Acknowledgements |
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ix | |
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List of tables, figures and charts |
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xi | |
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1 | (12) |
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1.0 General scope of the study |
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1 | (1) |
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1.1 Sketching out the language situation in Jamaica |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 Learning standard Jamaican English in school |
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3 | (2) |
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1.3 Acquisition vs. learning of speech patterns |
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5 | (2) |
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1.4 Research objectives of the study |
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7 | (1) |
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1.5 Theoretical framework: Variationist and usage-based models |
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8 | (2) |
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1.6 Structure of the book |
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10 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Variation in child phonology |
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13 | (14) |
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13 | (1) |
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2.1 Acquiring sociolinguistic variables |
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13 | (2) |
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2.2 Communicative competence |
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15 | (1) |
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2.3 Phonology and phonetics intertwined in the lexicon |
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16 | (2) |
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2.4 Acquiring socio-phonetic variation |
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18 | (1) |
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2.5 Usage-based models of language |
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19 | (3) |
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21 | (1) |
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2.6 Exemplar-based L2 learning and frequency effects |
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22 | (2) |
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2.7 Sociolinguistics in SLA research |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (3) |
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Chapter 3 Language and education in Jamaica |
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27 | (18) |
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27 | (1) |
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3.1 Sociolinguistic awareness as part of language learning |
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27 | (2) |
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3.2 Note on language standardisation |
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29 | (2) |
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3.2.1 Defining a `standard' in the Jamaican context |
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29 | (2) |
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3.3 SJE as the target in education |
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31 | (4) |
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3.4 Official implementation vs. local representativeness of SJE |
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35 | (3) |
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3.4.1 Model, input and output |
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37 | (1) |
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3.5 Modelling the sounds of SJE: Pedagogy and methods |
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38 | (3) |
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3.5.1 Integrated studies: Language Arts and Phonics |
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39 | (2) |
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3.6 Some examples of sound drilling in the classroom |
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41 | (3) |
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44 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Researching the school communities |
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45 | (22) |
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45 | (1) |
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4.1 Fieldwork in an educational context |
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45 | (2) |
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4.2 The school communities |
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47 | (2) |
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4.3 Gaining access to the schools |
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49 | (1) |
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4.4 Selection of informants |
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50 | (5) |
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4.4.1 Choice of age group |
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51 | (4) |
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4.5 Data types and procedures |
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55 | (7) |
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4.5.1 Observational data collection |
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55 | (2) |
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4.5.2 Tasks and materials used for elicitation |
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57 | (3) |
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4.5.3 Conduct of recordings |
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60 | (2) |
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4.6 Pedagogical factors for explaining variation |
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62 | (3) |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Word-final (-t, -d) consonant clusters |
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67 | (72) |
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67 | (1) |
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5.1 A note on terminology |
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68 | (3) |
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5.2 Consonant clusters as a continuous process of acquisition |
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71 | (2) |
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5.3 Acquiring SJE consonant clusters in class |
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73 | (4) |
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5.4 Variationist constraints on consonant clusters |
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77 | (5) |
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5.5 Some empirical findings on clusters in Jamaican |
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82 | (5) |
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5.6 Consonant clusters in rural Jamaican schools |
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87 | (10) |
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5.6.1 Children's acquisition of clusters as a variable process |
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89 | (6) |
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5.6.2 Cluster variation in teacher speech |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (16) |
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97 | (1) |
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5.7.2 Cluster absence and preceding segment |
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98 | (10) |
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5.7.3 Cluster absence and following segment |
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108 | (5) |
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5.8 The role of pedagogical factors on cluster absence |
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113 | (10) |
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113 | (8) |
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121 | (2) |
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5.9 The role of frequency on cluster absence |
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123 | (14) |
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5.10 Summary: Acquiring variation in complex sequences of sounds |
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137 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Word-final vowel duration |
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139 | (66) |
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139 | (1) |
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6.1 The Jamaican vowel system |
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140 | (3) |
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6.2 Vowel length and word-level prominence in English and Jamaican |
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143 | (3) |
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6.3 Methods for the acoustic and statistical analyses |
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146 | (14) |
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6.3.1 Dependent variable: Vowel duration |
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147 | (4) |
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6.3.2 Independent variables |
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151 | (9) |
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6.4 Vowel duration contrasts in the teachers' data |
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160 | (4) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
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6.5 Vowel duration in the children's data: Linguistic factors |
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164 | (24) |
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6.5.1 Phonetic forms and vowel orthography |
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164 | (5) |
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6.5.2 Vowel quality and vowel reduction |
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169 | (3) |
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6.5.3 Vowel lengthening and vowel quality subsystems |
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172 | (7) |
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6.5.4 Vowel lengthening and phonological environment |
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179 | (2) |
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6.5.5 Vowel lengthening and stress-related factors |
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181 | (7) |
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6.6 Vowel lengthening and performance factors |
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188 | (6) |
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6.7 Vowel lengthening and social factors |
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194 | (4) |
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6.8 Vowel lengthening and frequency |
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198 | (2) |
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6.9 Concluding discussion |
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200 | (5) |
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Chapter 7 Learning phono-stylistic variation in the classroom |
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205 | (32) |
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7.0 Introduction: A multifaceted learning of sound patterns |
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205 | (2) |
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7.1 The modelling-replication framework |
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207 | (2) |
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7.2 Generalisations and variability of JC and SJE sound systems |
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209 | (5) |
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7.2.1 Implications for SJE learning |
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211 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Stylistic variation |
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212 | (2) |
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7.3 Literacy and classroom speech templates |
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214 | (5) |
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7.4 Classroom speakers vs. acrolectal speakers |
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219 | (2) |
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7.5 Extent of classroom speech harmony |
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221 | (2) |
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7.6 Distinguishing between JC and SJE spoken repertoires |
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223 | (3) |
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7.7 Whole-word pronunciations and their conceptual features |
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226 | (4) |
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7.8 Frequency and perceptual salience |
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230 | (3) |
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7.9 Variation and phonetic learning |
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233 | (4) |
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Chapter 8 Conclusion and pedagogical implications |
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237 | (16) |
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8.0 Phono-stylistic variation: Internal and external factors |
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237 | (7) |
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8.1 Classroom-specific English or SJE? |
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244 | (2) |
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8.2 Children's learned behaviour and proficiency |
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246 | (3) |
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8.3 Note on the Language Arts-Phonics teaching methodology |
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249 | (2) |
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8.4 Looking at seven year olds and beyond |
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251 | (2) |
References |
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253 | (14) |
Appendices |
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267 | (24) |
Index |
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291 | |