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xvii | |
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xxi | |
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xxiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxvii | |
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1 Introduction to Public Law and Economics |
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1 | (10) |
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I Positive Law and Economics |
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2 | (2) |
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II Normative Law and Economics |
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4 | (1) |
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III Interpretive Law and Economics |
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5 | (1) |
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IV Making Economics Relevant to Public Law |
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6 | (1) |
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V Organization of the Book |
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7 | (4) |
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11 | (42) |
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I Positive Theory of Bargaining |
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12 | (14) |
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A Conflict versus Cooperation |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (3) |
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Box: Bargaining and Norms |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (1) |
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G Coase Theorem as a Rule of Thumb versus Law of Nature |
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25 | (1) |
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II Normative Theory of Bargaining |
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26 | (5) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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Box: Majority Rule and Minority Rights |
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28 | (1) |
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C Distribution and Social Welfare |
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29 | (1) |
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Box: Efficient Redistribution |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (13) |
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A Externalities, Public Goods, and Free Riding |
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32 | (2) |
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Box: The Prisoner's Dilemma |
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34 | (2) |
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Box: The Articles of Confederation |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (4) |
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Box: Optimism: A Menace in Court |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (4) |
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Box: Madison and the Sphere of Democracy |
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44 | (1) |
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IV Interpretive Theory of Bargaining |
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44 | (9) |
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A The Problem of Legislative Intent |
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45 | (1) |
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B The Bargain Theory of Interpretation |
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46 | (4) |
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Box: The Hierarchy of Legislative History |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
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3 Bargaining Applications |
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53 | (38) |
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53 | (11) |
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A Congestion and Externalities |
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54 | (2) |
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Box: Marginal Costs and Benefits |
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56 | (1) |
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B Regulation and Information |
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57 | (1) |
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Box: Cost-Benefit Analysis in the Administrative State |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (2) |
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Box: Collusion and Conservation |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (14) |
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65 | (1) |
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B The Internalization Principle |
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66 | (1) |
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C Introduction to Article I, Section 8 |
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67 | (4) |
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D Collective Action Federalism |
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71 | (4) |
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75 | (2) |
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Box: The Dormant Commerce Clause |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (13) |
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A Forms of Separated Powers |
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78 | (1) |
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B Separation and Competition |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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D Bargaining across Branches |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (2) |
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91 | (36) |
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I Positive Theory of Voting |
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92 | (16) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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C Representing a Voter's Preferences |
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95 | (1) |
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D Aggregating Votes: Majority Rule |
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96 | (3) |
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E The Median in Governing Bodies |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (4) |
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I Alternative Voting Procedures |
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108 | (2) |
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Box: Five Voting Rules, Five Winners |
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109 | (1) |
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II Normative Theory of Voting |
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110 | (5) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (3) |
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114 | (1) |
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III Interpretive Theory of Voting |
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115 | (12) |
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A Median and Bargain Democracy |
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115 | (3) |
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Box: The Unbundled Executive |
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118 | (1) |
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B Intentionalism and Intransitivity |
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119 | (2) |
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C The Median Theory of Interpretation |
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121 | (2) |
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Box: The Highest Vote Rule |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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Appendix: Arrow's Impossibility Theorem |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (50) |
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127 | (20) |
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128 | (2) |
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Box: Election Administration |
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130 | (1) |
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B Exclusive Voting and Externalities |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (2) |
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D The Optimal Political Community |
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135 | (1) |
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Box: The Twenty-Sixth Amendment |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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Box: Heuristics on the Ballot |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (2) |
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Box: Disclosure and Corruption |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (4) |
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II Structures of Representation |
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147 | (18) |
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A The Size of Legislatures |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (2) |
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C Plurality Rule and Proportional Representation |
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151 | (3) |
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Box: Minor Parties and Stability |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (2) |
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Box: One Person or One Voter? |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (4) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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III Government Competition |
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165 | (12) |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (4) |
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Box: Prescription or Description? |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (2) |
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D Local Governments and Home Rule |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (36) |
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I Positive Theory of Entrenchment |
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178 | (13) |
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178 | (3) |
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181 | (1) |
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B Entrenchment and Equilibria |
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182 | (2) |
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C Entrenchment and Incrementalism |
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184 | (1) |
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D Generalizing from Supermajority Rule |
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185 | (2) |
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Box: Unpopular Constitutionalism |
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187 | (1) |
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E Entrenchment and Instability |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (2) |
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II Normative Theory of Entrenchment |
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191 | (15) |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (2) |
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Box: Voting Externalities |
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195 | (1) |
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Box: "Peculiarly Narrow" Governments |
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196 | (1) |
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C Stability and Transition Costs |
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197 | (1) |
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Box: The Paradox of Compensation |
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198 | (2) |
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D Stability and Rationality |
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200 | (2) |
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E On Optimal Entrenchment |
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202 | (4) |
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III Interpretive Theory of Entrenchment |
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206 | (7) |
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206 | (2) |
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B The Transitions Theory of Interpretation |
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208 | (2) |
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Box: Statutory Stare Decisis |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
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7 Entrenchment Applications |
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213 | (52) |
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214 | (18) |
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214 | (1) |
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B Rights and Entrenchment |
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215 | (2) |
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C Transaction Costs and Rights |
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217 | (1) |
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Box: Democracy and Distrust |
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218 | (2) |
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D Coase versus Hobbes Revisited |
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220 | (2) |
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Box: "Proportionate Interest Representation" |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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F Unconstitutional Conditions |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (1) |
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G Local or Universal Rights |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (11) |
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A Discrimination by the State |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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C Discrimination in a Perfect Market |
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236 | (1) |
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D Discrimination in an Imperfect Market |
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237 | (2) |
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239 | (3) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (13) |
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243 | (3) |
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B Speech and Positive Externalities |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (2) |
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249 | (3) |
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Box: The Captive Audience Doctrine |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (2) |
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254 | (1) |
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Box: Fake News and the First Amendment |
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255 | (1) |
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IV Constitutional Updating |
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256 | (9) |
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A Updates Constrain Amendments |
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257 | (2) |
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B Institutional Advantage and Constitutional Change |
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259 | (3) |
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C Entrenchment and Updating |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (40) |
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266 | (16) |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (2) |
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Box: The President's Removal Power |
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272 | (2) |
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E Accountability versus Expertise |
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274 | (1) |
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Box: Delegation and Courts |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (2) |
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Box: The Legislative Veto |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (9) |
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A Rules, Standards, and Delegation |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (2) |
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C When to Use Rules and Standards |
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285 | (1) |
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Box: Does Vagueness Cause Litigation? |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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E Drafting and Applying---Invest Now or Later? |
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288 | (2) |
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Box: Vagueness or Ambiguity? |
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290 | (1) |
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III Normative Analysis of Delegation |
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291 | (6) |
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A Delegation as Offer or Command |
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291 | (2) |
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B Externalization and Allies |
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293 | (1) |
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Box: Is Your Lawyer Your Ally? |
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294 | (1) |
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C Delegation and Representation |
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295 | (2) |
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IV Interpretive Theory of Delegation |
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297 | (8) |
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A The Canons of Construction |
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297 | (2) |
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299 | (1) |
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C Applying the Delegation Canon |
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300 | (4) |
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304 | (1) |
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9 Delegation Applications |
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305 | (52) |
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I Agencies and Administrative Law |
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306 | (13) |
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306 | (2) |
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B What Do Agencies Maximize? |
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308 | (2) |
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Box: Police Patrols versus Fire Alarms |
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310 | (1) |
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C Institutional Competence |
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311 | (3) |
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314 | (4) |
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318 | (1) |
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II Legal Limits on Delegation |
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319 | (7) |
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A The Nondelegation Doctrine |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (1) |
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B The Cost of Prohibiting Delegation |
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322 | (1) |
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C Nondelegation and Representation |
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323 | (3) |
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III Lobbying, Rent-Seeking, and Agency Capture |
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326 | (13) |
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A Subsidies and Regulations |
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327 | (2) |
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Box: Professionalism or Monopoly? |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (2) |
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Box: Unions and Free Riding |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (5) |
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IV Corruption and Campaign Finance |
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339 | (18) |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (2) |
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Box: "Bob's for Jobs"? Or for Bribes? |
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343 | (2) |
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345 | (3) |
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Box: Aggregate Corruption |
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348 | (1) |
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D Independent Expenditures |
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349 | (4) |
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Box: Public Financing of Elections |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (2) |
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10 Theory of Adjudication |
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357 | (58) |
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I Positive Theory of the Legal Process |
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358 | (26) |
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A The Value of a Legal Claim |
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359 | (3) |
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Box: Who Pays the Lawyers? |
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362 | (2) |
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364 | (1) |
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365 | (4) |
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369 | (1) |
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D Litigation Externalities |
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370 | (3) |
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Box: Playing for the Rule |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (4) |
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Box: Juries and the Wisdom of the Crowd |
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378 | (2) |
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380 | (4) |
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384 | (13) |
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384 | (2) |
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Box: What Sustains Judicial Independence? |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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C The Strategic Model: Separation of Powers |
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388 | (3) |
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Box: Strategic Interpretation |
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391 | (1) |
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D The Strategic Model: Judicial Hierarchy |
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392 | (4) |
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396 | (1) |
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III Normative Theory of Adjudication |
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397 | (11) |
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A Accuracy in Fact-Finding |
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398 | (2) |
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Box: Procedural Due Process |
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400 | (1) |
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B Accuracy in Interpretation |
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401 | (3) |
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C Indeterminacy and Default Rules |
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404 | (3) |
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Box: Optimal Independence |
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407 | (1) |
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IV Interpretive Theory of Adjudication |
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408 | (7) |
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409 | (2) |
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B The Incentive Principle of Interpretation |
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411 | (3) |
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414 | (1) |
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11 Adjudication Applications |
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415 | (46) |
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I Methods of Interpretation |
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416 | (18) |
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416 | (4) |
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420 | (2) |
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Box: A High Bar for Scriveners Errors |
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422 | (1) |
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Box: Finding the Common Law |
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423 | (1) |
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C Communication in the Long Run |
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424 | (3) |
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427 | (1) |
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427 | (2) |
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429 | (3) |
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Box: Minimizing Errors, Maximizing Justice |
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432 | (1) |
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F Epilogue on Interpretation |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (15) |
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A Revisiting Rules versus Standards |
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435 | (2) |
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437 | (2) |
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Box: Cycles of Interpretation |
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439 | (1) |
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439 | (4) |
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D On Precedent and "Slippery Slopes" |
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443 | (3) |
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446 | (1) |
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E Acquiescence to Precedent |
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447 | (2) |
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III Puzzles and Paradoxes |
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449 | (12) |
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449 | (4) |
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453 | (3) |
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C Intransitivity in Court |
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456 | (3) |
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Box: Bargaining among Judges |
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459 | (1) |
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460 | (1) |
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461 | (42) |
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I Positive Theory of Enforcement |
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462 | (16) |
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A The Costs and Benefits of Lawbreaking |
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462 | (4) |
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466 | (1) |
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B The "Law" of Deterrence |
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466 | (2) |
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C Law in Books and Law in Action |
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468 | (3) |
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D Enforcement through Settlements |
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471 | (3) |
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Box: Agency Costs in Enforcement |
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474 | (1) |
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E Irrationality and Discounting |
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475 | (3) |
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II Normative Theory of Enforcement |
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478 | (12) |
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A Enforcement and Social Welfare |
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478 | (2) |
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Box: Enforcement and the Rule of Law |
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480 | (1) |
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B Social Welfare and Deterrence |
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481 | (2) |
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483 | (3) |
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Box: The Excessive Fines Clause |
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486 | (1) |
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D Fines versus Imprisonment |
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487 | (2) |
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Box: Economics and Animus |
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489 | (1) |
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III Interpretive Theory of Enforcement |
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490 | (13) |
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490 | (2) |
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B Introduction to Contempt |
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492 | (2) |
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C Economic Theory of Contempt |
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494 | (5) |
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Box: A License for Crime? |
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499 | (1) |
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500 | (2) |
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502 | (1) |
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13 Enforcement Applications |
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503 | (53) |
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504 | (13) |
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A Introduction to the Fourth Amendment |
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504 | (3) |
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Box: "Shoot First and Think Later" |
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507 | (1) |
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B Economic Analysis of Search |
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508 | (4) |
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C Exclusion and Immunity Revisited |
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512 | (5) |
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II Enforcement and Legal Design |
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517 | (11) |
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A Enforcing Rules and Standards |
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517 | (2) |
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519 | (5) |
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524 | (1) |
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525 | (3) |
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528 | (19) |
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528 | (2) |
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Box: Enforcement as Information |
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530 | (1) |
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531 | (2) |
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Box: Enforcing International Law |
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533 | (1) |
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534 | (4) |
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Box: Coordinating against the State |
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538 | (2) |
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D Re-Coordination and Corner Equilibria |
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540 | (4) |
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544 | (3) |
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547 | (9) |
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548 | (1) |
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549 | (2) |
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551 | (3) |
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554 | (2) |
Conclusion |
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556 | (1) |
Index |
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557 | |