| How to Use This Book and Digital Resources |
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v | |
| Preface |
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xi | |
| Getting Started With Confidence |
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3 | (4) |
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Chapter 1 Becoming a Public Speaker |
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7 | (11) |
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Why Study Public Speaking? |
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8 | (2) |
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8 | (1) |
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Advance Your Professional Goals |
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8 | (1) |
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Enhance Your Career as a Student |
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8 | (1) |
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Find New Opportunities for Civic Engagement |
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9 | (1) |
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The Classical Roots of Public Speaking |
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10 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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A Rich and Relevant Heritage |
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11 | (1) |
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Learning to Speak in Public |
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12 | (2) |
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Draw on Conversational Skills |
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12 | (1) |
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Draw on Skills in Composition |
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13 | (1) |
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Develop an Effective Oral Style |
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13 | (1) |
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Demonstrate Respect for Difference |
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13 | (1) |
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Public Speaking as a Form of Communication |
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14 | (4) |
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Public Speaking as an Interactive Communication Process |
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14 | (2) |
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Similarities and Differences between Public Speaking and Other Forms of Communication |
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16 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Giving It a Try: Preparing Your First Speech |
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18 | (19) |
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A Brief Overview of the Speechmaking Process |
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18 | (6) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Determine the Speech Purpose |
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19 | (1) |
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Compose a Thesis Statement |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Gather Supporting Material |
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20 | (1) |
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Arrange the Speech into Its Major Parts |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Consider Presentation Aids |
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23 | (1) |
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Practice Delivering the Speech |
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23 | (1) |
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Checklist: Record the Speech to Bolster Confidence |
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23 | (1) |
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ESL Speaker's Notes: Identifying Linguistic Issues as You Practice Your Speech |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Checklist: My First Speech |
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24 | (2) |
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From Idea To Speech: How To Transform An Idea Into A Polished Speech |
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26 | (3) |
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Speech Of Introduction: Homeschooled To High School: My Journey Of Growth And Change |
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29 | (3) |
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Sample Visually Annotated Introductory Speech: The Dance Of Life |
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32 | (5) |
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| Public Speaking Basics |
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37 | (6) |
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Chapter 3 Managing Speech Anxiety |
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43 | (9) |
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Identify What Makes You Anxious |
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43 | (1) |
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Lack of Positive Experience |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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Being the Center of Attention |
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44 | (1) |
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Pinpoint the Onset of Public Speaking Anxiety |
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44 | (1) |
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Checklist: Recognizing and Overcoming Your Underlying Fears about Public Speaking |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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Use Proven Strategies to Build Your Confidence |
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47 | (5) |
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47 | (1) |
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Modify Thoughts and Attitudes |
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47 | (1) |
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ESL Speaker's Notes: Confidence and Culture: When English Isn't Your First Language |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Activate the Relaxation Response |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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Use Stress-Control Breathing |
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50 | (1) |
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Use Movement to Minimize Anxiety |
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50 | (3) |
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Practice Natural Gestures |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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Checklist: Preparing to Speak with Confidence |
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51 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Listeners and Speakers |
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52 | (10) |
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Recognize the Centrality of Listening |
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52 | (1) |
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Understand the Difference between Hearing and Listening |
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53 | (5) |
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Recognize That We Listen Selectively |
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54 | (1) |
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Anticipate Obstacles to Listening |
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54 | (1) |
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Minimize External and Internal Distractions |
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54 | (2) |
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ESL Speaker's Notes: Learning by Listening and Feedback |
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55 | (1) |
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Checklist: Dealing with Distractions during Delivery of a Speech |
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56 | (1) |
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Refrain from Multitasking |
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56 | (1) |
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Guard against Scriptwriting and Defensive Listening |
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56 | (1) |
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Beware of Laziness and Overconfidence |
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56 | (1) |
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Ethically Speaking: The Responsibilities of Listening in the Public Arena |
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57 | (1) |
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Work to Overcome Cultural Barriers |
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57 | (1) |
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A Cultural Perspective: Listening Styles and Cultural Differences |
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57 | (1) |
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Practice Active Listening |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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Evaluate Evidence and Reasoning |
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59 | (1) |
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Strive for the Open Exchange of Ideas |
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59 | (1) |
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Offer Constructive and Compassionate Feedback |
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60 | (2) |
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Be Honest and Fair in Your Evaluation |
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60 | (1) |
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Adjust to the Speaker's Style |
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60 | (1) |
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Be Compassionate in Your Criticism |
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60 | (2) |
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Checklist: Peer Evaluation Form |
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61 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 Ethical Public Speaking |
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62 | (17) |
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Take Responsibility for Your Words |
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62 | (4) |
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Demonstrate Competence and Character |
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63 | (1) |
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Respect Your Listeners' Values |
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63 | (1) |
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Evaluate Frameworks for Ethical Decision Making |
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64 | (1) |
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Bring Your Own Values into Focus |
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65 | (1) |
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Contribute to Positive Public Discourse |
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66 | (3) |
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Self-Assessment Checklist: Identifying Values |
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66 | (1) |
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Use Your Rights of Free Speech Responsibly |
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67 | (1) |
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Avoid Ethnocentrism and Stereotyping |
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67 | (2) |
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Ethically Speaking: Speech Codes on Campus: Protection or Censorship? |
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68 | (1) |
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Observe the Ground Rules for Ethical Speaking |
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69 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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Make Responsible Speech Choices |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (3) |
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A Cultural Perspective: Comparing Cultural Values |
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71 | (1) |
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Rules for Avoiding Plagiarism |
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72 | (1) |
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Citing Quotations, Paraphrases, and Summaries |
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72 | (11) |
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Checklist: Correctly Quote, Paraphrase, and Summarize Information |
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73 | (1) |
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Fair Use, Copyright, and Ethical Speaking |
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74 | (9) |
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Self-Assessment Checklist: An Ethical Inventory |
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75 | (4) |
| Audience Analysis And Topic Selection |
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79 | (4) |
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Chapter 6 Analyzing the Audience |
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83 | (20) |
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Assume an Audience-Centered Perspective |
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83 | (5) |
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Adapt Your Message to Audience Psychographics |
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84 | (1) |
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Appeal to Audience Members' Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values |
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84 | (1) |
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"If the Value Fits, Use It" |
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85 | (1) |
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Gauge Listeners' Feelings toward the Topic, Speaker, and Occasion |
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85 | (3) |
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Gauge Listeners' Feelings toward the Topic |
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85 | (1) |
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If the Topic Is New to Listeners |
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86 | (1) |
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If Listeners Know Relatively Little about the Topic |
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86 | (1) |
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If Listeners Are Negatively Disposed toward the Topic |
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86 | (1) |
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If Listeners Hold Positive Attitudes toward the Topic |
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86 | (1) |
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If Listeners Are a Captive Audience |
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86 | (1) |
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Gauge Listeners' Feelings toward You as the Speaker |
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86 | (1) |
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Gauge Listeners' Feelings toward the Occasion |
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87 | (1) |
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Checklist: Appeal to Audience Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values |
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87 | (1) |
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Adapt Your Message to Audience Demographics |
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88 | (5) |
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Appeal to Your Target Audience |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Ethnic or Cultural Background |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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Checklist: Respond to the Audience as You Speak |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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Checklist: Reviewing Your Speech in Light of Audience Demographics |
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93 | (1) |
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Adapt to Diverse Audiences |
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93 | (1) |
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Adapt to Cross-Cultural Values |
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94 | (4) |
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Hofstede's Value-Dimensions Model: Understanding Differences in National Cultural Values |
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95 | (2) |
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Individualism versus Collectivism |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Masculinity versus Femininity |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Indulgence versus Restraint |
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97 | (1) |
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Focus on Universal Values |
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97 | (1) |
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A Cultural Perspective: Consult Global Opinion Polls |
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97 | (1) |
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Techniques for Learning about Your Audience |
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98 | (3) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (2) |
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Consult Published Sources |
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100 | (1) |
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Analyze the Speech Setting and Context |
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101 | (2) |
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Size of Audience and Physical Setting |
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101 | (1) |
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Time and Length of Speech lot The Rhetorical Situation |
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101 | (2) |
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Checklist: Analyzing the Speech Situation |
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102 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 Selecting a Topic and Purpose |
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103 | (18) |
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Understand Your Constraints |
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103 | (1) |
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Discovering Good Topics for Your Speech |
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103 | (3) |
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Identify Personal Interests |
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104 | (1) |
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Consider Current Events and Controversial Issues |
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104 | (1) |
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Survey Grassroots Issues: Engage the Community |
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104 | (2) |
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Steer Clear of Overused and Trivial Topics |
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106 | (1) |
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Try Brainstorming to Generate Ideas |
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106 | (4) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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From Source To Speech: Narrowing Your Topic Using a Library Portal |
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108 | (1) |
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Navigating the Library Portal through Basic Searches |
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108 | (1) |
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Using Advanced Library Portal Searches |
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109 | (1) |
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Checklist: Criteria for Selecting a Topic |
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110 | (1) |
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Identify the General Purpose of Your Speech |
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110 | (2) |
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When the General Speech Purpose Is to Inform |
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110 | (1) |
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When the General Speech Purpose Is to Persuade |
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110 | (1) |
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When the General Speech Purpose Is to Mark a Special Occasion |
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111 | (1) |
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Consider the Speech Occasion to Identify the General Purpose |
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111 | (1) |
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Refine the Topic and Purpose |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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Checklist: Narrowing Your Topic |
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113 | (1) |
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Form a Specific Speech Purpose |
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113 | (1) |
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From Topic and Purpose to Thesis Statement |
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113 | (1) |
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From Source To Speech: Narrowing Your Topic to Fit Your Audience |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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Postpone Development of Main Points |
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116 | (1) |
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Use the Thesis Statement to Guide Your Speech Preparation |
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117 | (1) |
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Make the Thesis Statement Relevant and Motivating |
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117 | (1) |
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Ethically Speaking: Ethical Considerations in Selecting a Topic and Purpose |
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117 | (1) |
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Checklist: Formulating the Thesis Statement |
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118 | (3) |
| Supporting The Speech |
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121 | (4) |
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Chapter 8 Developing Supporting Material |
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125 | (10) |
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Use a Variety of Supporting Materials |
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125 | (1) |
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Consider the Target Audience |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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Checklist: Evaluating My Story |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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ESL Speaker's Notes: Broaden Your Listeners' Perspectives |
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129 | (1) |
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Checklist: Evaluating the Credibility of Testimony |
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130 | (1) |
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Provide Facts and Statistics |
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130 | (5) |
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Use Statistics Selectively-and Memorably |
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130 | (1) |
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Use Statistics Accurately |
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131 | (1) |
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Use Frequencies to Indicate Counts |
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131 | (1) |
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Use Percentages to Express Proportion |
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131 | (1) |
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Use Types of Averages Accurately |
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132 | (1) |
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Present Statistics Ethically |
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132 | (1) |
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Ethically Speaking: Avoid Cherry-Picking |
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133 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Checklist: Using Statistics in Your Speech: An Ethical Inventory |
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134 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 Finding Credible Print and Online Materials |
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135 | (14) |
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Assess Your Research Needs |
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135 | (1) |
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Use a Library Portal to Access Credible Sources |
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135 | (3) |
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Recognize Propaganda, Misinformation, and Disinformation |
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136 | (1) |
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Investigate a Mix of Primary and Secondary Sources |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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Consider Personal Knowledge and Experience |
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138 | (1) |
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Access Government Information |
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138 | (1) |
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Explore Digital Collections |
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138 | (3) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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Checklist: Finding Speeches Online |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Checklist: Preparing for the Interview |
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141 | (1) |
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Explore Secondary Sources |
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141 | (1) |
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Checklist: Use Watchdog Sites to Check the Facts |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (7) |
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Consult Subject Guides on Your Topic |
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142 | (2) |
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From Source To Speech: Evaluating Web Sources |
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144 | (1) |
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Check the Most Authoritative Websites First |
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144 | (1) |
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Evaluate Authorship and Sponsorship |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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Check That the Site Credits Trustworthy Sources |
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145 | (1) |
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A Cultural Perspective: Discovering Diversity in Reference Works |
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146 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 Citing Sources in Your Speech |
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149 | (14) |
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Alert Listeners to Key Source Information |
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149 | (1) |
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Establish the Source's Trustworthiness |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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Checklist: Offering Key Source Information |
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151 | (1) |
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Avoid a Mechanical Delivery |
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151 | (3) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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From Source To Speech: Demonstrating Your Sources' Credibility and Accuracy |
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152 | (1) |
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How Can I Lead the Audience to Accept My Sources as Credible and Accurate? |
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152 | (2) |
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Types of Sources and Sample Oral Citations |
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154 | (13) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Online-Only Magazine, Newspaper, Journal |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Television or Radio Program |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Interview and Other Personal Communication |
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155 | (1) |
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From Source To Speech: Recording and Citing Web Sources |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Note for a Direct Quotation |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Orally Cite Sources in Your Speech |
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157 | (1) |
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Speech Excerpt Indicating a Direct Quotation |
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157 | (1) |
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Speech Excerpt Indicating a Paraphrase |
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157 | (1) |
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Credit Sources in Presentation Aids |
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158 | (1) |
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Properly Citing Facts and Statistics |
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158 | (1) |
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Properly Citing Summarized, Paraphrased, and Quoted Information |
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159 | (4) |
| Organizing And Outlining |
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163 | (4) |
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Chapter 11 Organizing the Body of the Speech |
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167 | (13) |
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Beyond the Speech: Organizing as a Life Skill |
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167 | (1) |
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Basic Structure of a Speech |
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168 | (3) |
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Use Main Points to Make Your Major Claims |
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169 | (1) |
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Use the Purpose and Thesis Statements as Guides |
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169 | (1) |
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Restrict the Number of Main Points |
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169 | (1) |
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Restrict Each Main Point to a Single Idea |
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170 | (2) |
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Self-Assessment Checklist: Do the Speech Points Illustrate or Prove the Thesis? |
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171 | (1) |
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Use Supporting Points to Substantiate Your Claims |
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171 | (1) |
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Pay Close Attention to Coordination and Subordination |
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172 | (2) |
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Recheck Division of Main and Subpoints |
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173 | (1) |
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Strive for a Unified, Coherent, and Balanced Outline |
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174 | (1) |
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Checklist: Do Your Speech Points Reflect the Principles of Coordination and Subordination? |
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175 | (1) |
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Use Transitions to Give Direction to the Speech |
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175 | (15) |
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Use Transitions between Speech Points |
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175 | (2) |
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Use Previews and Summaries as Transitions |
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177 | (3) |
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Self-Assessment Checklist: Using Transitions |
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177 | (1) |
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From Point To Point: Using Transitions to Guide Your Listeners |
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178 | (2) |
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Chapter 12 Types of Organizational Arrangements |
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180 | (10) |
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Arranging Speech Points Chronologically |
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180 | (3) |
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Arranging Speech Points Using a Spatial Pattern |
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183 | (1) |
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Arranging Speech Points Using a Causal (Cause-Effect) Pattern |
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184 | (1) |
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Arranging Speech Points Using a Problem-Solution Pattern |
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185 | (1) |
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Arranging Speech Points Topically |
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186 | (1) |
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Arranging Speech Points Using a Narrative Pattern |
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187 | (1) |
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Checklist: Evaluating Organizational Patterns |
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188 | (1) |
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Subpoints Need Not Match the Pattern of Main Points |
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188 | (2) |
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A Cultural Perspective: Organizational Patterns and Diverse Audiences |
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188 | (1) |
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Checklist: Choosing an Organizational Pattern |
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189 | (1) |
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Chapter 13 Outlining the Speech |
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190 | (23) |
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Plan on Creating Two Outlines |
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190 | (3) |
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Use Sentences, Phrases, or Key Words |
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190 | (1) |
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The Sentence Outline Format |
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191 | (1) |
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The Phrase Outline Format |
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191 | (1) |
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The Key-Word Outline Format |
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192 | (1) |
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Use a Key-Word Outline for Optimal Eye Contact |
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192 | (1) |
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Create a Working Outline First |
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193 | (7) |
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Separate the Introduction and Conclusion from the Body |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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Checklist: Steps in Creating a Working Outline |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (6) |
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Prepare a Speaking Outline for Delivery |
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200 | (17) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (5) |
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Checklist: Tips on Using Notecards or Sheets of Paper |
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201 | (4) |
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205 | (12) |
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Checklist: Steps in Creating a Speaking Outline |
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205 | (1) |
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Sample Informative Speech: The History and Sport of Mountain Biking |
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206 | (1) |
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| Introductions Conclusions, And Language |
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213 | (4) |
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Chapter 14 Developing the Introduction |
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217 | (7) |
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Functions of the Introduction |
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217 | (4) |
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217 | (1) |
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Checklist: Guidelines for Preparing the Introduction |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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Pose a Provocative Question |
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219 | (1) |
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Offer Unusual Information |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Checklist: Using Humor Appropriately |
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220 | (1) |
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A Cultural Perspective: Humor and Culture: When the Jokes Fall Flat |
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221 | (1) |
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Preview the Purpose and Topic |
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221 | (1) |
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Establish Your Credibility as a Speaker |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Motivate the Audience to Accept Your Goals |
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223 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Checklist:How Effective Is Your Introduction? |
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223 | (1) |
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Chapter 15 Developing the Conclusion |
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224 | (5) |
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224 | (2) |
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Checklist: Guidelines for Preparing the Conclusion |
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225 | (1) |
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Signal the Close of a Speech and Provide Closure |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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Reiterate the Topic and Speech Purpose |
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226 | (1) |
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Challenge the Audience to Respond |
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226 | (1) |
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Make the Conclusion Memorable |
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226 | (3) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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Pose a Rhetorical Question |
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227 | (1) |
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Bring Your Speech Full Circle |
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228 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Checklist: How Effective Is Your Conclusion? |
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228 | (1) |
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Chapter 16 Using Language to Style the Speech |
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229 | (14) |
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229 | (3) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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Experiment with Phrases and Sentence Fragments |
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231 | (1) |
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Make Frequent Use of Repetition |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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Checklist: Personalizing Your Speech with Personal Pronouns |
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231 | (1) |
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Use Concrete Language and Vivid Imagery |
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232 | (2) |
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232 | (1) |
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Checklist: Is Your Speech Language Concrete? |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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Choose Words That Build Credibility |
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234 | (2) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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Use Culturally Sensitive and Gender-Neutral Language |
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236 | (1) |
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Choose Language That Creates a Lasting Impression |
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236 | (12) |
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A Cultural Perspective: Adapting Your Language to Diverse Audiences |
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237 | (1) |
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Use Repetition for Rhythm and Reinforcement |
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237 | (1) |
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Use Alliteration for a Poetic Quality |
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238 | (1) |
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Experiment with Parallelism |
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239 | (9) |
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Checklist: Using Effective Oral Style |
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239 | (4) |
| Vocal And Nonverbal Delivery |
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243 | (5) |
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Chapter 17 Methods of Delivery |
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248 | (7) |
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Keys to Effective Delivery |
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248 | (2) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Project a Sense of Confidence |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Select a Method of Delivery |
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250 | (5) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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ESL Speaker's Notes: Avoiding the Pitfalls of Manuscript Delivery |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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Ethically Speaking: A Tool for Good and Evil |
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253 | (1) |
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Speaking Extemporaneously |
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253 | (9) |
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Checklist: Ready for the Call: Preparing for the Extemporaneous Speech |
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254 | (1) |
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Chapter 18 The Voice in Delivery |
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255 | (6) |
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Adjust Your Speaking Volume |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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Checklist: Tips on Using a Microphone |
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256 | (1) |
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Adjust Your Speaking Rate |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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Carefully Pronounce and Articulate Words |
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258 | (3) |
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ESL Speaker's Notes: Vocal Variety and the Non-Native Speaker |
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259 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Checklist: Practice Check for Vocal Effectiveness |
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259 | (1) |
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A Cultural Perspective: Using Dialect (Language Variation) with Care |
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260 | (1) |
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Chapter 19 The Body in Delivery |
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261 | (10) |
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Enhance Your Credibility through Nonverbal Cues |
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261 | (1) |
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Pay Attention to Body Language |
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|
262 | (4) |
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Animate Your Facial Expressions |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Checklist: Tips for Using Effective Facial Expressions |
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|
262 | (1) |
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Use Gestures That Feel Natural |
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263 | (1) |
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Create a Feeling of Immediacy |
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263 | (1) |
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Checklist: Tips for Effective Gesturing |
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263 | (1) |
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Checklist: Broad Dress Code Guidelines |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (2) |
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A Cultural Perspective: Nonverbal Communication Patterns in Different Cultures |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (9) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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Be Prepared to Revise Your Speaking Notes |
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266 | (1) |
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Practice under Realistic Conditions |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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Plan Ahead and Practice Often |
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267 | (4) |
| Presentation Aids |
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271 | (4) |
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Chapter 20 Speaking with Presentation Aids |
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275 | (7) |
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Select and Appropriate Aid |
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275 | (5) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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Graphs, Charts, and Tables |
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277 | (1) |
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Audio, Video, and Multimedia |
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278 | (2) |
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Checklist: Create Effective Line, Bar, and Pie Graphs |
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280 | (1) |
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Options for Displaying Presentation Aids |
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280 | (2) |
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Computer-Generated Aids and Displays |
|
|
280 | (1) |
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Chalkboards and Whiteboards |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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Checklist: Incorporating Presentation Aids into Your Speech |
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281 | (1) |
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Chapter 21 Designing Presentation Aids |
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282 | (5) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
|
Use Design Elements Consistently |
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283 | (1) |
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Select Appropriate Typeface Styles and Fonts |
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283 | (2) |
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285 | (2) |
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Effects of Color Combinations |
|
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285 | (1) |
|
Consider Subjective Interpretations of Color |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Checklist: Applying the Principles of Simplicity and Continuity |
|
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286 | (1) |
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Chapter 22 Using Presentation Software |
|
|
287 | (12) |
|
Give a Speech, Not a Slide Show |
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287 | (3) |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (1) |
|
From Slideshow to Presentation |
|
|
290 | (3) |
|
Getting Ready to Deliver a Presentation Using Software Tools |
|
|
290 | (2) |
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290 | (1) |
|
Position Yourself Carefully |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
Finding Media for Presentations |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Avoid Copyright Infringement |
|
|
293 | (15) |
|
Checklist: Tips for Successfully Using Presentation Software in Your Speech |
|
|
293 | (6) |
| Forms Of Speeches |
|
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299 | (9) |
|
Chapter 23 The Informative Speech |
|
|
308 | (21) |
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Focus on Sharing Knowledge |
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
Enlighten Rather Than Advocate |
|
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
|
Present New and Interesting Information |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Look for Ways to Increase Understanding |
|
|
309 | (1) |
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The Subject Matter of Informative Speeches |
|
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310 | (2) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
|
Speeches about Objects or Phenomena |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Decide How to Communicate Your Information |
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312 | (2) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
|
Take Steps to Reduce Confusion |
|
|
314 | (2) |
|
Use Analogies to Build on Prior Knowledge |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Demonstrate Underlying Causes |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Appeal to Different Learning Styles |
|
|
315 | (14) |
|
Checklist: Strategies for Explaining Complex Information |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Arrange Speech Points in a Pattern |
|
|
316 | (13) |
|
Checklist: Guidelines for Clearly Communicating Your Informative Message |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Sample Visually Annotated Informative Speech: Freeganism: More Than a Free Lunch |
|
|
318 | (1) |
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|
|
Sample Visually Annotated Informative Speech: Social Media, Social Identity, and Social Causes |
|
|
323 | (1) |
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|
|
Chapter 24 Principles of Persuasive Speaking |
|
|
329 | (13) |
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What Is a Persuasive Speech? |
|
|
329 | (3) |
|
Persuasive Speeches Attempt to Influence Audience Choices |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
Persuasive Speeches Limit Alternatives |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
Persuasive Speeches Appeal to Human Psychology |
|
|
330 | (2) |
|
Checklist: Conditions for Choosing a Persuasive Purpose |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
Ethically Speaking: Persuasive Speeches Respect Audience Choices |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Classical Persuasive Appeals: Ethos, Pathos, and Logos |
|
|
332 | (3) |
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|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Pathos: Appeals to Emotion |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Base Emotional Appeals on Sound Reasoning |
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
Ethically Speaking: Using Emotions Ethically |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Checklist: Displaying Ethos in the Persuasive Speech |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Ethos: Appeals Based on the Speaker's Character |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Contemporary Persuasive Appeals: Needs and Motivations |
|
|
335 | (7) |
|
Appeal to What Motivates Audience Members |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Appeal to Audience Members' Needs |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Encourage Mental Engagement |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
When Targeting Behavior, Identify Audience Expectations and Stress Positive Outcomes |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Demonstrate Speaker Credibility |
|
|
339 | (3) |
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|
|
340 | (1) |
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|
340 | (1) |
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|
|
340 | (1) |
|
Building Credibility in a Speech |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
Self-Assessment Checklist: Tips for Increasing Speaker Credibility |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Chapter 25 Developing Arguments for the Persuasive Speech |
|
|
342 | (13) |
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|
342 | (3) |
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|
342 | (1) |
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|
343 | (1) |
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|
343 | (2) |
|
Ethically Speaking: Engaging in Arguments in the Public Arena |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Types of Claims Used in Persuasive Speeches |
|
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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|
346 | (2) |
|
A Cultural Perspective: Addressing Culture in the Persuasive Speech |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Secondary Sources ("External Evidence") |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Speaker Expertise as Evidence |
|
|
348 | (1) |
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|
|
348 | (4) |
|
Checklist: Testing the Strength of Your Evidence |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Motivational Warrants: Appeals to Audience Needs and Values |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Authoritative Warrants: Appeal to the Audience's Trust in the Source |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Substantive Warrants: Appeal to Factual Evidence |
|
|
350 | (5) |
|
Checklist: Making Effective Use of Warrants Based on Causal Reasoning |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Counterarguments: Addressing the Other Side |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
Checklist: Strategies for Addressing Counterarguments |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Avoid Fallacies in Reasoning |
|
|
353 | (2) |
|
Chapter 26 Organizing the Persuasive Speech |
|
|
355 | (17) |
|
Factors to Consider When Choosing an Organizational Pattern |
|
|
355 | (3) |
|
What Do Your Claims and Evidence Suggest? |
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
What Response Do You Seek? |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
What Is the Attitude of the Audience? |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Problem-Solution Pattern of Arrangement |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Comparative Advantage Pattern of Arrangement |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Checklist: Organizing a Claim of Policy Using the Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Refutation Pattern of Arrangement |
|
|
360 | (2) |
|
Monroe's Motivated Sequence |
|
|
362 | (10) |
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|
362 | (1) |
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|
362 | (1) |
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|
362 | (1) |
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|
362 | (1) |
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|
|
362 | (10) |
|
Checklist: Steps in the Motivated Sequence |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Sample Visually Annotated Persuasive Speech: Becoming A Socially Conscious Consumer |
|
|
363 | (1) |
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|
|
Sample Phrase Outline: Becoming a Socially Conscious Consumer |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
|
Chapter 27 Special Occasion Speeches |
|
|
372 | (19) |
|
Functions of Special Occasion Speeches |
|
|
372 | (1) |
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|
372 | (1) |
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|
|
372 | (1) |
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|
|
373 | (1) |
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|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Types of Special Occasion Speeches |
|
|
373 | (24) |
|
|
|
373 | (2) |
|
Describe the Speaker's Background |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Briefly Preview the Speaker's Topic |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Ask the Audience to Welcome the Speaker |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Checklist: Guidelines for Introducing Other Speakers |
|
|
375 | (1) |
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|
|
375 | (1) |
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|
|
375 | (1) |
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|
|
375 | (1) |
|
React Genuinely and with Humility |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Thank Those Giving the Award |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Convey the Meaning of the Award |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Checklist: Guidelines for Delivering Speeches of Acceptance |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Talk about the Recipient of the Award |
|
|
377 | (1) |
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|
|
377 | (1) |
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|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Highlight Remarkable Traits of the Person Being Honored |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Eulogies and Other Tributes |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Balance Delivery and Emotions |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Refer to the Family of the Deceased |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Commemorate Life-Not Death |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Checklist: Tips for Delivering Effective Eulogies |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Be Positive but Realistic |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Balance Seriousness with Lightheartedness |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
|
380 | (17) |
|
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Checklist: Delivering a Successful Speech of Inspiration |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Close with a Dramatic Ending |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Ethically Speaking: Tailor Your Message to the Audience and Occasion |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Sample Visually Annotated Special Occasion Speech: President Obama Speaks at a Memorial Service for Nelson Mandela |
|
|
382 | (9) |
| Speaking Beyond The Speech Classroom |
|
|
|
|
391 | (6) |
|
Chapter 28 Preparing Online Presentations |
|
|
397 | (6) |
|
Apply Your Knowledge of Face-to-Face Speaking |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Plan for the Unique Demands of Online Delivery |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Focus on Projecting Enthusiasm and Naturalness |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Provide Superior Visual Aids |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Choose an Online Presentation Format |
|
|
399 | (4) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Checklist: Creating a Podcast |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Checklist: Online Presentation Planning |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Put a Face to the Speaker(s) |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Chapter 29 Communicating in Groups |
|
|
403 | (7) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Plan on Assuming Dual Roles |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Center Disagreement around Issues, not Personalities |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Adopt an Effective Leadership Style |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Checklist: Guidelines for Setting Group Goals |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Encourage Active Participation |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Delivering Group Presentations |
|
|
406 | (4) |
|
Analyze the Audience and Set Goals |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Establish Information Needs |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Establish Transitions between Speakers |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Consider the Presenters' Strengths |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Be Mindful of Your Nonverbal Behavior |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Coordinate the Presentation Aids |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Rehearse the Presentation Several Times |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Checklist: Team Presentation Tips |
|
|
409 | (1) |
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Chapter 30 Business and Professional Presentations |
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410 | (8) |
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Presentational versus Public Speaking |
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410 | (2) |
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Become Familiar with Reports and Proposals |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (2) |
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Audience for the Sales Proposals |
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412 | (1) |
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ESL Speaker's Notes: Steps to Counteract Problems in Being Understood |
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413 | (1) |
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Organizing the Sales Proposal |
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413 | (1) |
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Checklist: Applying Monroe's Motivated Sequence in a Sales Proposal |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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Audience for a Staff Report |
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415 | (1) |
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Organizing the Staff Report |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (3) |
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Audience for Progress Reports |
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415 | (1) |
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Organizing the Progress Report |
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416 | (4) |
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Ethically Speaking: Code of Ethics for Professional Communicators from the International Association of Business Communicators |
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416 | (2) |
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Chapter 31 Presentations in Other College Courses |
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418 | (21) |
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418 | (1) |
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The Service Learning Presentation |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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Debate Formats, Sides, and Resolutions |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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Prepare for Different Types of Audiences |
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422 | (1) |
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Checklist: Tips on Presenting to a Mixed Audience |
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423 | (1) |
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Presentations in Science and Mathematics Courses |
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423 | (3) |
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Preparing Effective Presentations in Science and Mathematics |
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424 | (1) |
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424 | (1) |
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Methods/Procedure Presentation |
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425 | (1) |
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Checklist: Focusing Your Scientific Talk |
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425 | (1) |
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Checklist: Steps in Preparing a Focused Scientific Presentation |
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426 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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Presentations in Technical Courses |
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426 | (2) |
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Preparing Effective Technical Presentations |
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427 | (1) |
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Engineering Design Review |
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427 | (1) |
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Architecture Design Review |
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428 | (1) |
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428 | (1) |
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Presentations in Social Science Courses |
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428 | (3) |
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Preparing Effective Presentations in the Social Sciences |
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429 | (1) |
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Review of the Literature Presentation |
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429 | (1) |
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Program Evaluation Presentation |
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430 | (1) |
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Policy Proposal Presentation |
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430 | (1) |
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Presentations in Arts and Humanities Courses |
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431 | (1) |
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Preparing Effective Arts and Humanities Presentations |
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431 | (1) |
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Presentations of Interpretation and Analysis |
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431 | (1) |
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Presentations That Compare and Contrast |
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432 | (1) |
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Presentations in Education Courses |
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432 | (2) |
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Preparing Effective Education Presentations |
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432 | (1) |
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433 | (1) |
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Facilitating a Group Activity |
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433 | (1) |
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Facilitating a Classroom Discussion |
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434 | (1) |
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Presentations in Nursing and Allied Health Courses |
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434 | (5) |
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Preparing Effective Presentations in Nursing and Allied Health |
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434 | (1) |
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Evidence-Based Practice Presentation |
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434 | (1) |
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Clinical Case Study Presentation |
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435 | (1) |
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Quality Improvement Proposal |
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435 | (1) |
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435 | (4) |
| Sample Speeches |
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Sample Visually Annotated Informative Speech |
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439 | (7) |
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How Emigrants Use Smart Phones |
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Sample Visually Annotated Persuasive Speech |
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446 | (5) |
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Sample Special Occasion Speech |
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451 | (8) |
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Welcome Remarks to Employees |
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| Reference And Research Appendices |
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A Commonly Mispronounced Words |
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459 | (2) |
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461 | (4) |
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465 | (4) |
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469 | (18) |
| Notes |
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487 | (16) |
| Acknowledgments |
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503 | (2) |
| Index |
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505 | |
