Preface to the Fourth Edition |
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xv | |
List of Symbols |
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xix | |
1 Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 The Nature of Thermal Radiation |
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2 | (2) |
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1.3 Basic Laws of Thermal Radiation |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (5) |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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1.9 Visible Radiation (Luminance) |
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17 | (2) |
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1.10 Radiative Intensity in Vacuum |
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19 | (1) |
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1.11 Introduction to Radiation Characteristics of Opaque Surfaces |
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20 | (1) |
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1.12 Introduction to Radiation Characteristics of Gases |
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21 | (2) |
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1.13 Introduction to Radiation Characteristics of Solids and Liquids |
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23 | (1) |
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1.14 Introduction to Radiation Characteristics of Particles |
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23 | (2) |
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1.15 The Radiative Transfer Equation |
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25 | (1) |
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1.16 Outline of Radiative Transport Theory |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (3) |
2 Radiative Property Predictions from Electromagnetic Wave Theory |
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31 | (1) |
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2.2 The Macroscopic Maxwell Equations |
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31 | (1) |
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2.3 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Unbounded Media |
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32 | (5) |
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37 | (4) |
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2.5 Reflection and Transmission |
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41 | (14) |
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2.6 Theories for Optical Constants |
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55 | (3) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
3 Radiative Properties of Real Surfaces |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (9) |
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3.3 Predictions from Electromagnetic Wave Theory |
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69 | (3) |
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3.4 Radiative Properties of Metals |
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72 | (8) |
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3.5 Radiative Properties of Nonconductors |
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80 | (5) |
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3.6 Effects of Surface Roughness |
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85 | (4) |
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3.7 Effects of Surface Damage, Oxide Films, and Dust |
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89 | (1) |
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3.8 Radiative Properties of Semitransparent Sheets |
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90 | (7) |
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97 | (5) |
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3.10 Earth's Surface Properties and Climate Change |
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102 | (3) |
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3.11 Experimental Methods |
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105 | (11) |
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116 | (5) |
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121 | (6) |
4 View Factors |
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127 | (1) |
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4.2 Definition of View Factors |
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128 | (3) |
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4.3 Methods for the Evaluation of View Factors |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (3) |
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135 | (5) |
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140 | (3) |
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4.7 The Crossed-Strings Method |
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143 | (5) |
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4.8 The Inside Sphere Method |
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148 | (2) |
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4.9 The Unit Sphere Method |
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150 | (1) |
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4.10 View Factor Between Arbitrary Planar Polygons |
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151 | (3) |
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154 | (4) |
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158 | (3) |
5 Radiative Exchange Between Gray, Diffuse Surfaces |
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161 | (1) |
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5.2 Radiative Exchange Between Black Surfaces |
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161 | (5) |
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5.3 Radiative Exchange Between Gray, Diffuse Surfaces (Net Radiation Method) |
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166 | (8) |
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5.4 Electrical Network Analogy |
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174 | (3) |
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177 | (2) |
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5.6 Solution Methods for the Governing Integral Equations |
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179 | (9) |
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188 | (8) |
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196 | (3) |
6 Radiative Exchange Between Nondiffuse and Nongray Surfaces |
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199 | (1) |
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6.2 Enclosures with Partially Specular Surfaces |
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199 | (5) |
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6.3 Radiative Exchange in the Presence of Partially Specular Surfaces |
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204 | (7) |
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6.4 Semitransparent Sheets (Windows) |
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211 | (3) |
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6.5 Radiative Exchange Between Nongray Surfaces |
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214 | (5) |
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6.6 Directionally Nonideal Surfaces |
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219 | (7) |
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6.7 Analysis for Arbitrary Surface Characteristics |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (6) |
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233 | (2) |
7 The Monte Carlo Method for Surface Exchange |
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235 | (4) |
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7.2 Numerical Quadrature by Monte Carlo |
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239 | (1) |
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7.3 Heat Transfer Relations for Radiative Exchange Between Surfaces |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (1) |
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7.5 Random Number Relations for Surface Exchange |
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243 | (6) |
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249 | (2) |
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7.7 Efficiency Considerations |
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251 | (5) |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (3) |
8 Surface Radiative Exchange in the Presence of Conduction and Convection |
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261 | (1) |
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8.2 Challenges in Coupling Surface-to-Surface Radiation with Conduction/Convection |
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261 | (3) |
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264 | (8) |
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8.4 Radiative Heat Transfer Coefficient |
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272 | (1) |
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8.5 Conduction and Surface Radiation-Fins |
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273 | (3) |
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8.6 Convection and Surface Radiation-Tube Flow |
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276 | (3) |
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279 | (2) |
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281 | (4) |
9 The Radiative Transfer Equation in Participating Media (RTE) |
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285 | (1) |
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9.2 Attenuation by Absorption and Scattering |
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285 | (2) |
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9.3 Augmentation by Emission and Scattering |
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287 | (2) |
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9.4 The Radiative Transfer Equation |
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289 | (2) |
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9.5 Formal Solution to the Radiative Transfer Equation |
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291 | (2) |
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9.6 Boundary Conditions for the Radiative Transfer Equation |
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293 | (4) |
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9.7 RTE for a Medium with Graded Refractive Index |
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297 | (1) |
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9.8 Radiation Energy Density |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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9.10 Divergence of the Radiative Heat Flux |
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299 | (3) |
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9.11 Integral Formulation of the Radiative Transfer Equation |
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302 | (1) |
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9.12 Overall Energy Conservation |
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303 | (2) |
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9.13 Solution Methods for the Radiative Transfer Equation |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (2) |
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308 | (3) |
10 Radiative Properties of Molecular Gases |
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10.1 Fundamental Principles |
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311 | (1) |
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10.2 Emission and Absorption Probabilities |
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312 | (3) |
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10.3 Atomic and Molecular Spectra |
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315 | (7) |
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322 | (8) |
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10.5 Nonequilibrium Radiation |
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330 | (1) |
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10.6 High-Resolution Spectroscopic Databases |
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331 | (2) |
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10.7 Spectral Models for Radiative Transfer Calculations |
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333 | (2) |
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335 | (9) |
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10.9 Narrow Band k-Distributions |
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344 | (12) |
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356 | (13) |
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10.11 Total Emissivity and Mean Absorption Coefficient |
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369 | (8) |
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10.12 Gas Properties of Earth's Atmosphere and Climate Change |
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377 | (4) |
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10.13 Experimental Methods |
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381 | (5) |
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386 | (5) |
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391 | (10) |
11 Radiative Properties of Particulate Media |
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401 | (1) |
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11.2 Absorption and Scattering from a Single Sphere |
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402 | (5) |
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11.3 Radiative Properties of a Particle Cloud |
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407 | (4) |
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11.4 Radiative Properties of Small Spheres (Rayleigh Scattering) |
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411 | (2) |
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11.5 Rayleigh-Gans Scattering |
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413 | (1) |
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11.6 Anomalous Diffraction |
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414 | (1) |
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11.7 Radiative Properties of Large Spheres |
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414 | (6) |
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11.8 Absorption and Scattering by Long Cylinders |
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420 | (2) |
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11.9 Approximate Scattering Phase Functions |
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422 | (3) |
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11.10 Radiative Properties of Irregular Particles and Aggregates |
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425 | (1) |
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11.11 Radiative Properties of Combustion Particles |
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426 | (12) |
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11.12 Experimental Determination of Radiative Properties of Particles |
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438 | (5) |
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443 | (2) |
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445 | (8) |
12 Radiative Properties of Semitransparent Media |
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453 | (1) |
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12.2 Absorption by Semitransparent Solids |
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453 | (2) |
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12.3 Absorption by Semitransparent Liquids |
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455 | (2) |
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12.4 Radiative Properties of Porous Solids |
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457 | (3) |
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12.5 Experimental Methods |
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460 | (3) |
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463 | (1) |
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463 | (4) |
13 Exact Solutions for One-Dimensional Gray Media |
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467 | (1) |
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13.2 General Formulation for a Plane-Parallel Medium |
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467 | (4) |
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13.3 Plane Layer of a Nonscattering Medium |
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471 | (7) |
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13.4 Plane Layer of a Scattering Medium |
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478 | (2) |
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13.5 Plane Layer of a Graded Index Medium |
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480 | (3) |
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13.6 Radiative Transfer in Spherical Media |
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483 | (4) |
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13.7 Radiative Transfer in Cylindrical Media |
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487 | (3) |
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13.8 Numerical Solution of the Governing Integral Equations |
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490 | (1) |
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491 | (2) |
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493 | (4) |
14 Approximate Solution Methods for One-Dimensional Media |
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14.1 The Optically Thin Approximation |
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497 | (1) |
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14.2 The Optically Thick Approximation (Diffusion Approximation) |
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498 | (5) |
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14.3 The Schuster-Schwarzschild Approximation |
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503 | (2) |
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14.4 The Milne-Eddington Approximation (Moment Method) |
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505 | (2) |
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14.5 The Exponential Kernel Approximation |
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507 | (2) |
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509 | (1) |
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510 | (3) |
15 The Method of Spherical Harmonics (PN-Approximation) |
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513 | (1) |
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15.2 General Formulation of the PN-Approximation |
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513 | (1) |
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15.3 The PN-Approximation for a One-Dimensional Slab |
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514 | (2) |
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15.4 Boundary Conditions for the PN-Method |
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516 | (3) |
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15.5 The Pi-Approximation |
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519 | (7) |
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15.6 P3- and Higher-Order Approximations |
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526 | (13) |
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15.7 Simplified PN-Approximation |
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539 | (4) |
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15.8 Other Methods Based on the P1-Approximation |
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543 | (10) |
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15.9 Comparison of Methods |
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553 | (3) |
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556 | (2) |
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558 | (5) |
16 The Method of Discrete Ordinates (SN-Approximation) |
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563 | (1) |
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563 | (3) |
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16.3 The One-Dimensional Slab |
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566 | (5) |
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16.4 One-Dimensional Concentric Spheres and Cylinders |
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571 | (5) |
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16.5 Multidimensional Problems |
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576 | (17) |
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16.6 The Finite Angle Method (FAM) |
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593 | (9) |
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16.7 The Modified Discrete Ordinates Method |
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602 | (1) |
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16.8 Even-Parity Formulation |
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603 | (1) |
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16.9 Other Related Methods |
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604 | (2) |
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606 | (1) |
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606 | (2) |
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608 | (9) |
17 The Zonal Method |
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617 | (1) |
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17.2 Surface Exchange - No Participating Medium |
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617 | (5) |
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17.3 Radiative Exchange in Gray Absorbing/Emitting Media |
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622 | (6) |
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17.4 Radiative Exchange in Gray Media with Isotropic Scattering |
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628 | (6) |
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17.5 Radiative Exchange through a Nongray Medium |
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634 | (2) |
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17.6 Accuracy and Efficiency Considerations |
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636 | (1) |
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637 | (1) |
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638 | (3) |
18 Collimated Irradiation and Transient Phenomena |
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641 | (2) |
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18.2 Reduction of the Problem |
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643 | (3) |
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18.3 The Modified P1-Approximation with Collimated Irradiation |
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646 | (3) |
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18.4 Short-Pulsed Collimated Irradiation with Transient Effects |
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649 | (3) |
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652 | (1) |
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653 | (4) |
19 Solution Methods for Nongray Extinction Coefficients |
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657 | (1) |
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19.2 The Mean Beam Length Method |
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658 | (6) |
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19.3 Semigray Approximations |
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664 | (3) |
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19.4 The Stepwise-Gray Model (Box Model) |
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667 | (6) |
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19.5 General Band Model Formulation |
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673 | (4) |
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19.6 The Weighted-Sum-of-Gray-Gases (WSGG) Model |
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677 | (6) |
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19.7 The Spectral-Line-Based Weighted-Sum-of-Gray-Gases (SLW) Model |
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683 | (3) |
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19.8 Outline of k-Distribution Models |
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686 | (2) |
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19.9 The Narrow Band and Wide Band k-Distribution Methods |
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688 | (2) |
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19.10 The Full Spectrum k-Distribution (FSK) Method for Homogeneous Media |
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690 | (6) |
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19.11 The FSK and SLW Methods for Nonhomogeneous Media |
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696 | (15) |
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19.12 Evaluation of k-Distributions and ALBDFs |
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711 | (9) |
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19.13 Higher Order k-Distribution Methods |
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720 | (7) |
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727 | (2) |
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729 | (8) |
20 The Monte Carlo Method for Participating Media |
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737 | (1) |
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20.2 Heat Transfer Relations for Participating Media |
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737 | (1) |
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20.3 Random Number Relations for Participating Media |
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738 | (5) |
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20.4 Treatment of Spectral Line Structure Effects |
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743 | (6) |
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20.5 Overall Energy Conservation |
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749 | (1) |
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20.6 Discrete Particle Fields |
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750 | (7) |
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20.7 Backward Monte Carlo |
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757 | (3) |
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20.8 Efficiency/Accuracy Considerations |
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760 | (6) |
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20.9 Media with Variable Refractive Index |
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766 | (1) |
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766 | (3) |
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769 | (1) |
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770 | (5) |
21 Radiation Combined with Conduction and Convection |
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775 | (1) |
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21.2 Combined Radiation and Conduction |
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775 | (9) |
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21.3 Melting and Solidification with Internal Radiation |
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784 | (6) |
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21.4 Combined Radiation and Convection |
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790 | (9) |
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21.5 General Formulations for Coupling |
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799 | (7) |
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806 | (2) |
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808 | (11) |
22 Radiation in Chemically Reacting Systems |
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819 | (1) |
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22.2 Coupling Considerations |
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819 | (2) |
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22.3 Combined Radiation and Laminar Combustion |
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821 | (3) |
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22.4 Combined Radiation and Turbulent Combustion |
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824 | (14) |
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22.5 Comparison of RTE Solvers for Reacting Systems |
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838 | (6) |
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22.6 Radiation in Concentrating Solar Energy Systems |
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844 | (4) |
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848 | (11) |
23 Inverse Radiative Heat Transfer |
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859 | (1) |
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859 | (6) |
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865 | (2) |
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23.4 Gradient-Based Optimization |
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867 | (7) |
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874 | (3) |
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23.6 Summary of Inverse Radiation Research |
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877 | (2) |
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879 | (2) |
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881 | (6) |
24 Nanoscale Radiative Transfer |
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887 | (1) |
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887 | (1) |
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887 | (2) |
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889 | (2) |
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24.5 Surface Waves (Polaritons) |
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891 | (1) |
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24.6 Fluctuational Electrodynamics |
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892 | (2) |
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24.7 Heat Transfer Between Parallel Plates |
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894 | (4) |
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24.8 Experiments on Nanoscale Radiation |
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898 | (1) |
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899 | (1) |
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900 | (1) |
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900 | (20) |
A Constants and Conversion Factors |
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B Tables for Radiative Properties of Opaque Surfaces |
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920 | (14) |
C Blackbody Emissive Power Table |
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D View Factor Catalogue |
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934 | (9) |
E Exponential Integral Functions |
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943 | (8) |
F Computer Codes |
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951 | (4) |
Author Index |
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955 | (20) |
Index |
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975 | |