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E-raamat: Sarcocystosis of Animals and Humans

(USDA ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA), , (Healthwide Solutions, Edwards,CO, USA), , (Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, M), (USDA ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA), (USDA ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA)
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  • ISBN-13: 9781498710152
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
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  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781498710152
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Sarcocystis is one of the most prevalent parasites of livestock and also infects many wild mammals, birds, and humans. Written by the authors who pioneered studies ofSarcocystosis of domestic animals, Sarcocystosis of Animals and Humans, Second Edition provides a current and comprehensive review ofSarcocystis and the infections it causes in animals and humans. The book reviews the history, structure, life cycle, pathogenesis, lesions, clinical signs, diagnosis, immunity, epidemiology, treatment, prevention, and control ofSarcocystosis.

See What’s New in the Second Edition:

  • New section on molecular diagnosis and DNA characterization of Sarcocystis species
  • New section on clinical sarcocystosis outbreaks in humans is added with a summary of all reports, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
  • New section on acute fatal outbreaks of sarcocystosis in birds
  • Complete description of the life cycles of all Sarcocystis species
  • List of all species whose life cycles are known
  • Comprehensive information on diagnosis, including molecular diagnosis
  • Additional information on zoonoses
  • In-depth coverage of treatment, control, and prevention

Maintaining the format that made the first edition so popular, this new edition covers recent developments and excludes information that has become redundant. The authors include all literature and provide a comprehensive review of biology, clinical disease, economic losses, public health concerns, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. They have tabulated information on allSarcocystis species by host and listed species that should be considered species inquirende/invalid.

Arvustused

"Sarcocystosis is a zoonosis and is, par excellence, an example of where the veterinary and medical professions and those from associated specialist disciplines should be working in concert. The result, as this book illustrates splendidly, is a synergy that not only leads to important scientific advances but also contributes to the health and welfare of both people and animals." - John E. Cooper, Veterinary Record

Preface xv
Authors xvii
Abbreviations xix
Chapter 1 General Biology 1(108)
1.1 Introduction and History
1(1)
1.1.1 Generic Diagnosis
1(1)
1.2 Structure and Life Cycle
2(18)
1.2.1 Structure
2(5)
1.2.2 Life Cycle
7(13)
1.3 Ultrastructure
20(51)
1.3.1 Sarcocysts
21(50)
1.3.1.1 Metrocytes
25(5)
1.3.1.2 Bradyzoites
30(7)
1.3.1.3 Types of Sarcocyst Walls
37(2)
1.3.1.4 Gametogenesis
39(20)
1.3.1.5 Fertilization
59(1)
1.3.1.6 Oocyst
60(1)
1.3.1.7 Sporocyst
60(1)
1.3.1.8 Sporozoites
61(2)
1.3.1.9 Schizogony
63(8)
1.4 Taxonomic Criteria
71(10)
1.4.1 Sarcocysts
72(4)
1.4.2 Schizonts
76(2)
1.4.3 Oocysts and Sporocysts
78(1)
1.4.4 Host Specificity
78(3)
1.4.5 Molecular
81(1)
1.5 Pathogenicity
81(7)
1.5.1 Intermediate Hosts
81(7)
1.5.1.1 Clinicopathological Findings
81(4)
1.5.1.2 Gross Lesions
85(1)
1.5.1.3 Microscopic Lesions
85(2)
1.5.1.4 Definitive Hosts
87(1)
1.6 Pathogenesis
88(10)
1.6.1 Tissue Necrosis
88(1)
1.6.2 Inflammation
89(1)
1.6.3 Immune Regulation of Pathogenesis
89(1)
1.6.4 Edema
90(1)
1.6.5 Fever
90(1)
1.6.6 Anemia
91(1)
1.6.7 Abortion
91(6)
1.6.7.1 Placental Infection and Lesions
93(1)
1.6.7.2 Possible Mechanisms Causing Abortion or Fetal Death
94(3)
1.6.8 Eosinophilic Myositis and Sarcocystosis
97(1)
1.6.9 Chronic Sarcocystosis and Toxins
98(1)
1.7 Immunity
98(5)
1.7.1 Antigenic Structure
98(2)
1.7.2 Humoral Responses
100(1)
1.7.3 Cellular Responses and Immunosuppression
101(1)
1.7.4 Protective Immunity and Vaccination
101(2)
1.8 Diagnosis
103(2)
1.9 Economic Losses
105(1)
1.10 Transmission
106(1)
1.11 Epidemiology
106(1)
1.12 Control
107(1)
1.13 Chemoprophylaxis and Chemotherapy
107(2)
Chapter 2 Techniques 109(16)
2.1 Experimental Infection of Intermediate and Definitive Hosts
109(1)
2.2 Isolation, Purification, and Preservation
109(1)
2.2.1 Bradyzoites
109(1)
2.2.2 Sporocysts
110(1)
2.3 Diagnostic Techniques
110(4)
2.3.1 Examination of Feces for Sporocysts
110(2)
2.3.2 Examination of Muscles for Sarcocysts
112(1)
2.3.3 Serological Techniques (for S. neurona Diagnosis, See
Chapter 3)
113(1)
2.3.3.1 Preparation of Soluble Antigen from Bradyzoites
113(1)
2.3.3.2 Method for ELISA Test
113(1)
2.3.3.3 Immunohistochemical Staining
113(1)
2.4 In Vitro Cultivation
114(7)
2.4.1 Excystation and Cultivation of Schizonts (for S. neurona Cultivation, See
Chapter 3)
115(4)
2.4.2 Cultivation of Gamonts
119(2)
2.5 Molecular Methods
121(4)
2.5.1 PCR from Tissues and Purified Tissue Cysts
121(1)
2.5.2 Preservation of Tissues That Cannot be Immediately Processed
122(1)
2.5.3 Options for Transporting DNA Prior to Analysis
122(1)
2.5.4 Extraction of DNA from Sporocysts
123(1)
2.5.5 Freeze-Thaw Methods to Free Sporocysts from the Oocyst
123(2)
Chapter 3 Unique Multiple-Host Sarcocystis Species 125(44)
3.1 Introduction
125(1)
3.2 Sarcocystis neurona Infections in Animals
125(40)
3.2.1 Introduction and History
125(1)
3.2.2 Biology
125(1)
3.2.2.1 Hosts
125(1)
3.2.3 Structure and Life Cycle
126(8)
3.2.3.1 Structure
126(1)
3.2.3.2 Mouse Modeling Schizogony
126(2)
3.2.3.3 Raccoon Modeling of Sarcocyst and Bradyzoite Development
128(4)
3.2.3.4 Feline Modeling of Sarcocysts and Bradyzoite Development
132(1)
3.2.3.5 Equine Modeling of Early Parasite Infection
133(1)
3.2.4 Naturally Occurring Stages and Their Structure
134(2)
3.2.5 Excretion of Sporocysts by Definitive Hosts
136(2)
3.2.6 Transplacental Transmission
138(1)
3.2.7 In Vitro Cultivation, Cell and Molecular Biology
138(6)
3.2.7.1 In Vitro Cultivation
138(1)
3.2.7.2 Cell Biology
138(1)
3.2.7.3 Gene Discovery and Characterization
138(3)
3.2.7.4 Molecular Genetic Tools
141(1)
3.2.7.5 Population Genetics
142(1)
3.2.7.6 S. neurona Genome
143(1)
3.2.8 Serologic Prevalence
144(4)
3.2.8.1 Equids
144(3)
3.2.8.2 Cats and Other Animals
147(1)
3.2.9 Clinical Infections
148(5)
3.2.9.1 Horses, Ponies, and Zebras
148(1)
3.2.9.2 Marine Mammals (Sea Otter, Seal, Porpoise, Sea Lion)
149(4)
3.2.10 Other Marine Mammals
153(1)
3.2.11 Miscellaneous Animals
153(3)
3.2.11.1 Raccoons (Procyon lotor)
153(2)
3.2.11.2 Mink (Mustela vison)
155(1)
3.2.11.3 Domestic Cat (Felis catus)
155(1)
3.2.11.4 Dog (Canis familiaris)
155(1)
3.2.11.5 Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)
156(1)
3.2.11.6 Canada Lynx (Felis lynx canadensis)
156(1)
3.2.11.7 Fisher (Martel pennanti)
156(1)
3.2.11.8 Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis)
156(1)
3.2.11.9 Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
156(1)
3.2.12 Diagnosis
156(4)
3.2.12.1 Horses
156(3)
3.2.12.2 Necropsy Examination
159(1)
3.2.13 Treatment
160(3)
3.2.13.1 Ponazuril
160(1)
3.2.13.2 Diclazuril
161(1)
3.2.13.3 Nitazoxanide
161(1)
3.2.13.4 Decoquinate
161(1)
3.2.13.5 Sulfonamide and Pyrimethamine
162(1)
3.2.13.6 Pyrantel Tartrate
162(1)
3.2.13.7 Supportive/Ancillary Therapy
162(1)
3.2.13.8 Duration of Treatment
163(1)
3.2.14 Relapse of Clinical EPM in Horses
163(1)
3.2.15 Epidemiology of EPM in Horses
163(1)
3.2.16 Prevention and Control
164(1)
3.3 Sarcocystis canis Dubey and Speer 1991 Infections in Animals
165(3)
3.3.1 Introduction
165(3)
3.3.2 Structure and Life Cycle
168(1)
Bibliography
168(1)
Chapter 4 Sarcocystosis in Humans (Homo sapiens) 169(10)
4.1 Introduction
169(1)
4.2 Intestinal Sarcocystosis
169(1)
4.2.1 Sarcocystis hominis (Railliet and Lucet 1891) Dubey 1976
169(1)
4.2.2 Sarcocystis suihominis (Tadros and Laarman 1976) Heydorn 1977
169(1)
4.2.3 Other Zoonotic Sarcocystis Species
170(1)
4.2.4 Natural Prevalence of Sporocysts in Human Feces
170(1)
4.3 Muscular Sarcocystosis
170(7)
4.3.1 Evidence Linking Acute Sarcocystosis to S. nesbitti
177(1)
Bibliography
177(2)
Chapter 5 Sarcocystosis in Nonhuman Primates 179(6)
5.1 Introduction
179(1)
5.2 Sarcocystis kortei Castellani and Chalmers 1909
179(1)
5.3 Sarcocystis nesbitti Mandour 1969
179(2)
5.4 Sarcocystis markusi (Markus, Kaiser, and Daly 1981) Odening 1997
181(1)
5.4.1 Intermediate Host
181(1)
5.4.2 Definitive Host
181(1)
5.4.3 Structure and Prevalence
181(1)
5.5 Clinical Sarcocystosis in Naturally Infected Monkeys
181(3)
Bibliography
184(1)
Chapter 6 Sarcocystosis in Pigs (Sus scrofa) 185(10)
6.1 Introduction
185(1)
6.2 Sarcocystis miescheriana (Kuhn 1865) Labbe 1899
185(2)
6.2.1 Definitive Hosts
185(1)
6.2.2 Structure and Life Cycle
185(1)
6.2.3 Pathogenicity
185(1)
6.2.4 Protective Immunity
186(1)
6.3 Sarcocystis suihominis (Tadros and Laarman 1976) Heydorn 1977
187(1)
6.3.1 Distribution
187(1)
6.3.2 Definitive Hosts
187(1)
6.3.3 Structure and Life Cycle
187(1)
6.3.4 Pathogenicity
188(1)
6.3.5 Genetic Diversity
188(1)
6.4 Sarcocystis porcifelis Dubey 1976
188(1)
6.5 Prevalence of Sarcocystis and Economic Impact
188(5)
Bibliography
193(2)
Chapter 7 Sarcocystosis in Cattle (Bos taurus) 195(22)
7.1 Sarcocystis cruzi (Hasselmann 1926) Wenyon 1926
195(4)
7.1.1 Intermediate Hosts
195(1)
7.1.2 Definitive Hosts
195(1)
7.1.3 Structure and Life Cycle
195(1)
7.1.4 Pathogenicity
195(3)
7.1.5 Natural Outbreaks
198(1)
7.1.6 Protective Immunity
199(1)
7.1.7 Molecular Studies and Genetic Diversity
199(1)
7.2 Sarcocystis hirsuta Mould 1888
199(11)
7.2.1 Definitive Host
199(1)
7.2.2 Structure and Life Cycle
199(1)
7.2.3 Pathogenicity
199(10)
7.2.4 Other Aspects
209(1)
7.3 Sarcocystis hominis (Railliet and Lucet 1891) Dubey 1976
210(1)
7.3.1 Distribution
210(1)
7.3.2 Definitive Hosts
210(1)
7.3.3 Structure and Life Cycle
210(1)
7.4 Sarcocystis rommeli Dubey, More, Van Wilpe, Calero-Bernal, Verma, Schares
211(1)
7.4.1 Distribution
211(1)
7.4.2 Definitive Host
212(1)
7.4.3 Structure and Life Cycle
212(1)
7.4.4 Molecular studies
212(1)
7.5 Other Unconfirmed Species
212(1)
7.6 Prevalence of Sarcocysts in Cattle
213(1)
7.7 Eosinophilic Myositis
213(1)
7.8 Sarcocystosis-Like Encephalitis in Cattle
213(1)
7.9 Food Safety
213(1)
Bibliography
214(3)
Chapter 8 Sarcocystosis in Sheep (Ovis aries) 217(18)
8.1 Sarcocystis tenella (Railliet 1886) Mould 1886
217(10)
8.1.1 Definitive Hosts
217(1)
8.1.2 Structure and Life Cycle
217(1)
8.1.3 Pathogenicity
217(9)
8.1.3.1 Clinical Disease
217(1)
8.1.3.2 Effect on Parturition and Reproductivity
218(8)
8.1.4 Immunity and Protection
226(1)
8.2 Sarcocystis arieticanis Heydorn 1985
227(1)
8.2.1 Definitive Host
227(1)
8.2.2 Structure and Life Cycle
227(1)
8.2.3 Pathogenicity
227(1)
8.3 Sarcocystis gigantea (Railliet 1886) Ashford 1977
227(1)
8.3.1 Definitive Host
227(1)
8.3.2 Structure and Life Cycle
227(1)
8.3.3 Pathogenicity
228(1)
8.4 Sarcocystis medusiformis Collins, Atkinson, Charleston 1979
228(1)
8.4.1 Definitive Host
228(1)
8.4.2 Structure and Life Cycle
228(1)
8.5 Reports of Unusual/Rare Species of Sarcocystis in Sheep
228(1)
8.5.1 Sarcocystis mihoensis Saito, Shibata, Kubo, Itagaki 1997
228(1)
8.5.2 Sarcocystis gracilis Ratz 1909
229(1)
8.5.3 Sarcocystis microps Wang, Wei, Wang, Li, Zhang, Dong, Xiao 1988
229(1)
8.6 Clinical Sarcocystosis in Naturally Infected Sheep
229(4)
8.7 Molecular Studies
233(1)
Bibliography
234(1)
Chapter 9 Sarcocystosis in Goats (Capra hircus) 235(8)
9.1 Sarcocystis capracanis Fischer 1979
235(1)
9.1.1 Definitive Hosts
235(1)
9.1.2 Structure and Life Cycle
235(1)
9.1.3 Pathogen icity
235(1)
9.1.4 Protective Immunity
235(1)
9.1.5 Clinical Disease in Naturally Infected Goats
235(1)
9.2 Sarcocystis hircicanis Heydorn and Unterholzner 1983
236(1)
9.2.1 Definitive Host
236(1)
9.2.2 Structure and Life Cycle
236(1)
9.3 Sarcocystis moulei Neveu-Lemaire 1912
237(5)
9.3.1 Definitive Host
237(1)
9.3.2 Structure and Life Cycle
237(5)
9.4 Natural Infections in Goats
242(1)
Bibliography
242(1)
Chapter 10 Sarcocystosis in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) 243(6)
10.1 Introduction
243(1)
10.2 Prevalence
243(5)
Bibliography
248(1)
Chapter 11 Sarcocystosis in Horses, Mules, and Donkeys (Equus spp.) 249(8)
11.1 Introduction
249(1)
11.2 Sarcocystis bertrami Doflein 1901 (Syn. S. equicanis Rommel and Geisel 1975)
250(1)
11.3 Sarcocystis fayeri Dubey, Streitel, Stromberg, and Toussant 1977
250(2)
11.4 Prevalence of Natural Infections and Clinical Disease
252(4)
Bibliography
256(1)
Chapter 12 Sarcocystosis in Camels (Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus) 257(6)
12.1 Introduction
257(1)
12.2 Sarcocystis cameli (Mason 1910) Amended Dubey, Hilali, Van Wilpe, Calero-Bernal, Verma, and Abbas 2015 (Syn. S. camelicanis, S. camelocanis, S. miescheri)
258(3)
12.2.1 Distribution
258(1)
12.2.2 Definitive Host
258(1)
12.2.3 Structure and Life Cycle
258(3)
12.3 Sarcocystis ippeni (Odening 1997) Amended Dubey, Hilali, Van Wilpe, Calero-Bernal, Verma, and Abbas 2015
261(1)
12.3.1 Structure and Life Cycle
261(1)
Bibliography
261(2)
Chapter 13 Sarcocystosis in South American Camelids (Alpaca, Guanaco, Llama, and Vicugna/Vicufia) 263(6)
13.1 Introduction
263(1)
13.2 Clinical and Subclinical Sarcocystosis in Llama and Alpaca
264(1)
13.3 Other Aspects on Sarcocystosis in South American Camelids
265(2)
13.3.1 Experimental Infections
265(1)
13.3.2 Food Safety
265(2)
Bibliography
267(2)
Chapter 14 Sarcocystosis in Dogs (Canis familiaris) 269(4)
14.1 Muscular Sarcocystosis
269(1)
14.1.1 Sarcocystis caninum Dubey, Sykes, Shelton, Sharp, Verma, Calero-Bernal, Viviano, Sundar, Khan, and Grigg 2015
269(1)
14.1.1.1 Structure and Life Cycle
269(1)
14.1.2 Sarcocystis svanai Dubey, Sykes, Shelton, Sharp, Verma, Calero-Bernal, Viviano, Sundar, Khan, and Grigg 2015
269(4)
14.1.2.1 Structure and Life Cycle
269(1)
14.2 Clinical Disease
269(3)
14.3 Intestinal Sarcocystosis
272(1)
Bibliography
272(1)
Chapter 15 Sarcocystosis in Cats (Fells catus) 273(4)
15.1 Muscular Sarcocystosis
273(1)
15.1.1 Sarcocystis fells Dubey, Hamir, Kirkpatrick, Todd, and Rupprecht 1992
273(5)
15.1.1.1 Structure and Life Cycle
273(1)
15.2 Intestinal Sarcocystosis
274(1)
Bibliography
275(2)
Chapter 16 Sarcocystosis in Chickens (Gallus gallus) 277(4)
16.1 Introduction
277(1)
16.2 Sarcocystis wenzeli (Wenzel, Erber, Boch, Scheliner 1982) Odening 1997
278(1)
16.2.1 Distribution
278(1)
16.2.2 Definitive Hosts
278(1)
16.2.3 Structure and Life Cycle
278(1)
16.3 Sarcocystis horvathi Ratz 1908
279(1)
16.3.1 Distribution
279(1)
16.3.2 Structure and Life Cycle
279(1)
16.4 Clinical Disease in Naturally Infected Chickens
279(1)
Bibliography
280(1)
Chapter 17 Sarcocystosis in Other Avian Species 281(12)
17.1 Introduction
281(1)
17.2 Group A
281(2)
17.2.1 Sarcocystis falcatula Stiles 1893
281(2)
17.2.2 Sarcocystis calchasi Olias, Gruber, Hafez, Heydorn, Mehlhorn, and Lierz 2010
283(1)
17.3 Group B
283(1)
17.4 Group C
284(1)
17.5 Group D
284(1)
17.6 Group E
285(5)
17.7 Group F
290(2)
17.8 Clinical Observations of Sarcocystosis in Birds in Groups B-F
292(1)
Bibliography
292(1)
Chapter 18 Sarcocystosis in Wild Ruminants and Other Large Animals 293(16)
18.1 Sarcocystis Infections in Cervids
293(14)
18.1.1 Sarcocystis hemionilatrantis Hudkins and Kistner 1977
293(14)
18.2 Sarcocystis Infections in Other Wild Ruminants and Other Large Animals
307(1)
18.3 Sarcocystis Infections in Marine Mammals
308(1)
18.4 Sarcocystis spp. with Uncertain Status
308(1)
Bibliography
308(1)
Chapter 19 Sarcocystosis in Wild Terrestrial Carnivores 309(8)
19.1 Introduction
309(6)
19.1.1 Prevalence and Clinical Disease
309(6)
19.2 Sarcocystis Species in Wild Carnivores
315(1)
Bibliography
315(2)
Chapter 20 Sarcocystosis in Marsupials 317(4)
20.1 Introduction
317(1)
20.2 American Opossums as Definitive Hosts for Sarcocystis Species
317(1)
20.2.1 Prevalence of Sarcocystis Sporocysts in Opossums
317(1)
20.2.2 Sarcocystis speeri Dubey and Lindsay 1999
318(1)
20.3 American Opossums as Intermediate Hosts for Sarcocystis Species
318(1)
20.4 Sarcocysts of Sarcocystis Species in Other Marsupials
318(2)
Bibliography
320(1)
Chapter 21 Sarcocystosis in Rodents, Lagomorphs, and Other Small Mammals 321(16)
21.1 Sarcocystis muris (Railliet 1886) Labbd 1899
321(9)
21.2 Sarcocystis cymruensis Ashford 1978 (Syn. S. rodentifelis Grikieniend, Arnastauskiend, and Kutkiend 1993)
330(1)
21.3 Sarcocystis singaporensis Zaman and Colley (1975) 1976
330(2)
21.4 Sarcocystis Species with Sarcocysts in Brain (Previously Called Frenkelia)
332(2)
21.4.1 Introduction
332(1)
21.4.2 Sarcocystis microti (Findlay and Middleton 1934) Modo-f, Votypka, and Svobodova 2004
332(1)
21.4.2.1 Distribution
332(1)
21.4.2.2 Intermediate Hosts
332(1)
21.4.2.3 Definitive Hosts
332(1)
21.4.2.4 Structure
333(1)
21.4.3 Sarcocystis glareoli Erhardova 1955
333(4)
21.4.3.1 Distribution
333(1)
21.4.3.2 Intermediate Hosts
333(1)
21.4.3.3 Definitive Host
334(1)
21.5 Prevalences of Sarcocysts in Rodents, Lagomorphs, and Other Small Mammals
334(1)
Bibliography
334(3)
Chapter 22 Sarcocystosis in Poikilothermic Animals 337(10)
22.1 Reptiles
337(7)
22.1.1 Reptiles as Intermediate Hosts for Sarcocystis
337(7)
22.1.1.1 Species Inquirendae
337(7)
22.1.2 Reptiles as Definitive Hosts for Sarcocystis
344(1)
22.1.3 Molecular Tools for Sarcocystis Species in Reptiles
344(1)
22.2 Fishes
344(1)
Bibliography
345(2)
Chapter 23 Genetics, Phylogeny, and Molecular Epidemiology of Sarcocystis 347(14)
23.1 Introduction
347(1)
23.2 Gene Regulation of Metabolic Pathways
347(2)
23.3 Genetic Markers That Have Been Employed for Phylogenetic and Diagnostic Purposes
349(7)
23.3.1 18S rDNA
349(4)
23.3.2 Other Nuclear Genes
353(1)
23.3.3 Plastid Genes
353(3)
23.3.4 Mitochondrial Genes
356(1)
23.3.5 Surface Antigens
356(1)
23.3.6 Microsatellites
356(1)
23.4 Epidemiological Insights Derived from Molecular Markers
356(1)
23.5 Evolutionary Inferences from Molecular Markers
357(2)
Bibliography
359(2)
Chapter 24 Current Status of Sarcocystis Species 361(14)
References 375(100)
Index 475
J. P. Dubey, R. Calero-Bernal, B.M. Rosenthal, C.A. Speer, R. Fayer
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