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New Media and Freedom of Expression: Rethinking the Constitutional Foundations of the Public Sphere [Pehme köide]

Andrįs Koltay (University of Public Service, Hungary)

Formaat: Paperback / softback, 280 pages, kõrgus x laius: 244x169 mm, kaal: 454 g
Sari: Hart Studies in Comparative Public Law
Ilmumisaeg: 21-Jan-2021
Kirjastus: Hart Publishing
ISBN-10: 1509946284
ISBN-13: 9781509946280

Teised raamatud teemal:

Constitutional & administrative law - (Hetkel poes: 1 nimetust)
Comparative law - (Hetkel poes: 1 nimetust)
Entertainment & media law - (Hetkel poes: 1 nimetust)
Freedom of expression law
Human rights - (Hetkel poes: 3 nimetust)
Civil rights & citizenship - (Hetkel poes: 3 nimetust)
Human rights & civil liberties law

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Formaat: Paperback / softback, 280 pages, kõrgus x laius: 244x169 mm, kaal: 454 g
Sari: Hart Studies in Comparative Public Law
Ilmumisaeg: 21-Jan-2021
Kirjastus: Hart Publishing
ISBN-10: 1509946284
ISBN-13: 9781509946280

Teised raamatud teemal:

Constitutional & administrative law - (Hetkel poes: 1 nimetust)
Comparative law - (Hetkel poes: 1 nimetust)
Entertainment & media law - (Hetkel poes: 1 nimetust)
Freedom of expression law
Human rights - (Hetkel poes: 3 nimetust)
Civil rights & citizenship - (Hetkel poes: 3 nimetust)
Human rights & civil liberties law

Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781509946280.html

Märksõnad:

The principles of freedom of expression have been developed over centuries. How are they reserved and passed on? How can large internet gatekeepers be required to respect freedom of expression and to contribute actively to a diverse and plural marketplace of ideas? These are key issues for media regulation, and will remain so for the foreseeable decades. The book starts with the foundations of freedom of expression and freedom of the press, and then goes on to explore the general issues concerning the regulation of the internet as a specific medium. It then turns to analysing the legal issues relating to the three most important gatekeepers whose operations directly affect freedom of expression: ISPs, search engines and social media platforms. Finally it summarises the potential future regulatory and media policy directions. The book takes a comparative legal approach, focusing primarily on English and American regulations, case law and jurisprudential debates, but it also details the relevant international developments (Council of Europe, European Union) as well as the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights.

Arvustused

[ R]igorous in its attention to detail and demonstrates great adeptness in communicating the complexities of various regulatory regimes in a manner that is both informative and interesting. -- Paul Wragg, University of Leeds * Communications Law * This is an ambitious and authoritative monograph that has been thoroughly researched. It is without doubt a seminal piece of work that not only makes a valuable contribution to the free speech debate now but will, no doubt, continue to act as a catalyst and resource for further research and debate long into the future. Koltay has managed to adroitly balance in depth authoritative analysis with accessibility. Consequently, this book will not only be of huge value to academic and practising lawyers operating within the media law and human rights spheres, but will also be of interest to law students, philosophers, communication and journalism academics, journalists and other media professionals in the UK and internationally. -- Peter Coe, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies Information Law and Policy Centre, University of London * Entertainment Law Review *

Muu info

An important examination of freedom of expression in the age of new media, such as social media, the implications this has for constitutional arrangements.

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

xiii

Table of Cases

Introduction

(7)

1 The Foundations of Free Speech and Freedom of the Press

(57)

I Freedom of Speech in the Age of the Internet

(7)

A Searching for the Truth

(3)

B Operation of Democracy

(1)

C The Individualist Theory

(1)

D Justifications of the Freedom of Speech: Theory and Practice

(1)

E Reconciling the Justifications

(1)

II The Category of `Speech' and the Scope of Protection

(9)

A Terminological Variations

(1)

B The Category of `Speech'

(1)

i Speech and `Speech'

(1)

ii `Speech' and Action

(1)

C Categories and Protection

(2)

D The Open Debate of Public Affairs as the Core of Freedom of Speech

(2)

E Internet-Specific Questions

(2)

III Limitation of the Freedom of Speech

(20)

A The Protection of Freedom of Speech in Different Legal Systems

(1)

i The United States

(1)

ii The United Kingdom

(2)

iii The European Court of Human Rights

(1)

iv The European Union

(1)

B The Protection of Reputation and Honour

(3)

C The Protection of Privacy

(2)

D Instigation to Violence or a Criminal Offence and Threats Thereof

(2)

E Hate Speech

(2)

F Symbolic Speech

(1)

G False Statements

(1)

H Public Morals and Protection of Minors

(1)

i The Protection of Public Morals

(1)

ii Paedophilia

(1)

I Commercial Communication

(2)

IV Freedom of the Press and Media Regulation

(21)

A Freedom of Speech - Freedom of the Press

(2)

B The Concept of the Media, the Rights Holders of the Freedom of the Press

(4)

C Differentiated Regulation of Individual Media

(1)

D Censorship and Prior Restraint

(2)

E Special Privileges Awarded to the Media

(1)

i The Protection of Information Sources

(1)

ii Exemption from House Searches

(1)

iii Investigative Journalism

(1)

F The Principal Foundations of Special Privileges Awarded to the Media

(3)

G Content Regulation of the Media

(1)

i Protection of Minors

(1)

ii Hate Speech

(1)

H Media Pluralism

(6)

2 The Regulation of the Internet and its Gatekeepers in the Context of the Freedom of Speech

(37)

I Online Content Providers as `Media'

(17)

A Introduction

(2)

B Frontier, Architecture, Feudalism and Other Metaphors

(3)

C Initial Hopes and the Reality of the Internet

(2)

D Old Problems in a New Context

(2)

E New Problems on the Horizon

(1)

i A Decline of Professional Media?

(1)

ii Social Fragmentation and Polarisation

(1)

iii The Issue of Applicable Law

(1)

F Regulatory Analogies and Starting Points

(1)

i On the Freedom of the Internet

(2)

ii Internet Services as the Subjects of the Freedom of Speech and the Press

(1)

iii Applying the Limits of Offline Speech in an Online Environment

(1)

iv Media, Platform and General Regulations with an Impact on the Internet

(1)

v Internet Access as a Fundamental Right?

(1)

II The Regulation of Internet Gatekeepers

(20)

A The Roles and Types of Gatekeepers

(2)

B The `Freedom of Speech' of Gatekeepers and Algorithms

(3)

C The Problems of the Media Survive in the Activities of Gatekeepers

(1)

i Media or Tech Companies?

(1)

ii Government Intervention

(1)

iii Private Censorship

(2)

iv Diversity and Pluralism

(1)

v Impact on the Audience

(1)

D Analogies in Media Regulation and Regulatory Ideas

(1)

i `Editing'

(1)

ii Previous Analogies in Media Regulation

(1)

iii Recommendations of the Council of Europe

(1)

E The Liability of Gatekeepers in General

(1)

i The European Union

(4)

ii The United States

(4)

3 Internet Service Providers

102

(13)

I Introduction

102

(1)

II Obligations of the Internet Service Providers Regarding Illegal Content

103

(6)

A Blocking and Filtering

103

(2)

B Self-regulation

105

(1)

C Injunctions against Internet Service Providers

106

(3)

III The Problem of Network Neutrality

109

(4)

A Theoretical Questions

109

(2)

B Regulation in the United States

111

(1)

C Regulation in Europe

112

(1)

IV Censorship by Internet Service Providers

113

(2)

4 Search Engines

115

(31)

I Introduction - The Role of Search Engines in Online Public Sphere

115

(2)

II Search Results as Speech

117

(7)

A Search for Analogies

117

(3)

B Search Results as Opinions

120

(2)

C The Regulation of Search Engines

122

(2)

III The Liability of Search Engines for Violations of Personality Rights

124

(13)

A Search Engines as Publishers

124

(2)

B Defamatory Search Results

126

(3)

C Defamatory Autocomplete Suggestions

129

(2)

D Other Violating Content

131

(1)

E The Right to Be Forgotten

132

(5)

IV The Manipulation of Search Results

137

(8)

A The Issue of Search Engine Neutrality

137

(4)

B External Manipulation

141

(1)

C Internal Manipulation

141

(4)

V Summary

145

(1)

5 Social Media Platforms

146

(56)

I Introduction

146

(1)

II Social Media Platforms and the Democratic Public Sphere

147

(12)

A New Forms of Speech and the Expansion of the Public Sphere

147

(2)

B Bubbles and Other Psychological fcrtects ot social Media Platforms

149

(3)

C Social Media as a Public Forum

152

(2)

D `Cheap Speech' and the Traditional Media

154

(3)

E Tech or Media Companies?

157

(2)

III The Regulation of Platforms by Legislation

159

(21)

A Introduction

159

(1)

B Applicable Legislation

160

(5)

C Jurisdictional Issues

165

(2)

D Protection of Reputation

167

(3)

E Protection of Privacy

170

(3)

F Threats, Hate Speech and Other Violent Content Breaching Public Order

173

(4)

G Fake News

177

(3)

IV Private Regulation by Platforms

180

(20)

A Introduction

180

(3)

B The Legal Basis of Private Regulation: Contract Terms and Conditions

183

(4)

C Moderation and Private Censorship

187

(1)

i The Pros and Cons of Moderation

187

(1)

ii The Legal Status of Moderation - Possible Analogies

188

(2)

iii Community Standards and Codes of Conduct

190

(4)

D Editing and Content Diversity on Social Media Platforms

194

(3)

E Fake News and Private Regulation

197

(2)

F The Ideology of a Platform

199

(1)

V Summary

200

(2)

6 Gatekeepers' Responsibility for Online Comments

202

(20)

I The Case of Online Comments

202

(7)

A Comments as `Speech'

202

(1)

B Anonymity

202

(2)

C Moderation

204

(1)

D Basis of Legal Responsibility for Unlawful Comments

205

(4)

II The European Court of Human Rights Case Law Relating to Comments - Overview

209

(2)

III The Relevant Criteria in the Cases before the European Court of Human Rights

211

(5)

A The Content of the Comment

211

(1)

B Identifiability of the Author

212

(1)

C The Content Provider

213

(1)

D The Party Attacked

213

(1)

E The Effect of the Comment on the Party Attacked

214

(1)

F The Conduct of the Content Provider

214

(1)

G Sanctions Applied

215

(1)

H Summary

216

(1)

IV Main Criticism of the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights

216

(4)

A Liability of a Gatekeeper (Content Provider)

216

(1)

B Importance of the `Economic Service'

217

(1)

C Expecting Moderation

218

(1)

D Assessment of the Comment's Content

218

(1)

V The Case of Social Media Comments

219

(1)

VI Summary

220

(2)

7 The Future of Regulating Gatekeepers

222

(21)

I Introduction

222

(1)

II Possible Interpretations of Existing Legal Doctrines Concerning the Public Sphere

223

(7)

A Media Regulation

223

(2)

B The Law of Electronic Commerce

225

(1)

C The Law of Contract

225

(2)

D The Law of Public Forums

227

(2)

E The Chances of Finding a Comprehensive Regulatory Solution

229

(1)

III The Possible Models of Future European Regulation

230

(11)

A Transferring the US Model to Europe

230

(1)

B Preserving the Status Quo through Limited Regulatory Intervention (Weaker Co-regulation Model)

231

(4)

C Strengthening Government Regulation (Stronger Co-regulation Model)

235

(4)

D Prohibiting Private Regulation

239

(2)

IV Summary

241

(2)

Index

243

Andrįs Koltay is Professor of Law at the National University of Public Service, and at the Pįzmįny Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.

New Media and Freedom of Expression: Rethinking the Constitutional Foundations of the Public Sphere [Pehme köide]

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