| Preface |
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ix | |
| Acknowledgments |
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| Contributors |
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| A Contemporary approach to microbiology |
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1 | (1) |
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The context for contemporary medical microbiology |
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1 | (1) |
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Microbiology past, present and future |
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2 | (2) |
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The approach adopted in this book |
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4 | (3) |
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SECTION 1 THE ADVERSARIES: MICROBES |
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The varieties of microbes |
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7 | (1) |
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Living inside or outside cells |
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8 | (1) |
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Systems of classification |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (3) |
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Extrachromosomal elements |
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17 | (2) |
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Mutation and gene transfer |
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19 | (5) |
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Survival under adverse conditions |
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24 | (1) |
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The genomics of medically important bacteria |
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24 | (5) |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (2) |
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Outcome of viral infection |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (4) |
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Major groups of disease-causing fungi |
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39 | (4) |
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43 | (524) |
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The helminths and arthropods |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (4) |
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`Rogue Protein' pathogenesis |
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53 | (1) |
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Development and transmission of prion diseases |
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54 | (1) |
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Medical problems posed by prion disease |
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54 | (3) |
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The host-parasite relationship |
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57 | (3) |
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60 | (2) |
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The characteristics of parasitism |
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62 | (1) |
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The evolution of parasitism |
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63 | (9) |
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SECTION 2 THE ADVERSARIES: HOST DEFENSES |
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The innate defenses of the body |
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Defense against entry into the body |
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72 | (1) |
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Defenses once the microorganism penetrates the body |
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72 | (15) |
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Adaptive responses provide a `quantum leap' in effective defense |
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87 | (2) |
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The role of T lymphocytes |
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89 | (4) |
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Extracellular attack on large infectious agents |
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93 | (1) |
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Local defenses at mucosal surfaces |
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94 | (6) |
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The cellular basis of adaptive immune responses |
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100 | (2) |
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Clonal expansion of lymphocytes |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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Stimulation of lymphocytes |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (11) |
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Background to the infectious diseases |
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Host-parasite relationships |
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117 | (1) |
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Causes of infectious diseases |
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118 | (2) |
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The biologic response gradient |
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120 | (3) |
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Entry, exit and transmission |
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123 | (7) |
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130 | (2) |
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Types of transmission between humans |
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132 | (5) |
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Transmission from animals |
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137 | (6) |
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Immune defenses in action |
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143 | (1) |
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Acute phase proteins and pattern recognition receptors |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (1) |
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Antibody-mediated immunity |
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148 | (3) |
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151 | (3) |
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154 | (3) |
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Features of surface and systemic infections |
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157 | (2) |
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Mechanisms of spread through the body |
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159 | (3) |
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Genetic determinants of spread and replication |
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162 | (1) |
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Other factors affecting spread and replication |
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163 | (4) |
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Parasite survival strategies and persistent infections |
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Parasite survival strategies |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (3) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (3) |
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176 | (8) |
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Pathologic consequences of infection |
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Pathology caused directly by the microorganism |
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184 | (3) |
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Pathologic activation of natural immune mechanisms |
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187 | (2) |
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Pathologic consequences of the immune response |
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189 | (4) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (5) |
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SECTION 4 CLINICAL MANIFESTATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTIONS BY BODY SYSTEM |
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Introduction to Section 4: The Clinical Manifestations of Infection |
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199 | (2) |
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Upper respiratory tract infections |
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201 | (1) |
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Pharyngitis and tonsillitis |
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202 | (8) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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Laryngitis and tracheitis |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (3) |
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Lower respiratory tract infections |
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217 | (15) |
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232 | (5) |
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237 | (4) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (2) |
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Clinical features and complications |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (3) |
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Sexually transmitted diseases |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (5) |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (3) |
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Other causes of inguinal lymphadenopathy |
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261 | (1) |
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Mycoplasmas and non-gonococcal urehritis |
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262 | (1) |
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Other causes of vaginitis and urehritis |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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Human papillomavirus infection |
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264 | (1) |
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Human immunodeficiency virus |
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264 | (9) |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (2) |
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Gastrointestinal tract infections |
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Diarrheal diseases caused by bacterial or viral infection |
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277 | (15) |
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292 | (1) |
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Helicobacter pylori and gastric ulcer disease |
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293 | (1) |
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Parasites and the gastrointestinal tract |
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293 | (7) |
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Systemic infection initiated in the gastrointestinal tract |
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300 | (13) |
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Obstetric and perinatal infections |
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Infections occurring in pregnancy |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (5) |
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Infections occurring around the time of birth |
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318 | (5) |
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Central nervous system infections |
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Invasion of the central nervous system |
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323 | (1) |
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The body's response to invasion |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (6) |
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331 | (6) |
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Neurologic diseases of possible viral etiology |
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337 | (1) |
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Spongiform encephalopathy caused by scrapie-type agents |
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337 | (1) |
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CNS disease caused by parasites |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (4) |
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343 | (2) |
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Infection of the deeper layers of the eye |
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345 | (5) |
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Infections of the skin, soft tissue, muscle and associated systems |
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Bacterial infections of skin, soft issue and muscle |
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350 | (7) |
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Mycobacterial diseases of the skin |
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357 | (2) |
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Fungal infections of the skin |
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359 | |
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Parasitic infections of the skin |
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264 | (102) |
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Mucocutaneous lesions caused by viruses |
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366 | (7) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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Other infections producing skin lesions |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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Viral infections of muscle |
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377 | (1) |
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Parasitic infections of muscle |
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377 | (1) |
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Joint and bone infections |
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378 | (2) |
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Infections of the hemopoietic system |
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380 | (3) |
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383 | (3) |
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Infections caused by Rickettsiae |
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386 | (3) |
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389 | (2) |
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391 | (6) |
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397 | (4) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (1) |
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Marburg and Ebola hemorrhagic fevers |
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402 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (2) |
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Yersinia enterocolitica infection |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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Pasteurella multocida infection |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (3) |
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Definitions of fever of unknown origin |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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Investigation of classical FUO |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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FUO in specific patient groups |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (7) |
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Infections in the compromised host |
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423 | (3) |
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Infections of the host with deficient innate immunity due to physical factors |
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426 | (3) |
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Infections associated with secondary adaptive immunodeficiency |
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429 | (2) |
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Other important opportunist pathogens |
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431 | (10) |
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SECTION 5 DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL |
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Strategies for control: an introduction |
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Epidemiologic considerations |
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441 | (6) |
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447 | (1) |
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Chemotherapy versus vaccination |
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447 | (3) |
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Control versus eradication |
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450 | (3) |
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Diagnosis of infection and assessment of host defense mechanisms |
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Aims of the clinical microbiology laboratory |
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453 | (1) |
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453 | (2) |
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Non-cultural techniques for the laboratory diagnosis of infection |
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455 | (7) |
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Cultivation (culture) of microorganisms |
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462 | (2) |
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Identification of microorganisms grown in culture |
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464 | (2) |
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Antibody detection methods for the diagnosis of infection |
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466 | (2) |
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Assessment of host defense systems |
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468 | (3) |
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Protocols for specimen processing |
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471 | (2) |
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Attacking the enemy: entimicrobial agents and chemotherapy |
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473 | (1) |
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Discovery and design of antibacterial agents |
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473 | (1) |
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Classification of antibacterial agents |
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474 | (3) |
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Resistance to antibacterial agents |
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477 | (1) |
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Classes of antifacterial agents |
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477 | (1) |
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Inhibtors of cell wall synthesis |
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478 | (7) |
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Inhibitors of protein synthesis |
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485 | (7) |
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Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis |
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492 | (2) |
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Antimetabolites affecting nucleic acid synthesis |
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494 | (2) |
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Other agents that affect DNA |
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496 | (1) |
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Inhibitors of cytoplastic membrane function |
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496 | (1) |
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Urinary tract antiseptics |
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496 | (1) |
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496 | (1) |
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Antibacterial agents in practice |
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497 | (2) |
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499 | (1) |
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499 | (5) |
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504 | (1) |
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505 | (2) |
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Use and misuse of antimicrobial agents |
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507 | (6) |
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513 | (1) |
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Requirements of a good vaccine |
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514 | (2) |
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516 | (4) |
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520 | (4) |
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Community-based control by vaccination |
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524 | (3) |
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Factors influencing the success of vaccination |
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527 | (1) |
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528 | (11) |
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Passive and non-specific immunotherapy |
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Passive immunization with antibody |
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539 | (3) |
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Non-specific cellular mmunostimulation |
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542 | (1) |
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Correction of host immunodeficiency |
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543 | (3) |
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Hospital infection, sterilization and disinfection |
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Common hospital-acquired infections |
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546 | (1) |
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Important causes of hospital infection |
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546 | (2) |
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Sources and routes of spread of hospital infection |
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548 | (1) |
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Host factors and hospital infection |
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549 | (2) |
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Consequences of hospital infection |
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551 | (1) |
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Prevention of hospital infection |
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551 | (4) |
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Investigating hospital infection |
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555 | (1) |
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Sterilization and disinfection |
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556 | (11) |
| Appendix - Pathogen parade |
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567 | (64) |
| Answers |
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631 | (9) |
| Index |
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640 | |
