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E-raamat: New Media and Freedom of Expression: Rethinking the Constitutional Foundations of the Public Sphere

(University of Public Service, Hungary)
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The principles of freedom of expression have been developed over centuries. How are they reserved and passed on? How can large internet gatekeepers be required to respect freedom of expression and to contribute actively to a diverse and plural marketplace of ideas? These are key issues for media regulation, and will remain so for the foreseeable decades. The book starts with the foundations of freedom of expression and freedom of the press, and then goes on to explore the general issues concerning the regulation of the internet as a specific medium. It then turns to analysing the legal issues relating to the three most important gatekeepers whose operations directly affect freedom of expression: ISPs, search engines and social media platforms. Finally it summarises the potential future regulatory and media policy directions. The book takes a comparative legal approach, focusing primarily on English and American regulations, case law and jurisprudential debates, but it also details the relevant international developments (Council of Europe, European Union) as well as the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights.

Arvustused

[ R]igorous in its attention to detail and demonstrates great adeptness in communicating the complexities of various regulatory regimes in a manner that is both informative and interesting. -- Paul Wragg, University of Leeds * Communications Law * This is an ambitious and authoritative monograph that has been thoroughly researched. It is without doubt a seminal piece of work that not only makes a valuable contribution to the free speech debate now but will, no doubt, continue to act as a catalyst and resource for further research and debate long into the future. Koltay has managed to adroitly balance in depth authoritative analysis with accessibility. Consequently, this book will not only be of huge value to academic and practising lawyers operating within the media law and human rights spheres, but will also be of interest to law students, philosophers, communication and journalism academics, journalists and other media professionals in the UK and internationally. -- Peter Coe, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies Information Law and Policy Centre, University of London * Entertainment Law Review *

Muu info

An important examination of freedom of expression in the age of new media, such as social media, the implications this has for constitutional arrangements.
Acknowledgements v
List of Abbreviations
xiii
Table of Cases
xv
Introduction 1(7)
1 The Foundations of Free Speech and Freedom of the Press
8(57)
I Freedom of Speech in the Age of the Internet
8(7)
A Searching for the Truth
8(3)
B Operation of Democracy
11(1)
C The Individualist Theory
12(1)
D Justifications of the Freedom of Speech: Theory and Practice
13(1)
E Reconciling the Justifications
14(1)
II The Category of `Speech' and the Scope of Protection
15(9)
A Terminological Variations
15(1)
B The Category of `Speech'
16(1)
i Speech and `Speech'
16(1)
ii `Speech' and Action
17(1)
C Categories and Protection
18(2)
D The Open Debate of Public Affairs as the Core of Freedom of Speech
20(2)
E Internet-Specific Questions
22(2)
III Limitation of the Freedom of Speech
24(20)
A The Protection of Freedom of Speech in Different Legal Systems
24(1)
i The United States
24(1)
ii The United Kingdom
25(2)
iii The European Court of Human Rights
27(1)
iv The European Union
28(1)
B The Protection of Reputation and Honour
29(3)
C The Protection of Privacy
32(2)
D Instigation to Violence or a Criminal Offence and Threats Thereof
34(2)
E Hate Speech
36(2)
F Symbolic Speech
38(1)
G False Statements
39(1)
H Public Morals and Protection of Minors
40(1)
i The Protection of Public Morals
40(1)
ii Paedophilia
41(1)
I Commercial Communication
42(2)
IV Freedom of the Press and Media Regulation
44(21)
A Freedom of Speech - Freedom of the Press
44(2)
B The Concept of the Media, the Rights Holders of the Freedom of the Press
46(4)
C Differentiated Regulation of Individual Media
50(1)
D Censorship and Prior Restraint
50(2)
E Special Privileges Awarded to the Media
52(1)
i The Protection of Information Sources
53(1)
ii Exemption from House Searches
53(1)
iii Investigative Journalism
54(1)
F The Principal Foundations of Special Privileges Awarded to the Media
54(3)
G Content Regulation of the Media
57(1)
i Protection of Minors
57(1)
ii Hate Speech
58(1)
H Media Pluralism
59(6)
2 The Regulation of the Internet and its Gatekeepers in the Context of the Freedom of Speech
65(37)
I Online Content Providers as `Media'
65(17)
A Introduction
65(2)
B Frontier, Architecture, Feudalism and Other Metaphors
67(3)
C Initial Hopes and the Reality of the Internet
70(2)
D Old Problems in a New Context
72(2)
E New Problems on the Horizon
74(1)
i A Decline of Professional Media?
74(1)
ii Social Fragmentation and Polarisation
75(1)
iii The Issue of Applicable Law
76(1)
F Regulatory Analogies and Starting Points
77(1)
i On the Freedom of the Internet
77(2)
ii Internet Services as the Subjects of the Freedom of Speech and the Press
79(1)
iii Applying the Limits of Offline Speech in an Online Environment
79(1)
iv Media, Platform and General Regulations with an Impact on the Internet
80(1)
v Internet Access as a Fundamental Right?
81(1)
II The Regulation of Internet Gatekeepers
82(20)
A The Roles and Types of Gatekeepers
82(2)
B The `Freedom of Speech' of Gatekeepers and Algorithms
84(3)
C The Problems of the Media Survive in the Activities of Gatekeepers
87(1)
i Media or Tech Companies?
87(1)
ii Government Intervention
88(1)
iii Private Censorship
88(2)
iv Diversity and Pluralism
90(1)
v Impact on the Audience
90(1)
D Analogies in Media Regulation and Regulatory Ideas
91(1)
i `Editing'
91(1)
ii Previous Analogies in Media Regulation
92(1)
iii Recommendations of the Council of Europe
93(1)
E The Liability of Gatekeepers in General
94(1)
i The European Union
94(4)
ii The United States
98(4)
3 Internet Service Providers
102(13)
I Introduction
102(1)
II Obligations of the Internet Service Providers Regarding Illegal Content
103(6)
A Blocking and Filtering
103(2)
B Self-regulation
105(1)
C Injunctions against Internet Service Providers
106(3)
III The Problem of Network Neutrality
109(4)
A Theoretical Questions
109(2)
B Regulation in the United States
111(1)
C Regulation in Europe
112(1)
IV Censorship by Internet Service Providers
113(2)
4 Search Engines
115(31)
I Introduction - The Role of Search Engines in Online Public Sphere
115(2)
II Search Results as Speech
117(7)
A Search for Analogies
117(3)
B Search Results as Opinions
120(2)
C The Regulation of Search Engines
122(2)
III The Liability of Search Engines for Violations of Personality Rights
124(13)
A Search Engines as Publishers
124(2)
B Defamatory Search Results
126(3)
C Defamatory Autocomplete Suggestions
129(2)
D Other Violating Content
131(1)
E The Right to Be Forgotten
132(5)
IV The Manipulation of Search Results
137(8)
A The Issue of Search Engine Neutrality
137(4)
B External Manipulation
141(1)
C Internal Manipulation
141(4)
V Summary
145(1)
5 Social Media Platforms
146(56)
I Introduction
146(1)
II Social Media Platforms and the Democratic Public Sphere
147(12)
A New Forms of Speech and the Expansion of the Public Sphere
147(2)
B Bubbles and Other Psychological fcrtects ot social Media Platforms
149(3)
C Social Media as a Public Forum
152(2)
D `Cheap Speech' and the Traditional Media
154(3)
E Tech or Media Companies?
157(2)
III The Regulation of Platforms by Legislation
159(21)
A Introduction
159(1)
B Applicable Legislation
160(5)
C Jurisdictional Issues
165(2)
D Protection of Reputation
167(3)
E Protection of Privacy
170(3)
F Threats, Hate Speech and Other Violent Content Breaching Public Order
173(4)
G Fake News
177(3)
IV Private Regulation by Platforms
180(20)
A Introduction
180(3)
B The Legal Basis of Private Regulation: Contract Terms and Conditions
183(4)
C Moderation and Private Censorship
187(1)
i The Pros and Cons of Moderation
187(1)
ii The Legal Status of Moderation - Possible Analogies
188(2)
iii Community Standards and Codes of Conduct
190(4)
D Editing and Content Diversity on Social Media Platforms
194(3)
E Fake News and Private Regulation
197(2)
F The Ideology of a Platform
199(1)
V Summary
200(2)
6 Gatekeepers' Responsibility for Online Comments
202(20)
I The Case of Online Comments
202(7)
A Comments as `Speech'
202(1)
B Anonymity
202(2)
C Moderation
204(1)
D Basis of Legal Responsibility for Unlawful Comments
205(4)
II The European Court of Human Rights Case Law Relating to Comments - Overview
209(2)
III The Relevant Criteria in the Cases before the European Court of Human Rights
211(5)
A The Content of the Comment
211(1)
B Identifiability of the Author
212(1)
C The Content Provider
213(1)
D The Party Attacked
213(1)
E The Effect of the Comment on the Party Attacked
214(1)
F The Conduct of the Content Provider
214(1)
G Sanctions Applied
215(1)
H Summary
216(1)
IV Main Criticism of the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights
216(4)
A Liability of a Gatekeeper (Content Provider)
216(1)
B Importance of the `Economic Service'
217(1)
C Expecting Moderation
218(1)
D Assessment of the Comment's Content
218(1)
V The Case of Social Media Comments
219(1)
VI Summary
220(2)
7 The Future of Regulating Gatekeepers
222(21)
I Introduction
222(1)
II Possible Interpretations of Existing Legal Doctrines Concerning the Public Sphere
223(7)
A Media Regulation
223(2)
B The Law of Electronic Commerce
225(1)
C The Law of Contract
225(2)
D The Law of Public Forums
227(2)
E The Chances of Finding a Comprehensive Regulatory Solution
229(1)
III The Possible Models of Future European Regulation
230(11)
A Transferring the US Model to Europe
230(1)
B Preserving the Status Quo through Limited Regulatory Intervention (Weaker Co-regulation Model)
231(4)
C Strengthening Government Regulation (Stronger Co-regulation Model)
235(4)
D Prohibiting Private Regulation
239(2)
IV Summary
241(2)
Index 243
András Koltay is Professor of Law at the National University of Public Service, and at the Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.
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