| Preface |
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xv | |
| Authors |
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xvii | |
| Abbreviations |
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xix | |
| Chapter 1 General Biology |
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1 | (108) |
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1.1 Introduction and History |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Structure and Life Cycle |
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2 | (18) |
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2 | (5) |
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7 | (13) |
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20 | (51) |
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21 | (50) |
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25 | (5) |
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30 | (7) |
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1.3.1.3 Types of Sarcocyst Walls |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (20) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (8) |
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71 | (10) |
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72 | (4) |
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76 | (2) |
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1.4.3 Oocysts and Sporocysts |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (3) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (7) |
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81 | (7) |
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1.5.1.1 Clinicopathological Findings |
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81 | (4) |
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85 | (1) |
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1.5.1.3 Microscopic Lesions |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (10) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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1.6.3 Immune Regulation of Pathogenesis |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (6) |
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1.6.7.1 Placental Infection and Lesions |
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93 | (1) |
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1.6.7.2 Possible Mechanisms Causing Abortion or Fetal Death |
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94 | (3) |
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1.6.8 Eosinophilic Myositis and Sarcocystosis |
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97 | (1) |
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1.6.9 Chronic Sarcocystosis and Toxins |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (5) |
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1.7.1 Antigenic Structure |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (1) |
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1.7.3 Cellular Responses and Immunosuppression |
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101 | (1) |
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1.7.4 Protective Immunity and Vaccination |
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101 | (2) |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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1.13 Chemoprophylaxis and Chemotherapy |
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107 | (2) |
| Chapter 2 Techniques |
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109 | (16) |
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2.1 Experimental Infection of Intermediate and Definitive Hosts |
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109 | (1) |
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2.2 Isolation, Purification, and Preservation |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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2.3 Diagnostic Techniques |
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110 | (4) |
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2.3.1 Examination of Feces for Sporocysts |
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110 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Examination of Muscles for Sarcocysts |
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112 | (1) |
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2.3.3 Serological Techniques (for S. neurona Diagnosis, See Chapter 3) |
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113 | (1) |
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2.3.3.1 Preparation of Soluble Antigen from Bradyzoites |
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113 | (1) |
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2.3.3.2 Method for ELISA Test |
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113 | (1) |
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2.3.3.3 Immunohistochemical Staining |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (7) |
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2.4.1 Excystation and Cultivation of Schizonts (for S. neurona Cultivation, See Chapter 3) |
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115 | (4) |
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2.4.2 Cultivation of Gamonts |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (4) |
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2.5.1 PCR from Tissues and Purified Tissue Cysts |
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121 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Preservation of Tissues That Cannot be Immediately Processed |
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122 | (1) |
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2.5.3 Options for Transporting DNA Prior to Analysis |
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122 | (1) |
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2.5.4 Extraction of DNA from Sporocysts |
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123 | (1) |
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2.5.5 Freeze-Thaw Methods to Free Sporocysts from the Oocyst |
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123 | (2) |
| Chapter 3 Unique Multiple-Host Sarcocystis Species |
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125 | (44) |
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125 | (1) |
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3.2 Sarcocystis neurona Infections in Animals |
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125 | (40) |
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3.2.1 Introduction and History |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Structure and Life Cycle |
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126 | (8) |
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126 | (1) |
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3.2.3.2 Mouse Modeling Schizogony |
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126 | (2) |
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3.2.3.3 Raccoon Modeling of Sarcocyst and Bradyzoite Development |
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128 | (4) |
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3.2.3.4 Feline Modeling of Sarcocysts and Bradyzoite Development |
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132 | (1) |
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3.2.3.5 Equine Modeling of Early Parasite Infection |
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133 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Naturally Occurring Stages and Their Structure |
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134 | (2) |
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3.2.5 Excretion of Sporocysts by Definitive Hosts |
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136 | (2) |
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3.2.6 Transplacental Transmission |
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138 | (1) |
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3.2.7 In Vitro Cultivation, Cell and Molecular Biology |
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138 | (6) |
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3.2.7.1 In Vitro Cultivation |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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3.2.7.3 Gene Discovery and Characterization |
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138 | (3) |
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3.2.7.4 Molecular Genetic Tools |
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141 | (1) |
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3.2.7.5 Population Genetics |
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142 | (1) |
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3.2.7.6 S. neurona Genome |
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143 | (1) |
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3.2.8 Serologic Prevalence |
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144 | (4) |
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144 | (3) |
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3.2.8.2 Cats and Other Animals |
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147 | (1) |
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3.2.9 Clinical Infections |
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148 | (5) |
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3.2.9.1 Horses, Ponies, and Zebras |
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148 | (1) |
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3.2.9.2 Marine Mammals (Sea Otter, Seal, Porpoise, Sea Lion) |
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149 | (4) |
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3.2.10 Other Marine Mammals |
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153 | (1) |
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3.2.11 Miscellaneous Animals |
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153 | (3) |
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3.2.11.1 Raccoons (Procyon lotor) |
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153 | (2) |
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3.2.11.2 Mink (Mustela vison) |
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155 | (1) |
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3.2.11.3 Domestic Cat (Felis catus) |
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155 | (1) |
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3.2.11.4 Dog (Canis familiaris) |
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155 | (1) |
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3.2.11.5 Ferret (Mustela putorius furo) |
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156 | (1) |
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3.2.11.6 Canada Lynx (Felis lynx canadensis) |
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156 | (1) |
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3.2.11.7 Fisher (Martel pennanti) |
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156 | (1) |
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3.2.11.8 Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis) |
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156 | (1) |
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3.2.11.9 Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (4) |
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156 | (3) |
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3.2.12.2 Necropsy Examination |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (3) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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3.2.13.5 Sulfonamide and Pyrimethamine |
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162 | (1) |
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3.2.13.6 Pyrantel Tartrate |
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162 | (1) |
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3.2.13.7 Supportive/Ancillary Therapy |
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162 | (1) |
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3.2.13.8 Duration of Treatment |
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163 | (1) |
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3.2.14 Relapse of Clinical EPM in Horses |
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163 | (1) |
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3.2.15 Epidemiology of EPM in Horses |
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163 | (1) |
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3.2.16 Prevention and Control |
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164 | (1) |
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3.3 Sarcocystis canis Dubey and Speer 1991 Infections in Animals |
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165 | (3) |
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165 | (3) |
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3.3.2 Structure and Life Cycle |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
| Chapter 4 Sarcocystosis in Humans (Homo sapiens) |
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169 | (10) |
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169 | (1) |
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4.2 Intestinal Sarcocystosis |
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169 | (1) |
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4.2.1 Sarcocystis hominis (Railliet and Lucet 1891) Dubey 1976 |
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169 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Sarcocystis suihominis (Tadros and Laarman 1976) Heydorn 1977 |
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169 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Other Zoonotic Sarcocystis Species |
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170 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Natural Prevalence of Sporocysts in Human Feces |
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170 | (1) |
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4.3 Muscular Sarcocystosis |
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170 | (7) |
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4.3.1 Evidence Linking Acute Sarcocystosis to S. nesbitti |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
| Chapter 5 Sarcocystosis in Nonhuman Primates |
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179 | (6) |
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179 | (1) |
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5.2 Sarcocystis kortei Castellani and Chalmers 1909 |
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179 | (1) |
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5.3 Sarcocystis nesbitti Mandour 1969 |
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179 | (2) |
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5.4 Sarcocystis markusi (Markus, Kaiser, and Daly 1981) Odening 1997 |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Structure and Prevalence |
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181 | (1) |
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5.5 Clinical Sarcocystosis in Naturally Infected Monkeys |
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181 | (3) |
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184 | (1) |
| Chapter 6 Sarcocystosis in Pigs (Sus scrofa) |
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185 | (10) |
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185 | (1) |
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6.2 Sarcocystis miescheriana (Kuhn 1865) Labbe 1899 |
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185 | (2) |
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185 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Structure and Life Cycle |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Protective Immunity |
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186 | (1) |
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6.3 Sarcocystis suihominis (Tadros and Laarman 1976) Heydorn 1977 |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Structure and Life Cycle |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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6.4 Sarcocystis porcifelis Dubey 1976 |
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188 | (1) |
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6.5 Prevalence of Sarcocystis and Economic Impact |
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188 | (5) |
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193 | (2) |
| Chapter 7 Sarcocystosis in Cattle (Bos taurus) |
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195 | (22) |
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7.1 Sarcocystis cruzi (Hasselmann 1926) Wenyon 1926 |
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195 | (4) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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7.1.3 Structure and Life Cycle |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (3) |
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198 | (1) |
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7.1.6 Protective Immunity |
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199 | (1) |
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7.1.7 Molecular Studies and Genetic Diversity |
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199 | (1) |
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7.2 Sarcocystis hirsuta Mould 1888 |
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199 | (11) |
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199 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Structure and Life Cycle |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (10) |
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209 | (1) |
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7.3 Sarcocystis hominis (Railliet and Lucet 1891) Dubey 1976 |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Structure and Life Cycle |
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210 | (1) |
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7.4 Sarcocystis rommeli Dubey, More, Van Wilpe, Calero-Bernal, Verma, Schares |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Structure and Life Cycle |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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7.5 Other Unconfirmed Species |
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212 | (1) |
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7.6 Prevalence of Sarcocysts in Cattle |
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213 | (1) |
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7.7 Eosinophilic Myositis |
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213 | (1) |
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7.8 Sarcocystosis-Like Encephalitis in Cattle |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (3) |
| Chapter 8 Sarcocystosis in Sheep (Ovis aries) |
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217 | (18) |
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8.1 Sarcocystis tenella (Railliet 1886) Mould 1886 |
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217 | (10) |
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217 | (1) |
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8.1.2 Structure and Life Cycle |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (9) |
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217 | (1) |
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8.1.3.2 Effect on Parturition and Reproductivity |
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218 | (8) |
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8.1.4 Immunity and Protection |
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226 | (1) |
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8.2 Sarcocystis arieticanis Heydorn 1985 |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Structure and Life Cycle |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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8.3 Sarcocystis gigantea (Railliet 1886) Ashford 1977 |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Structure and Life Cycle |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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8.4 Sarcocystis medusiformis Collins, Atkinson, Charleston 1979 |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Structure and Life Cycle |
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228 | (1) |
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8.5 Reports of Unusual/Rare Species of Sarcocystis in Sheep |
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228 | (1) |
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8.5.1 Sarcocystis mihoensis Saito, Shibata, Kubo, Itagaki 1997 |
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228 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Sarcocystis gracilis Ratz 1909 |
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229 | (1) |
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8.5.3 Sarcocystis microps Wang, Wei, Wang, Li, Zhang, Dong, Xiao 1988 |
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229 | (1) |
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8.6 Clinical Sarcocystosis in Naturally Infected Sheep |
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229 | (4) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
| Chapter 9 Sarcocystosis in Goats (Capra hircus) |
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235 | (8) |
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9.1 Sarcocystis capracanis Fischer 1979 |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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9.1.2 Structure and Life Cycle |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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9.1.4 Protective Immunity |
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235 | (1) |
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9.1.5 Clinical Disease in Naturally Infected Goats |
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235 | (1) |
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9.2 Sarcocystis hircicanis Heydorn and Unterholzner 1983 |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Structure and Life Cycle |
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236 | (1) |
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9.3 Sarcocystis moulei Neveu-Lemaire 1912 |
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237 | (5) |
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237 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Structure and Life Cycle |
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237 | (5) |
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9.4 Natural Infections in Goats |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
| Chapter 10 Sarcocystosis in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) |
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243 | (6) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (5) |
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248 | (1) |
| Chapter 11 Sarcocystosis in Horses, Mules, and Donkeys (Equus spp.) |
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249 | (8) |
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249 | (1) |
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11.2 Sarcocystis bertrami Doflein 1901 (Syn. S. equicanis Rommel and Geisel 1975) |
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250 | (1) |
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11.3 Sarcocystis fayeri Dubey, Streitel, Stromberg, and Toussant 1977 |
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250 | (2) |
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11.4 Prevalence of Natural Infections and Clinical Disease |
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252 | (4) |
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256 | (1) |
| Chapter 12 Sarcocystosis in Camels (Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus) |
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257 | (6) |
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257 | (1) |
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12.2 Sarcocystis cameli (Mason 1910) Amended Dubey, Hilali, Van Wilpe, Calero-Bernal, Verma, and Abbas 2015 (Syn. S. camelicanis, S. camelocanis, S. miescheri) |
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258 | (3) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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12.2.3 Structure and Life Cycle |
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258 | (3) |
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12.3 Sarcocystis ippeni (Odening 1997) Amended Dubey, Hilali, Van Wilpe, Calero-Bernal, Verma, and Abbas 2015 |
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261 | (1) |
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12.3.1 Structure and Life Cycle |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (2) |
| Chapter 13 Sarcocystosis in South American Camelids (Alpaca, Guanaco, Llama, and Vicugna/Vicufia) |
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263 | (6) |
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263 | (1) |
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13.2 Clinical and Subclinical Sarcocystosis in Llama and Alpaca |
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264 | (1) |
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13.3 Other Aspects on Sarcocystosis in South American Camelids |
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265 | (2) |
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13.3.1 Experimental Infections |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (2) |
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267 | (2) |
| Chapter 14 Sarcocystosis in Dogs (Canis familiaris) |
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269 | (4) |
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14.1 Muscular Sarcocystosis |
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269 | (1) |
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14.1.1 Sarcocystis caninum Dubey, Sykes, Shelton, Sharp, Verma, Calero-Bernal, Viviano, Sundar, Khan, and Grigg 2015 |
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269 | (1) |
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14.1.1.1 Structure and Life Cycle |
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269 | (1) |
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14.1.2 Sarcocystis svanai Dubey, Sykes, Shelton, Sharp, Verma, Calero-Bernal, Viviano, Sundar, Khan, and Grigg 2015 |
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269 | (4) |
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14.1.2.1 Structure and Life Cycle |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (3) |
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14.3 Intestinal Sarcocystosis |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
| Chapter 15 Sarcocystosis in Cats (Fells catus) |
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273 | (4) |
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15.1 Muscular Sarcocystosis |
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273 | (1) |
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15.1.1 Sarcocystis fells Dubey, Hamir, Kirkpatrick, Todd, and Rupprecht 1992 |
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273 | (5) |
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15.1.1.1 Structure and Life Cycle |
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273 | (1) |
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15.2 Intestinal Sarcocystosis |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (2) |
| Chapter 16 Sarcocystosis in Chickens (Gallus gallus) |
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277 | (4) |
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277 | (1) |
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16.2 Sarcocystis wenzeli (Wenzel, Erber, Boch, Scheliner 1982) Odening 1997 |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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16.2.3 Structure and Life Cycle |
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278 | (1) |
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16.3 Sarcocystis horvathi Ratz 1908 |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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16.3.2 Structure and Life Cycle |
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279 | (1) |
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16.4 Clinical Disease in Naturally Infected Chickens |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
| Chapter 17 Sarcocystosis in Other Avian Species |
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281 | (12) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (2) |
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17.2.1 Sarcocystis falcatula Stiles 1893 |
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281 | (2) |
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17.2.2 Sarcocystis calchasi Olias, Gruber, Hafez, Heydorn, Mehlhorn, and Lierz 2010 |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (5) |
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290 | (2) |
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17.8 Clinical Observations of Sarcocystosis in Birds in Groups B-F |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
| Chapter 18 Sarcocystosis in Wild Ruminants and Other Large Animals |
|
293 | (16) |
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18.1 Sarcocystis Infections in Cervids |
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|
293 | (14) |
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18.1.1 Sarcocystis hemionilatrantis Hudkins and Kistner 1977 |
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293 | (14) |
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18.2 Sarcocystis Infections in Other Wild Ruminants and Other Large Animals |
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307 | (1) |
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18.3 Sarcocystis Infections in Marine Mammals |
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308 | (1) |
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18.4 Sarcocystis spp. with Uncertain Status |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
| Chapter 19 Sarcocystosis in Wild Terrestrial Carnivores |
|
309 | (8) |
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309 | (6) |
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19.1.1 Prevalence and Clinical Disease |
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309 | (6) |
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19.2 Sarcocystis Species in Wild Carnivores |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (2) |
| Chapter 20 Sarcocystosis in Marsupials |
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317 | (4) |
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317 | (1) |
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20.2 American Opossums as Definitive Hosts for Sarcocystis Species |
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317 | (1) |
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20.2.1 Prevalence of Sarcocystis Sporocysts in Opossums |
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317 | (1) |
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20.2.2 Sarcocystis speeri Dubey and Lindsay 1999 |
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318 | (1) |
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20.3 American Opossums as Intermediate Hosts for Sarcocystis Species |
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318 | (1) |
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20.4 Sarcocysts of Sarcocystis Species in Other Marsupials |
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318 | (2) |
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320 | (1) |
| Chapter 21 Sarcocystosis in Rodents, Lagomorphs, and Other Small Mammals |
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321 | (16) |
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21.1 Sarcocystis muris (Railliet 1886) Labbd 1899 |
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321 | (9) |
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21.2 Sarcocystis cymruensis Ashford 1978 (Syn. S. rodentifelis Grikieniend, Arnastauskiend, and Kutkiend 1993) |
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330 | (1) |
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21.3 Sarcocystis singaporensis Zaman and Colley (1975) 1976 |
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330 | (2) |
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21.4 Sarcocystis Species with Sarcocysts in Brain (Previously Called Frenkelia) |
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332 | (2) |
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332 | (1) |
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21.4.2 Sarcocystis microti (Findlay and Middleton 1934) Modo-f, Votypka, and Svobodova 2004 |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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21.4.2.2 Intermediate Hosts |
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332 | (1) |
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21.4.2.3 Definitive Hosts |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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21.4.3 Sarcocystis glareoli Erhardova 1955 |
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333 | (4) |
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333 | (1) |
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21.4.3.2 Intermediate Hosts |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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21.5 Prevalences of Sarcocysts in Rodents, Lagomorphs, and Other Small Mammals |
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|
334 | (1) |
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334 | (3) |
| Chapter 22 Sarcocystosis in Poikilothermic Animals |
|
337 | (10) |
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337 | (7) |
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22.1.1 Reptiles as Intermediate Hosts for Sarcocystis |
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337 | (7) |
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22.1.1.1 Species Inquirendae |
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337 | (7) |
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22.1.2 Reptiles as Definitive Hosts for Sarcocystis |
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|
344 | (1) |
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22.1.3 Molecular Tools for Sarcocystis Species in Reptiles |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (2) |
| Chapter 23 Genetics, Phylogeny, and Molecular Epidemiology of Sarcocystis |
|
347 | (14) |
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347 | (1) |
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23.2 Gene Regulation of Metabolic Pathways |
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347 | (2) |
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23.3 Genetic Markers That Have Been Employed for Phylogenetic and Diagnostic Purposes |
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349 | (7) |
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349 | (4) |
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23.3.2 Other Nuclear Genes |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (3) |
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23.3.4 Mitochondrial Genes |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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23.4 Epidemiological Insights Derived from Molecular Markers |
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356 | (1) |
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23.5 Evolutionary Inferences from Molecular Markers |
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|
357 | (2) |
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|
359 | (2) |
| Chapter 24 Current Status of Sarcocystis Species |
|
361 | (14) |
| References |
|
375 | (100) |
| Index |
|
475 | |