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Preserving Archives [Kõva köide]

Access to archival material - the documentary heritage of people all over the world that gives them their identity and ensures their rights - is dependent on the survival of fragile materials: paper, parchment, photographic materials, audiovisual materials and, most recently, magnetic and optical formats. The primary importance of such survival is widely acknowledged but sometimes overlooked in a rush to provide ever better means of access. But without the basic material, no services can be offered. Preservation is the heart of archival activity. Archivists in all types of organizations face questions of how to plan a preservation strategy in less than perfect circumstances, or deal with a sudden emergency. This practical book considers the causes of threats to the basic material, outlines the preservation options available and offers flexible solutions applicable in a variety of situations. Benefiting from the author's contact with international specialists at The National Archives, it offers a wide range of case studies and examples. Key topics are: understanding archive materials and their characteristics; managing digital preservation; archive buildings and their characteristics; safeguarding the building and its contents; managing archival storage; managing risks and avoiding disaster; setting up a conservation workshop; moving the records; exhibiting archives; handling the records; managing a pest control programme; using and creating surrogates; and, putting preservation into practice. This is a vital handbook for professional archivists, but also for the many librarians, curators and enthusiasts, trained and untrained, in museums, local studies centres and voluntary societies in need of good clear advice.
Introduction to the series xi
Geoffrey Yeo
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Introducing archive preservation
1(4)
How has the relationship between conservation and preservation developed?
2(1)
Definitions
2(1)
Summary
3(1)
Notes
4(1)
Understanding archive materials and their characteristics
5(24)
Paper
6(5)
Parchment
11(4)
Inks: from carbon ink to laser printing
15(3)
Photographic materials
18(2)
Audiovisual materials: wax cylinders, shellac and vinyl disc and film
20(5)
Optical materials: CDs and DVDs
25(1)
Magnetic materials: tape, hard disks and floppy disks
26(1)
Minidiscs
27(1)
Summary
27(1)
Notes and references
27(2)
Managing digital preservation
29(18)
Why is digital preservation management important?
30(2)
Why is digital preservation difficult?
32(3)
Costs of digital preservation
35(1)
What should be preserved?
36(1)
Who should be involved?
37(2)
What is the starting point?
39(3)
What happens next?
42(2)
Summary
44(1)
Notes and references
44(3)
Archive buildings and their characteristics
47(22)
How has the concept of archive buildings developed?
47(1)
How did archive buildings develop in the UK?
48(4)
What other ideas have developed for archive buildings?
52(1)
What should be considered before building or adapting an archive?
53(1)
What needs to be explained?
54(1)
Location
55(3)
How should the architect be briefed?
58(6)
What are the problems with adapted buildings or historic buildings?
64(2)
Summary
66(1)
Notes and references
67(2)
Safeguarding the building and its contents
69(14)
Security
69(7)
Fire prevention, detection and suppression
76(5)
Water detection
81(1)
Environmental issues
81(1)
Summary
82(1)
Notes and references
82(1)
Managing archival storage
83(30)
Why do environmental conditions matter?
84(1)
What needs to, be controlled?
85(2)
Mould: why is it such a threat?
87(2)
Measuring and monitoring temperature and humidity
89(3)
Measuring and monitoring light levels
92(1)
Measuring and monitoring pollution levels
93(4)
Special arrangements
97(2)
How can comparative costs be assessed?
99(1)
Shelving, racking and plan chest specifications
100(4)
What kind of boxes and enclosures should be used?
104(4)
What kind of equipment is needed?
108(2)
Possible future developments
110(1)
Summary
111(1)
Notes and references
112(1)
Managing risks and avoiding disaster
113(28)
Why undertake an `operation-hope-not'?
114(1)
Definitions
115(3)
Who is responsible for disaster planning?
118(1)
What should be saved first?
119(1)
Development of a disaster control plan: where to start
120(2)
Prevention
122(4)
Preparation
126(4)
Reaction
130(6)
Recovery
136(2)
Evaluation
138(1)
Summary
138(1)
Notes and references
139(2)
Setting up a conservation workshop
141(14)
What information is needed to decide about establishing a workshop?
142(1)
Staffing needs
142(4)
The planning process
146(7)
Summary
153(1)
References
154(1)
Moving the records
155(22)
What are the risks?
156(1)
Planning the project
157(5)
Briefing a suitable removal firm
162(2)
Minimum removal equipment specifications
164(4)
Preparing for the move
168(7)
The move itself
175(1)
And afterwards . . .
175(1)
Summary
176(1)
Notes and references
176(1)
Exhibiting archives
177(22)
How can the overall risk be minimized?
178(4)
Managing the care of documents in exhibitions
182(8)
Planning and preparing for an exhibition
190(5)
During the exhibition
195(1)
And afterwards . . .
196(1)
Summary
197(1)
Notes and references
197(2)
Handling the records
199(16)
The problem
200(1)
Improving the quality of care: how can it be achieved?
201(7)
Where and how can good practice be demonstrated to readers?
208(2)
How can staff be best trained?
210(3)
Summary
213(1)
Notes
213(2)
Managing a pest control programme
215(14)
What are the common pests?
216(2)
What damage do pests do to archival materials?
218(1)
Where are they likely to be active?
218(2)
What are the signs of an infestation?
220(1)
How can they be prevented from getting into the collections?
220(1)
Why are previous eradication measures no longer used?
221(1)
Why is integrated pest management (IPM) now adopted as a strategy?
222(1)
How can IPM be introduced?
223(2)
Setting traps
225(1)
Dealing with an infestation
225(2)
Ongoing management
227(1)
Summary
228(1)
Notes and references
228(1)
Using and creating surrogates
229(20)
Copying archive material
230(1)
What copying techniques are available?
231(4)
What problems arise?
235(2)
Developing a preservation copying policy: why do it?
237(1)
How can the copies themselves be preserved?
238(1)
Selecting correct copying methods
239(1)
Preparation of material
240(4)
Copying of material in-house
244(1)
Use of outside agencies
245(1)
Summary
246(1)
Notes and references
247(2)
Putting preservation into practice
249(40)
Choices and options
250(1)
Who is responsible?
250(1)
What is a preservation policy?
251(3)
What about strategies?
254(3)
Costs, funding and options
257(3)
How is a programme planned and put into action?
260(2)
And the results?
262(1)
Reference
263(2)
Appendices
Sample lending policy: National Archives of Australia
265(4)
Equipment for a workshop
269(8)
Small tools and equipment required by each conservator
277(4)
Conservation materials
281(6)
Benchmarking entries: MLA
287(2)
Bibliography 289(8)
British and international standards relating to archive preservation 297(4)
Professional organizations worldwide 301(2)
Index 303


Helen Forde BA DAA PhD FSA RMSA is a professional archivist who has worked in local authority, private and most recently national archives. Until 2001 she was Head of Preservation Services at the UK National Archives, where she had previously been in charge of both the Library and the Museum. She has extensive experience of issues relating to collection care both in the UK and in other countries all over the world, and now works as an independent consultant on archives. She has also taught preservation management at the School of Library, Archive and Information Studies at University College London for many years.