Antimicrobial Activity
477(5)
21.4 Microparticle-Induced Host Responses
482(7)
21.4.1 Mechanisms of Microparticle Endocytosis
482(1)
21.4.2 Response to Microparticles
483(4)
21.4.3 Microparticle Distribution in the Organs
487(1)
21.4.4 The Inflammasome and Microparticle-Induced Inflammation
488(1)
21.4.5 Wear Debris-Induced Osteolysis
488(1)
21.5 Nanoparticle-Induced Host Responses
489(7)
21.5.1 Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Endocytosis
489(1)
21.5.2 Response to Nanoparticles
489(3)
21.5.3 Cytotoxicity Effects of Nanoparticles
492(4)
21.6 Concluding Remarks
496(3)
22 Tests of Biocompatibility of Prospective Implant Materials
499(16)
22.1 Introduction
499(1)
22.2 Biocompatibility Standards and Regulations
499(1)
22.2.1 ISO 10993
499(1)
22.2.2 FDA Guidelines and Requirements
500(1)
22.3 In vitro Biocompatibility Test Procedures
500(7)
22.3.1 Cytotoxicity Tests
500(2)
22.3.2 Genotoxicity Tests
502(2)
22.3.3 Hemocompatibility Tests
504(3)
22.4 In vivo Biocompatibility Test Procedures
507(4)
22.4.1 Implantation Tests
507(2)
22.4.2 Thrombogenicity Tests
509(1)
22.4.3 Irritation and Sensitization Tests
510(1)
22.4 A Systemic Toxicity Tests
511(1)
22.5 Clinical Trials of Biomaterials
511(1)
22.6 FDA Review and Approval
512(1)
22.7 Case Study: The Proplast Temporomandibular Joint
512(1)
22.8 Concluding Remarks
513(2)
Part VI Applications of Biomaterials
515(166)
23 Biomaterials for Hard Tissue Repair
517(30)
23.1 Introduction
517(1)
23.2 Healing of Bone Fracture
518(3)
23.2.1 Mechanism of Fracture Healing
518(2)
23.2.2 Internal Fracture Fixation Devices
520(1)
23.3 Healing of Bone Defects
521(14)
23.3.1 Bone Defects
521(1)
23.3.2 Bone Grafts
521(2)
23.3.3 Bone Graft Substitutes
523(4)
23.3.4 Healing of Nonstructural Bone Defects
527(5)
23.3.5 Healing of Structural Bone Defects
532(3)
23.4 Total Joint Replacement
535(1)
23.4.1 Total Hip Arthroplasty
535(1)
23.4.2 Total Knee Arthroplasty
536(1)
23.5 Spinal Fusion
536(3)
23.5.1 Biomaterials for Spinal Fusion
538(1)
23.6 Dental Implants and Restorations
539(4)
23.6.1 Dental Implants
539(1)
23.6.2 Direct Dental Restorations
539(1)
23.6.3 Indirect Dental Restorations
540(3)
23.7 Concluding Remarks
543(4)
24 Biomaterials for Soft Tissue Repair
547(34)
24.1 Introduction
547(1)
24.2 Surgical Sutures and Adhesives
548(2)
24.2.1 Sutures
548(1)
24.2.2 Soft Tissue Adhesives
549(1)
24.3 The Cardiovascular System
550(1)
24.3.1 The Heart
550(1)
24.3.2 The Circulatory System
551(1)
24.4 Vascular Grafts
551(4)
24.4.1 Desirable Properties and Characteristics of Synthetic Vascular Grafts
552(1)
24.4.2 Synthetic Vascular Graft Materials
552(1)
24.4.3 Patency of Vascular Grafts
552(3)
24.5 Balloon Angioplasty
555(1)
24.6 Intravascular Stents
556(2)
24.6.1 Bare-Metal Stents
556(1)
24.6.2 Drug-Eluting Stents
557(1)
24.6.3 Degradable Stents
557(1)
24.7 Prosthetic Heart Valves
558(2)
24.7.1 Mechanical Valves
558(1)
24.7.2 Bioprosthetic Valves
559(1)
24.8 Ophthalmologic Applications
560(6)
24.8.1 Contact Lenses
561(2)
24.8.2 Intraocular Lenses
563(3)
24.9 Skin Wound Healing
566(10)
24.9.1 Skin Wound Healing Fundamentals
567(2)
24.9.2 Complicating Factors in Skin Wound Healing
569(1)
24.9.3 Biomaterials-Based Therapies
569(5)
24.9.4 Nanoparticle-Based Therapies
574(2)
24.10 Concluding Remarks
576(5)
25 Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
581(52)
25.1 Introduction
581(1)
25.2 Principles of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
582(7)
25.2.1 Cells for Tissue Engineering
584(3)
25.2.2 Biomolecules and Nutrients for in vitro Cell Culture
587(1)
25.2.3 Growth Factors for Tissue Engineering
587(1)
25.2.4 Cell Therapy
588(1)
25.2.5 Gene Therapy
589(1)
25.3 Biomaterials and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
589(6)
25.3.1 Properties of Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
589(2)
25.3.2 Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
591(1)
25.3.3 Porous Solids
591(3)
25.3.4 Hydrogels
594(1)
25.3.5 Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Scaffolds
594(1)
25.4 Creation of Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
595(14)
25.4.1 Creation of Scaffolds in the Form of Porous Solids
596(5)
25.4.2 Electrospinning
601(2)
25.4.3 Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing) Techniques
603(5)
25.4.4 Formation of Hydrogel Scaffolds
608(1)
25.4.5 Preparation of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Scaffolds
608(1)
25.5 Three-dimensional Bioprinting
609(5)
25.5.1 Inkjet-Based Bioprinting
609(2)
25.5.2 Microextrusion-Based Bioprinting
611(3)
25.6 Tissue Engineering Techniques for the Regeneration of Functional Tissues and Organs
614(15)
25.6.1 Bone Tissue Engineering
614(1)
25.6.2 Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering
615(3)
25.6.3 Tissue Engineering of Articular Joints
618(3)
25.6.4 Tissue Engineering of Tendons and Ligaments
621(3)
25.6.5 Skin Tissue Engineering
624(2)
25.6.6 Bladder Tissue Engineering
626(3)
25.7 Concluding Remarks
629(4)
26 Biomaterials for Drug Delivery
633(48)
26.1 Introduction
633(1)
26.2 Controlled Drug Release
634(4)
26.2.1 Drug Delivery Systems
636(1)
26.2.2 Mechanisms of Drug Release
636(2)
26.3 Designing Biomaterials for Drug Delivery Systems
638(1)
26.4 Microparticle-based Delivery Systems
638(2)
26.4.1 Preparation of Polymer Microsphere Delivery Systems
639(1)
26.4.2 Applications of Microparticle Delivery Systems
640(1)
26.5 Hydrogel-based Delivery Systems
640(8)
26.5.1 Environmentally Responsive Drug Delivery Systems
641(3)
26.5.2 Drug Delivery Systems Responsive to External Physical Stimuli
644(4)
26.6 Nanoparticle-based Delivery Systems
648(20)
26.6.1 Distribution and Fate of Nanoparticle-based Drug Delivery Systems
649(1)
26.6.2 Targeting of Nanoparticles to Cells
650(3)
26.6.3 Polymer-based Nanoparticle Systems
653(2)
26.6.4 Lipid-based Nanoparticle Systems
655(8)
26.6.5 Polymer Conjugates
663(3)
26.6.6 Dendrimers
666(1)
26.6.7 Inorganic Nanoparticles
667(1)
26.7 Delivery of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
668(7)
26.7.1 Chemical Modification of siRNA
670(1)
26.7.2 Biomaterials for siRNA Delivery
671(4)
26.8 Biological Drug Delivery Systems
675(1)
26.8.1 Exosomes for Therapeutic Biomolecule Delivery
675(1)
26.9 Concluding Remarks
676(5)
Index 681
Mohamed N. Rahaman, Professor Emeritus of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA. Dr. Rahaman is a Fellow of the American Ceramic Society, the author of five textbooks, the author and co-author of over 280 reviewed journal articles and conference proceedings, and the co-inventor on three US patents in the area of medical devices.

Roger F. Brown, Professor Emeritus of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA. Dr Brown is the author and co-author of over 60 reviewed journal articles and conference proceedings, and is a co-inventor on one US patent pertaining to the use of bioactive borate glass microfibers for soft tissue repair.