Preface |
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xi | |
List of Symbols, Units, and Notation |
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xvii | |
Chapter 1 Introduction |
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1 | (30) |
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Case Study: How the Free Market Rocked the Grid |
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2 | (8) |
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1.1 History of Electric Power Systems |
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10 | (7) |
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1.2 Present and Future Trends |
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17 | (3) |
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1.3 Electric Utility Industry Structure |
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20 | (1) |
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1.4 Computers in Power System Engineering |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (9) |
Chapter 2 Fundamentals |
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31 | (56) |
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Case Study: Key Connections |
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32 | (8) |
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40 | (2) |
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2.2 Instantaneous Power in Single-Phase AC Circuits |
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42 | (5) |
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47 | (5) |
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52 | (3) |
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2.5 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits |
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55 | (8) |
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2.6 Power in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits |
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63 | (5) |
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2.7 Advantages of Balanced Three-Phase versus Single-Phase Systems |
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68 | (19) |
Chapter 3 Power Transformers |
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87 | (74) |
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Case Study: Power Transformers-Life Management and Extension |
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88 | (7) |
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3.1 The Ideal Transformer |
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95 | (6) |
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3.2 Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers |
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101 | (6) |
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107 | (8) |
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3.4 Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift |
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115 | (5) |
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3.5 Per-Unit Equivalent Circuits of Balanced Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers |
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120 | (5) |
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3.6 Three-Winding Transformers |
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125 | (4) |
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129 | (2) |
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3.8 Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios |
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131 | (30) |
Chapter 4 Transmission Line Parameters |
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161 | (76) |
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Case Study: Integrating North America's Power Grid |
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162 | (5) |
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Case Study: Grid Congestion - Unclogging the Arteries of North America's Power Grid |
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167 | (6) |
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4.1 Transmission Line Design Considerations |
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173 | (5) |
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178 | (3) |
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181 | (1) |
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4.4 Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor |
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181 | (5) |
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4.5 Inductance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing |
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186 | (2) |
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4.6 Inductance: Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors |
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188 | (8) |
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4.7 Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return |
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196 | (5) |
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4.8 Electric Field and Voltage: Solid Cylindrical Conductor |
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201 | (3) |
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4.9 Capacitance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing |
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204 | (2) |
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4.10 Capacitance: Stranded Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors |
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206 | (4) |
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4.11 Shunt Admittances: Lines with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return |
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210 | (5) |
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4.12 Electric Field Strength at Conductor Surfaces and at Ground Level |
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215 | (3) |
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4.13 Parallel Circuit Three-Phase Lines |
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218 | (19) |
Chapter 5 Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation |
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237 | (72) |
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Case Study: The ABCs of HVDC Transmission Technologies: An Overview of High Voltage Direct Current Systems and Applications |
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238 | (20) |
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5.1 Medium and Short Line Approximations |
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258 | (7) |
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5.2 Transmission-Line Differential Equations |
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265 | (6) |
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271 | (3) |
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274 | (8) |
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282 | (2) |
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284 | (5) |
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5.7 Reactive Compensation Techniques |
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289 | (20) |
Chapter 6 Power Flows |
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309 | (106) |
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Case Study: Finding Flexibility-Cycling the Conventional Fleet |
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310 | (20) |
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6.1 Direct Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Gauss Elimination |
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330 | (4) |
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6.2 Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel |
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334 | (6) |
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6.3 Iterative Solutions to Nonlinear Algebraic Equations: Newton-Raphson |
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340 | (5) |
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6.4 The Power Flow Problem |
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345 | (6) |
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6.5 Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel |
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351 | (2) |
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6.6 Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson |
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353 | (10) |
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6.7 Control of Power Flow |
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363 | (6) |
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369 | (3) |
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6.9 Fast Decoupled Power Flow |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (2) |
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6.11 Power Flow Modeling of Wind Generation |
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374 | (2) |
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376 | (13) |
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389 | (15) |
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404 | (11) |
Chapter 7 Symmetrical Faults |
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415 | (60) |
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Case Study: Short-Circuit Modeling of a Wind Power Plant |
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416 | (19) |
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7.1 Series R-L Circuit Transients |
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435 | (3) |
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7.2 Three-Phase Short Circuit-Unloaded Synchronous Machine |
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438 | (4) |
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7.3 Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits |
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442 | (3) |
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445 | (10) |
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7.5 Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection |
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455 | (17) |
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Design Project 3 (continued) |
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472 | (3) |
Chapter 8 Symmetrical Components |
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475 | (64) |
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Case Study: Technological Progress in High-Voltage Gas-Insulated Substations |
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476 | (17) |
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8.1 Definition of Symmetrical Components |
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493 | (6) |
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8.2 Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads |
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499 | (7) |
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8.3 Sequence Networks of Series Impedances |
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506 | (2) |
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8.4 Sequence Networks of Three-Phase Lines |
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508 | (2) |
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8.5 Sequence Networks of Rotating Machines |
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510 | (6) |
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8.6 Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers |
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516 | (6) |
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8.7 Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Three-Winding Transformers |
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522 | (2) |
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8.8 Power in Sequence Networks |
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524 | (15) |
Chapter 9 Unsymmetrical Faults |
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539 | (54) |
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Case Study: Innovative Medium Voltage Switchgear for Today's Applications |
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540 | (7) |
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9.1 System Representation |
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547 | (6) |
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9.2 Single Line-to-Ground Fault |
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553 | (4) |
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557 | (3) |
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9.4 Double Line-to-Ground Fault |
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560 | (7) |
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9.5 Sequence Bus Impedance Matrices |
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567 | (21) |
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Design Project 3 (continued) |
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588 | (1) |
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589 | (4) |
Chapter 10 System Protection |
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593 | (76) |
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Case Study: Upgrading Relay Protection Be Prepared for the Next Replacement or Upgrade Project |
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594 | (18) |
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10.1 System Protection Components |
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612 | (2) |
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10.2 Instrument Transformers |
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614 | (6) |
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620 | (5) |
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10.4 Radial System Protection |
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625 | (4) |
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629 | (4) |
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633 | (1) |
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10.7 Protection of a Two-Source System with Directional Relays |
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634 | (1) |
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635 | (4) |
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10.9 Line Protection with Impedance (Distance) Relays |
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639 | (6) |
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10.10 Differential Relays |
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645 | (2) |
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10.11 Bus Protection with Differential Relays |
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647 | (1) |
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10.12 Transformer Protection with Differential Relays |
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648 | (5) |
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653 | (1) |
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654 | (15) |
Chapter 11 Transient Stability |
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669 | (70) |
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Case Study: Down, but Not Out |
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671 | (18) |
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689 | (6) |
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11.2 Simplified Synchronous Machine Model and System Equivalents |
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695 | (2) |
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11.3 The Equal-Area Criterion |
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697 | (10) |
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11.4 Numerical Integration of the Swing Equation |
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707 | (4) |
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11.5 Multimachine Stability |
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711 | (8) |
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11.6 A Two-Axis Synchronous Machine Model |
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719 | (5) |
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11.7 Wind Turbine Machine Models |
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724 | (6) |
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11.8 Design Methods for Improving Transient Stability |
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730 | (9) |
Chapter 12 Power System Controls |
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739 | (40) |
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Case Study: No Light in August: Power System Restoration Following the 2003 North American Blackout |
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742 | (15) |
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12.1 Generator-Voltage Control |
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757 | (4) |
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12.2 Turbine-Governor Control |
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761 | (6) |
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12.3 Load-Frequency Control |
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767 | (12) |
Chapter 13 Transmission Lines: Transient Operation |
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779 | (80) |
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Case Study: Surge Arresters |
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780 | (14) |
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Case Study: Emergency Response |
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794 | (15) |
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13.1 Traveling Waves on Single-Phase Lossless Lines |
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809 | (4) |
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13.2 Boundary Conditions for Single-Phase Lossless Lines |
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813 | (9) |
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13.3 Bewley Lattice Diagram |
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822 | (6) |
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13.4 Discrete-Time Models of Single-Phase Lossless Lines and Lumped RLC Elements |
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828 | (6) |
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834 | (4) |
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13.6 Multiconductor Lines |
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838 | (3) |
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13.7 Power System Overvoltages |
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841 | (6) |
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13.8 Insulation Coordination |
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847 | (12) |
Chapter 14 Power Distribution |
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859 | (62) |
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Case Study: It's All in the Plans |
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860 | (15) |
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14.1 Introduction to Distribution |
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875 | (3) |
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14.2 Primary Distribution |
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878 | (7) |
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14.3 Secondary Distribution |
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885 | (5) |
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14.4 Transformers in Distribution Systems |
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890 | (10) |
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14.5 Shunt Capacitors in Distribution Systems |
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900 | (5) |
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14.6 Distribution Software |
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905 | (1) |
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14.7 Distribution Reliability |
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906 | (4) |
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14.8 Distribution Automation |
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910 | (3) |
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913 | (8) |
Appendix |
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921 | (4) |
Index |
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925 | |