| Preface |
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v | |
| Acknowledgements |
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vi | |
| Contributors |
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vi | |
| Student Consultants |
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vii | |
| A contemporary approach to microbiology |
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xi | |
| Microbes and parasites |
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xi | |
| The context for contemporary medical microbiology |
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xi | |
| Microbiology past, present and future |
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xii | |
| The approach adopted in this book |
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xiv | |
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SECTION 1 THE ADVERSARIES-MICROBES |
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3 | (4) |
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The varieties of microbes |
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3 | (1) |
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Living inside or outside cells |
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4 | (1) |
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Systems of classification |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (20) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (5) |
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Survival underadverse conditions |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (4) |
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Mutation and gene transfer |
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20 | (3) |
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The genomics of medically important bacteria |
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23 | (4) |
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27 | (10) |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (2) |
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Outcome of viral infection |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (4) |
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37 | (4) |
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Major groups of disease-causing fungi |
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37 | (4) |
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41 | (2) |
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6 The helminths and arthropods |
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43 | (6) |
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43 | (3) |
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46 | (3) |
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49 | (4) |
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`Rogue protein' pathogenesis |
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49 | (1) |
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Development, transmission and diagnosis of prion diseases |
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50 | (1) |
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Prevention and treatment of prion diseases |
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51 | (2) |
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8 The host-parasite relationship |
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53 | (14) |
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53 | (3) |
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56 | (2) |
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The characteristics of parasitism |
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58 | (1) |
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The evol ution of parasitism |
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59 | (8) |
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SECTION 2 THE ADVERSARIES-HOST DEFENCES |
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9 The innate defences of the body |
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67 | (16) |
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Defence against entry into the body |
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67 | (1) |
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Defences once the microorganism penetrates the body |
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68 | (15) |
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10 Adaptive responses provide a `quantum leap' in effective defence |
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83 | (12) |
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83 | (3) |
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86 | (3) |
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Extracellular attack on large infectious agents |
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89 | (1) |
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Local defences at mucosal surfaces |
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90 | (5) |
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11 The cellular basis of adaptive immune responses |
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95 | (16) |
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98 | (1) |
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Clonal expansion of lymphocytes |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (2) |
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Stimulation of lymphocytes |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (5) |
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12 Background to the infectious diseases |
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111 | (8) |
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Host-parasite relationships |
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111 | (4) |
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Causes of infectious diseases |
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115 | (2) |
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The biologic response gradient |
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117 | (2) |
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13 Entry, exit and transmission |
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119 | (18) |
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119 | (6) |
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125 | (2) |
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Types of transmission between humans |
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127 | (5) |
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Transmission from animals |
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132 | (5) |
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14 Immune defences in action |
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137 | (16) |
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137 | (1) |
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Acute phase proteins and pattern recognition receptors |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (3) |
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142 | (2) |
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Antibody-mediated immunity |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (3) |
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149 | (4) |
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15 Spread and replication |
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153 | (10) |
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Features of surface and systemic infections |
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154 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of spread through the body |
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155 | (3) |
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Genetic determinants of spread and replication |
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158 | (1) |
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Other factors affecting spread and replication |
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159 | (4) |
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16 Parasite survival strategies and persistent infections |
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163 | (16) |
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Parasite survival strategies |
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164 | (5) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (3) |
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173 | (6) |
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17 Pathologic consequences of infection |
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179 | (18) |
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Pathology caused directly by microorganism |
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179 | (4) |
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183 | (1) |
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Pathologic activation of natural immune mechanisms |
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183 | (4) |
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Pathologic consequences of the immune response |
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187 | (4) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (5) |
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SECTION 4 CLINICAL MANIFESTATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTIONS BY BODY SYSTEM |
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Introduction to Section 4: The clinical manifestations of infection |
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197 | (2) |
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18 Upper respiratory tract infections |
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199 | (14) |
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199 | (1) |
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Pharyngitis and tonsillitis |
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200 | (8) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (3) |
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19 Lower respiratory tract infections |
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213 | (24) |
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Laryngitis and tracheitis |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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Respiratory syncytial virus infection |
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216 | (1) |
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Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (3) |
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221 | (1) |
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Parainfluenza virus infection |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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Influenza virus infection |
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223 | (5) |
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Cytomegalovirus infection |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (3) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (2) |
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20 Urinary tract infections |
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237 | (8) |
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Acquisition and aetiology |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (2) |
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Clinical features and complications |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
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21 Sexually transmitted infections |
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245 | (24) |
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STIs and sexual behaviour |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (4) |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (2) |
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Other causes of inguinal lymphadenopathy |
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253 | (2) |
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Mycoplasmas and non-gonococcal urethritis |
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255 | (1) |
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Othercauses ofvaginitis and urethritis |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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Human papillomavirus infection |
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257 | (1) |
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Human immunodeficiency virus |
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257 | (10) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (2) |
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22 Gastrointestinal tract infections |
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269 | (34) |
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Diarrheal diseases caused by bacterial or viral infection |
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270 | (13) |
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283 | (1) |
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Helicobacter pylori and gastric ulcer disease |
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284 | (1) |
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Parasites and the gastrointestinal tract |
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284 | (7) |
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Systemic infection initiated in the gastrointestinal tract |
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291 | (12) |
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23 Obstetric and perinatal infections |
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303 | (8) |
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Infections occurring in pregnancy |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (5) |
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Infections occurring around thetime of birth |
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308 | (3) |
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24 Central nervous system infections |
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311 | (18) |
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Invasion of the central nervous system |
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311 | (1) |
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The body's response to invasion |
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311 | (2) |
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313 | (6) |
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319 | (5) |
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Neurologic diseases of possible viral aetiology |
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324 | (1) |
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Spongiform encephalopathies caused by scrapie-type agents |
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324 | (1) |
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CNS disease caused by parasites |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (3) |
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329 | (6) |
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329 | (3) |
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Infection of the deeper layers of the eye |
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332 | (3) |
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26 Infections of the skin, soft tissue, muscle and associated systems |
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335 | (32) |
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Bacterial infections of skin, soft tissue and muscle |
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337 | (6) |
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Mycobacterial diseases of the skin |
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343 | (2) |
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Fungal infections of the skin |
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345 | (5) |
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Parasitic infections of the skin |
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350 | (1) |
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Mucocutaneous lesions caused by viruses |
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351 | (7) |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (2) |
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360 | (1) |
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Other infections producing skin lesions |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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Viral infections of muscle |
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361 | (1) |
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Parasitic infections of muscle |
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362 | (1) |
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Joint and bone infections |
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363 | (2) |
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Infections of the haemopoietic system |
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365 | (2) |
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27 Vector-borne infections |
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367 | (16) |
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367 | (2) |
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Infections caused by rickettsiae |
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369 | (4) |
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373 | (2) |
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375 | (5) |
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380 | (3) |
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383 | (12) |
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383 | (2) |
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Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) |
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385 | (1) |
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Marburg and Ebola haemorrhagic fevers |
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385 | (1) |
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Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, a tick-borne virus |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (2) |
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Yersinia enterocolitica infection |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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Pasteurellamultocida infection |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (4) |
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29 Fever of unknown origin |
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395 | (8) |
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Definitions of fever of unknown origin |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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Investigation of classic FUO |
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396 | (3) |
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399 | (1) |
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FUO in specific patient groups |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (3) |
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30 Infections in the compromised host |
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403 | (16) |
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403 | (2) |
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Infections ofthe host with deficient innate immunity due to physical factors |
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405 | (3) |
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Infections associated with secondary adaptive immunodeficiency |
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408 | (1) |
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Other important opportunist pathogens |
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409 | (10) |
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SECTION 5 DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL |
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31 Diagnosis of infection and assessment of host defense mechanisms |
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419 | (20) |
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Aims of the clinical microbiology laboratory |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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Non-cultural techniques for the laboratory diagnosis of infection |
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420 | (8) |
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Cultivation (culture) of microorganisms |
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428 | (1) |
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Identification of microorganisms grown in culture |
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429 | (3) |
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Antibody detection methods for the diagnosis of infection |
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432 | (1) |
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Assessment of host defence systems |
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432 | (4) |
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Putting it all together: detection, diagnosis, and epidemiology |
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436 | (3) |
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32 Epidemiology and control of infectious diseases |
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439 | (8) |
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439 | (1) |
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Types of epidemiological studies |
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439 | (5) |
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Transmission of infectious disease |
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444 | (2) |
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446 | (1) |
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33 Attacking the enemy: antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy |
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447 | (44) |
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447 | (1) |
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Discovery and design of antimicrobial agents |
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447 | (1) |
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Classification of antibacterial agents |
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448 | (1) |
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Resistance to antibacterial agents |
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449 | (3) |
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Classes of antibacterial agents |
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452 | (1) |
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Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis |
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452 | (6) |
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Inhibitors of protein synthesis |
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458 | (7) |
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Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis |
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465 | (2) |
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Antimetabolites affecting nucleic acid synthesis |
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467 | (2) |
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Other agents that affect DNA |
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469 | (1) |
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Inhibitors of cytoplasmic membrane function |
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469 | (1) |
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Urinary tract antiseptics |
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470 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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Antibacterial agents in practice |
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471 | (2) |
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473 | (1) |
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473 | (8) |
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481 | (2) |
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483 | (1) |
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Control by chemotherapy versus vaccination |
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483 | (4) |
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Control versus eradication |
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487 | (1) |
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Use and misuse of antimicrobial agents |
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487 | (4) |
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34 Protecting the host: vaccination |
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491 | (14) |
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vaccination - A four hundred year history |
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491 | (1) |
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491 | (2) |
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Vaccines can be of different types |
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493 | (12) |
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35 Passive and non-specific immunotherapy |
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505 | (6) |
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Passive immunization with antibody |
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505 | (3) |
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Non-specific cellular immunostimulation |
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508 | (1) |
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Correction of host immunodeficiency |
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509 | (1) |
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510 | (1) |
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36 Hospital infection, sterilization and disinfection |
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511 | (26) |
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Common hospital infections |
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511 | (1) |
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Important causes of hospital infection |
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511 | (2) |
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Sources and routes of spread of hospital infection |
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513 | (1) |
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Host factors and hospital infection |
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514 | (1) |
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Consequences of hospital infection |
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515 | (2) |
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Prevention of hospital infection |
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517 | (4) |
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Investigating healthcare-associated infection |
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521 | (5) |
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Sterilization and disinfection |
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526 | (11) |
| Online only - Pathogen parade Bibliography |
|
537 | (2) |
| Index |
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539 | |
