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Overhead Electric Power Lines: Theory and practice [Kõva köide]

(Jadavpur University, Department of Electrical Engineering, India), (Ghani Khan Choudhury Institute of Engineering and Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, India)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 361 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm
  • Sari: Energy Engineering
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Jul-2021
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • ISBN-10: 1839533110
  • ISBN-13: 9781839533112
Teised raamatud teemal:
Overhead Electric Power Lines: Theory and practiceSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 361 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm
  • Sari: Energy Engineering
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Jul-2021
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • ISBN-10: 1839533110
  • ISBN-13: 9781839533112
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781839533112.html
Märksõnad:

In order to fulfill the tremendous worldwide demand for electrification, power line professionals will need to adopt rapid, reliable and sustainable solutions. For example, in a fast-developing country like India, which had the largest population without electricity in 2014 and 1.34 billion inhabitants in 2017, the demand for electrification is immense. In recent years, a new program facilitated 0.73 million new household connections per month and almost 19,000 villages per year.

Wide-spread experience in geographical, geological, social and economic diversity leaves no doubt that overhead power lines (OHL) are the only way to provide electricity to communities where underground lines are technically unfeasible or too expensive.

This book presents the technology and recent research into OHL in a concise and systematic way.

After brief introductory sections, chapters cover line support, foundation and mechanical sag, corona discharge, overhead line insulators and conductors, earthing and earth wire, lightning and surge protection, insulation and coordination, route selection, commissioning, operation and maintenance.

This book is a must-read for researchers and experts involved with utilities and particularly for anyone associated with the installation, electrification, operation and maintenance of overhead lines in transmission and distribution networks.



Overhead power lines are the only way to electrify many communities. Massive experience has been gained with electrification projects that can be used world-wide. This work presents the technology of overhead power lines, including sag, insulators, conductors, lightning, and grounding.

About the authors xxi
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgements xxv
1 Introduction
1(4)
1.1 Focus
1(1)
1.2 Overhead lines
1(1)
1.3 Voltage level
2(1)
1.4 Safety measure
2(1)
1.5
Chapters at a glance
2(3)
2 Transmission line fundamentals
5(74)
2.1 Introduction
5(1)
2.2 Classification of lines
5(1)
2.3 Line parameters
6(1)
2.4 Resistance
6(1)
2.5 Inductance
6(12)
2.5.1 Inductance of a conductor due to internal flux linkage
6(3)
2.5.2 Inductance of a conductor due to external flux linkage
9(2)
2.5.3 Total inductance of a conductor
11(1)
2.5.4 Inductance of three-phase transmission line having three conductors placed symmetrically
11(1)
2.5.5 Limitation of three-phase three conductors placed unsymmetrically
12(1)
2.5.6 Transposition
13(1)
2.5.7 Determination of inductance of three-phase transmission line with three unsymmetrical but transposed wires
14(2)
2.5.8 Geometrical mean distance
16(1)
2.5.9 Geometrical mean radius
17(1)
2.5.10 Inductance in terms of GMD and GMR
17(1)
2.6 Skin effect
18(2)
2.6.1 Skin effect increases overall loss
18(2)
2.7 Proximity effect
20(1)
2.8 Method of determination of effective resistance
20(1)
2.9 Capacitance
20(8)
2.9.1 Capacitance of a single-phase two-wire transmission line
20(2)
2.9.2 Determination of capacitance of three-phase transmission line with three wires placed symmetrically
22(2)
2.9.3 Determination of capacitance of three-phase transmission line with three unsymmetrical but transposed wires
24(4)
2.10 Sequence impedance
28(1)
2.11 Short transmission line
29(4)
2.11.1 Model of short transmission line
29(1)
2.11.2 Regulation of short transmission line
29(2)
2.11.3 Transmission (ABCD) parameters
31(1)
2.11.4 Transmission parameters of short transmission line
32(1)
2.11.5 Symmetry and reciprocity
33(1)
2.12 Medium transmission line
33(1)
2.12.1 Model of medium transmission line
33(1)
2.12.2 Transmission parameters of medium transmission line
33(1)
2.12.3 Symmetry and reciprocity
34(1)
2.13 Long transmission line
34(6)
2.13.1 Model of long transmission line
34(1)
2.13.2 Transmission parameters of long transmission line
35(2)
2.13.3 Symmetry and reciprocity
37(1)
2.13.4 Characteristic impedance
37(1)
2.13.5 Propagation constant
38(1)
2.13.6 Image impedance or surge impedance
38(1)
2.13.7 Image impedance loading
39(1)
2.13.8 Wave propagation
39(1)
2.14 Comparison with AC overhead lines
40(2)
2.14.1 AC lines versus DC lines
40(1)
2.14.2 Overhead lines versus underground lines
41(1)
2.15 Efficiency
42(1)
2.16 Regulation
42(1)
2.17 Major sinks of reactive power
43(1)
2.18 Major sources of reactive power
43(1)
2.19 Voltage control centres
44(1)
2.20 Major voltage control techniques or equipment
44(1)
2.21 Excitation system at generating station
44(4)
2.21.1 Main exciter
45(1)
2.21.2 Main exciter--pilot exciter
46(1)
2.21.3 Rectifier as an exciter
47(1)
2.21.4 AC exciter with a rectifier
47(1)
2.21.5 AC exciter--pilot exciter with rectifier
48(1)
2.22 Tap changing transformer
48(6)
2.22.1 Position of high-voltage winding
48(2)
2.22.2 Transformer operation
50(3)
2.22.3 Off- and on-load tap changing
53(1)
2.22.4 Location of tapping
54(1)
2.23 Synchronous machine
54(2)
2.24 I--V Characteristics without voltage control
56(1)
2.25 I--V Characteristics with ideal voltage control
56(1)
2.26 P--V Characteristics
56(3)
2.26.1 No-load
58(1)
2.26.2 Loading with unity power factor
58(1)
2.26.3 Loading with lagging power factor
58(1)
2.26.4 Loading with leading power factor
59(1)
2.27 Voltage, power and impedance
59(1)
2.28 Synchronous condenser
60(2)
2.29 Voltage collapse
62(1)
2.30 Voltage stability
62(1)
2.31 Factors of power transmission capacity
63(1)
2.31.1 Parallel power transmission
63(1)
2.31.2 High-voltage DC (HVDC) power transmission
63(1)
2.31.3 Flexible AC power transmission
63(1)
2.32 Flexible AC transmission system
63(13)
2.32.1 Power and reactance
64(1)
2.32.2 Main features of FACTS
65(1)
2.32.3 Merits of FACTS
65(1)
2.32.4 Classification of FACTS devices
66(1)
2.32.5 Series controller
66(2)
2.32.6 Shunt controller
68(6)
2.32.7 Series-series controller
74(1)
2.32.8 Series-shunt controller
75(1)
2.33 Static phase shifter
76(1)
2.34 FACTS and solar-wind hybrid grid
76(1)
2.35 Line capability
77(1)
2.36 Summary
77(2)
Further reading
78(1)
3 Line support, foundation and mechanical sag
79(58)
3.1 Introduction
79(1)
3.2 Components of overhead lines
79(1)
3.3 Design aspects of distribution system
80(23)
3.3.1 Basic consideration
80(1)
3.3.2 Classification of line support used in distribution system
80(15)
3.3.3 Conductor positions for pole support
95(1)
3.3.4 Guard wire in distribution system
96(2)
3.3.5 Guy in distribution system
98(1)
3.3.6 Tower
99(2)
3.3.7 Jumper in distribution system
101(1)
3.3.8 Foundation of distribution poles
102(1)
3.4 Design aspects in transmission system
103(13)
3.4.1 Line support used in transmission system
103(1)
3.4.2 Classification of tower
103(2)
3.4.3 Materials used in tower
105(1)
3.4.4 Structure
105(1)
3.4.5 Different parts of tower
106(4)
3.4.6 Guy
110(1)
3.4.7 Earth wire or sky wire
110(1)
3.4.8 Jumper
110(1)
3.4.9 Guard wire
110(1)
3.4.10 Damper
110(1)
3.4.11 Clamp
110(1)
3.4.12 Nuts and bolts
111(1)
3.4.13 Different shapes of tower
111(2)
3.4.14 Support for HVDC lines
113(1)
3.4.15 Conductor positions for tower
114(2)
3.5 Foundation
116(13)
3.5.1 Soil classification
116(3)
3.5.2 Some important terminology
119(1)
3.5.3 Classification of foundation for electrical support
120(2)
3.5.4 Foundation without base enlargement
122(1)
3.5.5 Pad foundation
123(1)
3.5.6 Slab foundation
123(1)
3.5.7 Stepped block foundation
123(2)
3.5.8 Pad and chimney foundation
125(1)
3.5.9 Pile foundation
125(1)
3.5.10 Foundation of guyed tower and guyed wire
126(1)
3.5.11 Selection of type of foundation
126(1)
3.5.12 Sample foundation of a tower of 765 kV transmission line
127(1)
3.5.13 Foundation test
128(1)
3.6 Mechanical sag and tension
129(6)
3.6.1 Determination of symmetrical sag
129(3)
3.6.2 Unsymmetrical sag
132(1)
3.6.3 Clearance
133(1)
3.6.4 Effect of ice on sag
134(1)
3.6.5 Effect of wind on sag
134(1)
3.6.6 Effect of wind and ice on sag
134(1)
3.6.7 Sag when supports are at unequal level
135(1)
3.7 Stringing
135(1)
3.8 Summary
135(2)
Further reading
135(2)
4 Corona
137(12)
4.1 Introduction
137(1)
4.2 What is corona?
137(1)
4.3 Voltage in a single-phase two-wire transmission line
138(1)
4.4 Electric stress in a single-phase two-wire transmission line
139(3)
4.4.1 Corona voltage
141(1)
4.5 Power loss
142(1)
4.6 Factors of corona
143(2)
4.6.1 Frequency
143(1)
4.6.2 Voltage
143(1)
4.6.3 Dust
143(1)
4.6.4 Rain
143(1)
4.6.5 Snow or hail effect
144(1)
4.6.6 Atmospheric temperature
144(1)
4.6.7 Load
144(1)
4.7 Methods of reducing corona
145(1)
4.8 Corona ring
145(1)
4.9 Disadvantages
145(1)
4.10 Advantages of corona
145(1)
4.11 Corona in HVDC lines
146(1)
4.12 Research advancement
146(1)
4.13 Summary
146(1)
4.14 Standard
146(3)
References
147(2)
5 Overhead line insulator
149(32)
5.1 Introduction
149(1)
5.2 Overhead line insulator
149(1)
5.3 Common properties of line insulator
149(1)
5.4 Material of overhead line insulators
150(1)
5.4.1 Porcelain
150(1)
5.4.2 Glass
151(1)
5.4.3 Composite silicone
151(1)
5.5 Classification of overhead line insulators
151(6)
5.5.1 Pin-type insulator
152(1)
5.5.2 Disc-type insulator
152(2)
5.5.3 Shackle-type insulator
154(1)
5.5.4 Stay-type insulator
155(1)
5.5.5 Line-post-type insulator
155(1)
5.5.6 Porcelain long-rod-type insulator
155(1)
5.5.7 Composite silicone insulator for transmission line
156(1)
5.5.8 Comparison of different types of insulators
157(1)
5.6 Requirement of insulator sets
157(1)
5.7 String of insulators
157(1)
5.7.1 Suspension type string
157(1)
5.7.2 Strain type string
158(1)
5.8 Voltage distribution in string
158(2)
5.9 Effect of unequal voltage distribution
160(1)
5.10 String efficiency
161(1)
5.11 Improvement of voltage distribution and string efficiency
162(1)
5.11.1 Connection of parallel string
162(1)
5.11.2 Connection of multiple parallel composite silicone insulators
162(1)
5.11.3 Connection of grading for guard ring
162(1)
5.11.4 Connection of arc horn
163(1)
5.12 Selection practice for insulator
163(1)
5.13 Associated design factors of insulators
164(1)
5.14 Clamps
165(1)
5.15 Nuts and bolts
165(1)
5.16 Failure of insulator
165(3)
5.16.1 Electrical causes
166(1)
5.16.2 Mechanical causes
167(1)
5.16.3 Thermal causes
168(1)
5.16.4 Ageing effect
168(1)
5.16.5 Other causes
168(1)
5.17 Standards, test and practice
168(10)
5.17.1 Electrical features
168(3)
5.17.2 Mechanical features
171(1)
5.17.3 Thermal features
172(2)
5.17.4 Routine test
174(1)
5.17.5 Performance test
174(2)
5.17.6 Power test
176(1)
5.17.7 Practice tests
177(1)
5.17.8 Effect of environment on leakage current
177(1)
5.17.9 Ageing effect
177(1)
5.18 Summary
178(1)
5.19 Useful standards and guidelines for further study
179(2)
References
179(2)
6 Conductor
181(48)
6.1 Introduction
181(1)
6.2 Conductor property
181(2)
6.2.1 Electrical properties of line conductors
182(1)
6.2.2 Thermomechanical properties of line conductors
182(1)
6.2.3 Stranded conductors
182(1)
6.2.4 Bundled conductors
183(1)
6.3 Materials
183(3)
6.4 Conductor types
186(6)
6.4.1 Conductor of the same material
186(1)
6.4.2 Composite conductors
187(5)
6.5 Hollow conductor
192(1)
6.6 Conductor with optical fibre cable
192(1)
6.7 Phase conductors
192(1)
6.8 Earth wire or sky wire
193(1)
6.9 Jumper
194(1)
6.10 Covered conductors or overhead cables
195(3)
6.10.1 Fittings
198(1)
6.10.2 Grounding practice
198(1)
6.10.3 Tests
198(1)
6.10.4 Cost comparison
198(1)
6.11 Current load
198(1)
6.12 Conductor fittings
199(5)
6.12.1 Conductor on pin insulator
199(1)
6.12.2 Conductor with suspension-type disc insulator
200(1)
6.12.3 Conductor with tension-type disc insulator
200(1)
6.12.4 Conductor with shackle-type insulator
201(1)
6.12.5 Earth conductor with support
201(1)
6.12.6 Conductor spacing
202(1)
6.12.7 Reel
202(1)
6.12.8 Installation care
202(2)
6.13 Common stringing method
204(1)
6.14 Tension methods
204(2)
6.14.1 Machine for stringing
205(1)
6.15 Design features
206(8)
6.15.1 DC resistance
206(1)
6.15.2 Inductance
207(1)
6.15.3 Skin effect
208(1)
6.15.4 Proximity effect
209(1)
6.15.5 Effective AC resistance
209(1)
6.15.6 Sags
209(2)
6.15.7 Ground clearance
211(1)
6.15.8 Stringing chart
212(1)
6.15.9 Percentage slack
213(1)
6.15.10 Slack-stress relation
213(1)
6.15.11 Slack-sag relation
213(1)
6.15.12 Selection of conductor
213(1)
6.16 Conductor temperature
214(3)
6.16.1 Temperature variation
214(1)
6.16.2 Heat balance for conductor
215(2)
6.16.3 Temperature-dependent conductor-type selection
217(1)
6.17 Conductor vibration
217(7)
6.17.1 Classification of conductor motion
217(1)
6.17.2 Aeolian vibration
218(2)
6.17.3 Wake wind oscillation
220(1)
6.17.4 Galloping
221(1)
6.17.5 Damper
221(3)
6.18 Conductor damages
224(1)
6.19 Summary
225(1)
6.20 Standards
225(4)
References
227(2)
7 Earthing and earth wire
229(26)
7.1 Introduction
229(1)
7.2 Electric current on body
230(1)
7.3 Soil resistivity
230(1)
7.4 Electrode
231(1)
7.5 Earthing mat or earthing grid
231(1)
7.6 Earthing conductor or earthing wire
231(1)
7.7 Materials used for earthing
231(1)
7.8 Touch potential
231(1)
7.9 Step potential
232(1)
7.10 Voltage gradient
232(1)
7.11 Soil resistance and its measurement
232(1)
7.12 Soil resistance measurement
233(1)
7.13 Earth resistance of electrode and its measurement
233(3)
7.14 Radial or star connection of electrodes
236(1)
7.15 Limitation of isolated neutral or ungrounded system
236(1)
7.16 Neutral grounded system
236(1)
7.17 Different grounding methods
237(3)
7.17.1 Solid grounding
237(1)
7.17.2 Resistance grounding
237(2)
7.17.3 Reactance grounding
239(1)
7.17.4 Grounding by arc suppression coil
240(1)
7.17.5 Grounding by voltage transformer
240(1)
7.17.6 Comparison
240(1)
7.18 Resonant grounding or Peterson coil grounding
240(1)
7.19 Fault current at different earthing system
241(6)
7.19.1 Fault current at isolated neutral or unearthed system
241(1)
7.19.2 Fault current at resistance earthed system
242(1)
7.19.3 Fault current at solid earthed system
243(1)
7.19.4 Fault current at reactance earthed system
244(2)
7.19.5 Resonant earthed system
246(1)
7.20 Harmonic suppression system
247(1)
7.21 Earthing transformer
247(1)
7.22 Grounding practice
247(1)
7.23 Earthing for personal safety
248(1)
7.24 Earth wire
248(1)
7.25 Design features of earth wire
249(1)
7.26 Earth wire selection
250(1)
7.27 Optical ground wire fibre reinforced
251(1)
7.28 Earthing of tower
251(1)
7.28.1 Pipe earthing
251(1)
7.28.2 Counterpoise earthing
251(1)
7.29 Grounding in pole support
251(1)
7.30 Earthing of guard wire insulators' support end
252(1)
7.31 Neutral grounding in LV distribution line
252(1)
7.32 Research advancement
252(1)
7.33 Summary
253(1)
7.34 Standards and guidelines
253(2)
References
254(1)
8 Lightning and surge protection
255(28)
8.1 Introduction
255(1)
8.2 Lightning strokes
256(1)
8.3 Formation
256(2)
8.3.1 Accumulation of charge
256(1)
8.3.2 Formation of streamer
257(1)
8.3.3 Lightning discharge
257(1)
8.4 Characteristics
258(1)
8.5 Return lightning discharge or return stroke
259(1)
8.6 Multiple strokes
260(1)
8.7 Frequency and intensity
260(1)
8.8 Effect of lightning and protective measures
261(1)
8.9 Earthing
261(1)
8.10 Earth wire or sky wire
262(1)
8.11 Shielding by earth wire
263(1)
8.12 Surge impedance of earth wire
263(1)
8.13 Other overvoltages
263(1)
8.14 Line faults
264(1)
8.15 Wave propagation in transmission line
265(3)
8.15.1 Modelling
265(1)
8.15.2 Characteristic impedance
266(1)
8.15.3 Wave propagation
266(1)
8.15.4 Propagation constant
266(1)
8.15.5 Image impedance
266(1)
8.15.6 Image impedance loading
267(1)
8.15.7 Velocity and wavelength of propagation wave
267(1)
8.15.8 Wave reflection and standing wave
267(1)
8.15.9 Protection against travelling waves
268(1)
8.16 Surge arresters
268(7)
8.16.1 Rod-gap lightning arrester
269(1)
8.16.2 Horn-gap lightning arrester
269(1)
8.16.3 Sphere-gap lightning arrester
270(1)
8.16.4 Multiple-gap lightning arrester
270(1)
8.16.5 Impulse-type lightning arrester
271(1)
8.16.6 Valve-type lightning arrester
272(1)
8.16.7 Expulsion-type lightning arrester
272(1)
8.16.8 Auto-valve-type lightning arrester
273(1)
8.16.9 Metal-oxide-type lightning arrester
273(1)
8.16.10 Thyrite-type lightning arrester
274(1)
8.17 Surge absorber
275(1)
8.18 Overvoltage measurement
275(4)
8.18.1 Sphere gap
275(1)
8.18.2 Capacitor-based voltage divider
276(1)
8.18.3 Voltage-converted current measurement
277(1)
8.18.4 Resistance-based voltage divider
277(1)
8.18.5 Voltage-converted frequency-based digital measurement
277(1)
8.18.6 Capacitor-based voltage transformer
278(1)
8.18.7 Digital recorder and impulse measurement
278(1)
8.18.8 Electrostatic voltmeter
278(1)
8.18.9 Delay cable
278(1)
8.19 Measurement of dissipation factor
279(1)
8.20 Measurement of partial discharge
279(1)
8.21 High-voltage testing
279(1)
8.22 Summary
279(1)
8.23 Standards or guidelines
280(3)
References
281(2)
9 Insulation coordination
283(8)
9.1 Introduction
283(1)
9.2 Voltage factors insulation selection
283(1)
9.3 Voltage signals in overhead lines
284(1)
9.3.1 Power frequency operating voltage and power frequency over voltage
284(1)
9.3.2 Power frequency voltage transients
284(1)
9.3.3 High-frequency voltage transient
284(1)
9.3.4 Direct lightning voltage
284(1)
9.3.5 Lightning restrike voltage
284(1)
9.4 Insulation coordination for a line insulator
284(1)
9.5 Basic impulse insulation level
285(1)
9.6 Insulation coordination with lightning arrester
285(1)
9.7 Substation considerations
285(1)
9.8 Common consideration for insulation coordination
286(1)
9.9 Contamination
286(1)
9.10 Summary
287(1)
9.11 Standards
287(4)
References
290(1)
10 Route selection, commissioning, operation and maintenance
291(20)
10.1 Introduction
291(1)
10.2 Route selection
291(6)
10.2.1 General considerations
293(2)
10.2.2 Guidelines
295(2)
10.2.3 Linking with underground cables
297(1)
10.3 Planning and construction
297(2)
10.3.1 Survey
298(1)
10.3.2 Planning
298(1)
10.3.3 Design
298(1)
10.3.4 Foundation
298(1)
10.3.5 Installation
299(1)
10.3.6 Erection
299(1)
10.4 Commissioning
299(4)
10.4.1 Responsibility and issues
300(1)
10.4.2 Check-up
300(1)
10.4.3 Test
301(1)
10.4.4 Energization
302(1)
10.4.5 Supervision, quality assurance in commissioning and commencement of operation
302(1)
10.5 Operation and maintenance
303(2)
10.5.1 Operation
303(1)
10.5.2 Maintenance
304(1)
10.6 Post-commissioning planning and management
305(4)
10.6.1 Operation management
306(1)
10.6.2 Maintenance management
307(1)
10.6.3 Asset management
307(1)
10.6.4 Risk management
308(1)
10.6.5 Uprating
308(1)
10.6.6 Upgrading
308(1)
10.6.7 Conversion
309(1)
10.6.8 Extension
309(1)
10.7 Research direction
309(1)
10.8 Summary
310(1)
References
310(1)
Further reading 311(4)
Index 315
Surajit Chattopadhyay (Ph.D., CEng, FIE(I), MIET) is an associate professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering in Ghani Khan Choudhury Institute of Engineering and Technology, India. His interests include power line installation, electric power quality, fault diagnosis, protection and signal analysis. He has authored/co-authored 3 books and more than 130 research articles in international and national journals and conferences, edited 1 book and received many awards and best papers' recognition. He is a member of the IET Communities Committee, South Asia, and former hon. secretary (2013-16) and YP-chair (2012-13), IET Kolkata Network.



Arabinda Das (Ph.D., CEng, FIE(I), FIETE) is a professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Jadavpur University, India. His research interests are power transmission, distribution, fault diagnosis, protection and power quality. He has published more than 85 research articles in the field of electrical machines and power systems in national and international journals and conferences and received the Railway Board Prize, the Union Ministry of Energy - Department of Power Medal, the Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Medal from The Institution of Engineers (India), among other awards.