| Preface |
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xi | |
| Authors |
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xiii | |
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1 | (22) |
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1.1 Materials and Properties |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Mechanical Properties and Microstructure |
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2 | (1) |
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1.3 Techniques for Mechanical Property Characterization |
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3 | (8) |
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1.4 Standards for Mechanical Testing |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (3) |
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1.5.1 Tensile, Fatigue, and Creep Test Specimens |
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11 | (1) |
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1.5.2 Fracture Toughness Specimens |
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12 | (2) |
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1.6 Need for Specimen Miniaturization |
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14 | (3) |
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1.6.1 Alloy Design and Development |
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15 | (1) |
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1.6.2 Periodic Assessment and Life Extension of Engineering Components |
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15 | (1) |
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1.6.3 Weld Joints and Coatings |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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1.6.5 Micro- and Nanodevices |
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17 | (1) |
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1.7 Miniaturized Specimen Testing---A Genesis |
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17 | (3) |
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1.8 Spin-Off Applications of Specimen Miniaturization |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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21 | (2) |
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2 Miniature Specimen Testing for Tensile and Plastic Flow Properties |
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23 | (62) |
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23 | (1) |
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2.2 Tensile Tests with Subsize Specimens |
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24 | (10) |
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2.2.1 Influence of Thickness-to-Grain Size Ratio |
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25 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Ultra Subsize Specimen Designs |
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26 | (3) |
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2.2.3 Challenges in Subsize Tensile Testing |
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29 | (1) |
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2.2.3.1 Specimen Machining and Gripping |
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29 | (1) |
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2.2.3.2 Strain Measurements |
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30 | (2) |
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2.2.4 Micro- and Nanoscale Tensile Testing |
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32 | (2) |
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2.2.4.1 Actuation and Force/Displacement Measurement |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (13) |
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2.3.1 Experimental Methods |
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36 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Analysis of Load-Displacement Curve |
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36 | (4) |
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2.3.3 Effect of Specimen Thickness and Clearance Zone |
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40 | (1) |
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2.3.4 Tensile--Shear Strength Correlations |
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41 | (3) |
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2.3.5 Ductility from Shear Punch Test |
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44 | (3) |
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2.4 Ball-Indentation Technique |
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47 | (19) |
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2.4.1 Flow Stress from Indentation |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Cyclic Indentation Tests |
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51 | (1) |
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2.4.4 Yield Strength from Indentation |
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52 | (1) |
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2.4.5 Contact Area and Pileup/Sink-In Phenomena |
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53 | (3) |
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2.4.6 Numerical Studies on Ball Indentation |
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56 | (1) |
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2.4.6.1 Machine Compliance |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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2.4.6.3 Analysis of Pileup/Sink-In |
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59 | (2) |
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2.4.6.4 Numerical Methods for Stress-Strain Evaluation |
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61 | (5) |
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66 | (12) |
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2.5.1 Deformation Regimes in Small Punch Tests |
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68 | (3) |
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2.5.2 Correlation with Tensile Properties |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (6) |
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78 | (7) |
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79 | (6) |
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3 Miniature Specimens for Fatigue and Fracture Properties |
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85 | (26) |
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3.1 Subsize Charpy Specimen Impact Testing |
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85 | (6) |
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86 | (2) |
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3.1.2 Transition Temperature Correlation |
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88 | (2) |
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3.1.3 Scaling of Instrumented Impact Test Parameters |
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90 | (1) |
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3.1.4 Challenges in Subsize Impact Testing |
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90 | (1) |
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3.2 Fracture Toughness KIC/JIC with Subsize Specimens |
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91 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Toughness in Transition Regime |
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93 | (2) |
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3.3 Specimen Reconstitution Methods |
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95 | (2) |
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3.4 Fatigue and Fatigue Crack Growth Studies Using Subsize Specimens |
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97 | (2) |
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3.4.1 Fatigue Crack Growth Studies |
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97 | (2) |
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3.5 Fracture Toughness from Small Punch Technique |
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99 | (4) |
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3.5.1 Ductile--Brittle Transition from Small Punch |
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99 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Toughness---Lower and Upper Shelf |
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100 | (1) |
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3.5.3 Small Punch Using Notched Specimen |
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101 | (2) |
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3.6 Fracture Toughness from Indentation Techniques |
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103 | (2) |
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3.6.1 Indentation Energy to Fracture |
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104 | (1) |
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3.6.2 Continuum Damage Mechanics Approach |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (6) |
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106 | (5) |
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4 Critical Issues in Small Specimen Testing |
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111 | (20) |
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111 | (1) |
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4.2 Specimen Size Effects and Their Influence on Mechanical Behavior |
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111 | (6) |
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4.2.1 Size Effect in Subsize Tensile and Punch Tests |
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114 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Specimen Size Requirements for Spherical Indentation |
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115 | (1) |
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4.2.2.1 Indentation Size Effect |
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116 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Size Effect in Fracture Toughness Testing |
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116 | (1) |
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4.3 Issues Related to Specimen Orientation and Stress State |
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117 | (1) |
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4.4 Specimen Preparation Methods |
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118 | (1) |
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4.5 Uncertainty in Small Specimen Testing |
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119 | (1) |
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4.6 Round-Robin Exercises |
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120 | (7) |
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4.6.1 The European Code of Practice for Small Punch (SP) Testing |
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121 | (4) |
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4.6.2 Round-Robin Experiments of Ball Indentation |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (4) |
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128 | (3) |
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5 Applications of Small Specimen Testing |
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131 | (28) |
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131 | (1) |
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5.2 Condition Monitoring of Plant Components |
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131 | (2) |
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5.2.1 Unique Challenges in the Nuclear Industry and Advantages of Small Specimens |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (4) |
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5.3.1 Considerations in Sample Removal |
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136 | (1) |
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5.4 Field Equipment for In Situ Testing |
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137 | (1) |
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5.5 Residual Life Assessment |
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138 | (3) |
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5.6 Properties of Weld Joints |
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141 | (3) |
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5.7 Coatings and Surface-Treated Components |
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144 | (3) |
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5.8 Material Development Programs |
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147 | (7) |
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5.8.1 Nanomaterials and Composites |
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147 | (3) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (3) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (5) |
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155 | (4) |
| Index |
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159 | |