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Sustainable Transportation Systems Engineering [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 704 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 241x193x31 mm, kaal: 1520 g, 150 Illustrations
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Jul-2014
  • Kirjastus: McGraw-Hill Professional
  • ISBN-10: 0071800123
  • ISBN-13: 9780071800129
Teised raamatud teemal:
Sustainable Transportation Systems EngineeringSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 704 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 241x193x31 mm, kaal: 1520 g, 150 Illustrations
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Jul-2014
  • Kirjastus: McGraw-Hill Professional
  • ISBN-10: 0071800123
  • ISBN-13: 9780071800129
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780071800129.html
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Engineer and implement sustainable transportation solutionsFeaturing in-depth coverage of passenger and freight transportation, this comprehensive resource discusses contemporary transportation systems and options for improving their sustainability. The book addresses vehicle and infrastructure design, economics, environmental concerns, energy security, and alternative energy sources and platforms. Worked-out examples, case studies, illustrations, equations, and end-of-chapter problems are also included in this practical guide.

Sustainable Transportation Systems Engineering covers:





Background on energy security and climate change Systems analysis tools and techniques Individual choices and transportation demand Transportation systems and vehicle design Physical design of transportation infrastructure Congestion mitigation in urban passenger transportation Role of intelligent transportation systems Public transportation and multimodal solutions Personal mobility and accessibility Intercity passenger transportation Freight transportation function and current trends Freight modal and supply chain management approaches Spatial and geographic aspects of freight transportation Alternative fuels and platforms Electricity and hydrogen as alternative fuels Bioenergy resources and systems Transportation security and planning for extreme weather events





PRAISE FOR SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ENGINEERING:

"This book addresses one of the great challenges of the 21st century--how to transform our resource-intensive passenger and freight transportation system into a set of low-carbon, economically efficient, and socially equitable set of services." -- Dan Sperling, Professor and Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, author of Two Billion Cars: Driving toward Sustainability

"...provides a rich tool kit for students of sustainable transportation, embracing a systems approach.The authors aptly blend engineering, economics, and environmental impact analysis approaches." -- Susan Shaheen, Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Co-Director, Transportation Sustainability Research Center, University of California, Berkeley
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxvii
Note to Instructors xxix
Unit 1 Motivations and Drivers
1 Introduction
3(28)
1-1 Overview
3(1)
1-2 Introduction: Dimensions of Transportation
3(2)
1-3 Transportation and Sustainability: Historical and Contemporary Aspects
5(7)
1-3-1 Definition and Interpretation of the Term "Sustainability"
6(1)
1-3-2 Historical Evolution of Transportation through Three Phases
7(5)
1-4 Transportation in the Context of Sustainable Development
12(7)
1-4-1 Relationship between Prosperity and Access to Modern Transportation
14(2)
1-4-2 Discussion: Contrasting Mainstream and Deep Ecologic Perspectives
16(3)
1-5 An Overview of Challenges for Sustainable Transportation
19(7)
1-5-1 A Scenario for Sustainable Transportation in the Twenty-First Century
22(4)
1-6 Contents and Organization of This Book
26(2)
1-7 Summary
28(3)
References
29(1)
Further Readings
29(1)
Exercises
30(1)
2 Background on Energy Security and Climate Change
31(36)
2-1
Chapter Overview
31(1)
2-2 Introduction: The Role of Transportation in Energy Consumption
31(9)
2-2-1 Relationship between Energy Consumption and Wealth
33(1)
2-2-2 Historic Growth in World Energy Consumption
34(2)
2-2-3 Transportation Energy Consumption in the United States
36(4)
2-3 Fuel Supplies for Meeting Transportation Energy Requirements
40(12)
2-3-1 Pathways for Annual Production of Nonrenewable Energy Sources
42(4)
2-3-2 Modeling Conventional Oil Resource Pathway Using Cumulative Production Figures
46(3)
2-3-3 Nonconventional Oil and Other Nonconventional Fossil Resources
49(3)
2-4 Transportation Energy Demand, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Climate Change
52(10)
2-4-1 Growth in CO2 Emissions and Impacts from Climate Change
52(4)
2-4-2 Role of GHGs in Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change
56(1)
2-4-3 Steps toward Climate Stabilization through CO2 Reduction
57(5)
2-5 Summary
62(5)
References
63(1)
Further Readings
63(1)
Exercises
64(3)
Unit 2 Tools and Techniques
3 Systems Tools
67(42)
3-1 Overview
67(1)
3-2 Introduction
67(1)
3-3 Fundamentals of the Systems Approach
68(8)
3-3-1 Initial Definitions
69(2)
3-3-2 Steps in the Application of the Systems Approach
71(1)
3-3-3 Examples of the Systems Approach in Action
72(4)
3-4 Systems Tools Focused on Interactions between System Elements
76(9)
3-4-1 Stories, Scenarios, and Models
76(2)
3-4-2 Systems Dynamics Models: Exponential Growth, Saturation, and Causal Loops
78(7)
3-5 Other Systems Tools for Transportation Systems
85(19)
3-5-1 Life-Cycle Analysis
86(2)
3-5-2 Multicriteria Analysis of Energy Systems Decisions
88(1)
3-5-3 Choosing among Alternative Solutions Using Optimization
89(4)
3-5-4 Understanding Contributing Factors to Time-Series Trends Using Divisia Analysis
93(4)
3-5-5 Incorporating Uncertainty into Analysis Using Probabilistic Approaches and Monte Carlo Simulation
97(4)
3-5-6 Kaya Equation: Economic Activity, Energy Consumption, and CO2 Emissions
101(3)
3-5-7 Energy Return on Investment
104(1)
3-6 Summary
104(5)
References
105(1)
Further Readings
105(1)
Exercises
106(3)
4 Individual Choices and Transportation Demand
109(52)
4-1 Overview
109(1)
4-2 Introduction: Why Are We Interested in Understanding Behavior?
109(1)
4-3 Travel Behavior: Demand for Trips and Transportation Choices
110(1)
4-3-1 Energy Requirements for Transportation and Environmental Sustainability
111(1)
4-4 Discrete Choice Models
111(7)
4-4-1 Differentiated Products as Mutually Exclusive, Discrete Alternatives
112(1)
4-4-2 Some Basic Definitions
112(1)
4-4-3 Preferences and Individual Choice Behavior
113(5)
4-5 Overview of Econometric Modeling
118(2)
4-6 Additive Random Utility Maximization
120(1)
4-6-1 Willingness to Pay
120(1)
4-6-2 The Value of Travel Time Savings
121(1)
4-7 Vehicle Purchase Choices
121(11)
4-7-1 Extended Example: Binary Model of Vehicle Choice
123(9)
4-8 Multinomial Discrete Choice
132(12)
4-8-1 Conditional Logit Model
132(2)
4-8-2 Generalized Extreme Value Models
134(2)
4-8-3 Random Consumer Heterogeneity: Continuous Mixture Models
136(3)
4-8-4 Random Consumer Heterogeneity: Discrete Mixture Models
139(1)
4-8-5 Multinomial Probit Model
139(3)
4-8-6 Addressing Endogeneity: The BLP Model
142(1)
4-8-7 Subjective Probabilities and Bayes Estimators
143(1)
4-9 Statistical Testing
144(1)
4-10 Modeling Sustainable Choices
145(7)
4-10-1 Adoption of Energy Efficiency in Transportation: Consumer Response to Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicles
145(3)
4-10-2 Vehicle Use: Discrete-Continuous Models
148(2)
4-10-3 Sustainable Mobility Choices
150(2)
4-11 Forecasting and Welfare Analysis
152(3)
4-11-1 Energy and Environmental Policy
154(1)
4-12 Integration of Consumer Demand into Engineering Design
155(2)
4-12-1 Agent-Based Modeling
155(1)
4-12-2 Decision-Based Engineering Design
156(1)
4-13 Summary
157(4)
References
157(1)
Further Readings
158(1)
Exercises
159(2)
5 Background on Transportation Systems and Vehicle Design
161(18)
5-1 Overview
161(1)
5-2 Introduction
161(3)
5-2-1 Components of a Transportation System
161(1)
5-2-2 Ways of Categorizing Transportation Systems
162(2)
5-3 Units of Measure in Transportation
164(5)
5-3-1 Measures of Capacity and Productivity
164(2)
5-3-2 Units for Measuring Transportation Energy Efficiency
166(3)
5-4 Background on Vehicle Design
169(7)
5-4-1 Criteria for Measuring Vehicle Performance
170(5)
5-4-2 Options for Improving Conventional Vehicle Efficiency
175(1)
5-5 Adaptation of Vehicle Design Equations to Other Modes
176(1)
5-6 Summary
177(2)
References
177(1)
Further Reading
177(1)
Exercises
178(1)
6 Physical Design of Transportation Facilities
179(18)
6-1 The Design Process
179(3)
6-2 Design Standards
182(2)
6-3 Design Speed
184(4)
6-4 Design Documents
188(4)
6-5 Summary
192(5)
References
192(1)
Exercises
192(5)
Unit 3 Passenger Transportation
7 Overview of Passenger Transportation
197(38)
7-1 Overview
197(1)
7-2 Introduction
197(1)
7-3 Recent Developments in Passenger Transportation
198(7)
7-3-1 Limitations of the Automobile-Focused Urban Passenger Transportation System
198(2)
7-3-2 Emergence of an Expanded Approach to Urban Passenger Transportation
200(2)
7-3-3 Contemporary Challenges from Travel Intensity and Energy Consumption
202(3)
7-4 Road Capacity and Roadway Congestion
205(18)
7-4-1 Relationship between Speed, Density, and Flow
205(2)
7-4-2 Greenshields Model of Speed-Density Relationship
207(5)
7-4-3 Effect of Slow-Moving Vehicles on Traffic Flow
212(5)
7-4-4 Effect of Roadway Bottlenecks on Traffic Flow
217(6)
7-5 Passenger Transportation and Intelligent Transportation Systems
223(12)
7-5-1 ITS Architecture and ITS Design
224(1)
7-5-2 ITS Components and Equipment
225(3)
7-5-3 Applications of ITS: Examples from Passenger Transportation Systems
228(4)
Summary
232(1)
References
233(1)
Further Readings
233(1)
Exercises
233(2)
8 Public Transportation and Multimodal Solutions
235(44)
8-1 Overview
235(1)
8-2 Introduction
235(9)
8-2-1 Brief History of Public Transportation
240(1)
8-2-2 Challenges for Contemporary Public Transportation Systems
241(3)
8-3 Fundamental Calculations for Public Transportation Systems
244(12)
8-3-1 Grades of Right of Way and Types of Guideways for Routes
244(3)
8-3-2 Design of Public Transportation Routes
247(5)
8-3-3 Urban Land Area Occupied by Public Transportation Systems
252(4)
8-4 Methods to Enhance Public Transportation System Performance
256(12)
8-4-1 Infrastructure Enhancements
256(4)
8-4-2 Service and Operational Enhancements
260(3)
8-4-3 Flexible Routing in Bus Service and Demand Response
263(2)
8-4-4 Potential Impact of Increasing Public Transport Modal Share on Energy Efficiency
265(3)
8-5 Case Study of BRT and LRT: Los Angeles Orange Line
268(5)
8-5-1 General Characteristics of the Orange Line and Modal Options
269(2)
8-5-2 Comparison and Discussion
271(2)
8-6 Future Prospects for Public Transportation
273(1)
8-7 Summary
274(5)
References
274(1)
Further Readings
275(1)
Exercises
276(3)
9 Personal Mobility and Accessibility
279(46)
9-1 Overview
279(1)
9-2 Introduction
279(1)
9-3 Adjustment to Personal Modal Option
280(11)
9-3-1 Niche Motorized Vehicles
281(2)
9-3-2 Methods to Encourage Diversified Use of Private Cars
283(2)
9-3-3 Self-Driving Cars: Emerging Concept for Automatic Control
285(1)
9-3-4 Nonmotorized Modes
286(5)
9-4 Vehicle Sharing: Carsharing and Bikesharing
291(22)
9-4-1 Motivations for Carsharing
292(3)
9-4-2 Recent Innovations in Carsharing: Rental Company, One-Way, and Peer-to-Peer Carsharing
295(1)
9-4-3 Cost of Carshare Usage to Members and Carsharing Organizations
296(5)
9-4-4 Breakeven Distance between Car Ownership and Carsharing
301(3)
9-4-5 Carsharing as a Catalyst for Diversification of Modal Choices
304(3)
9-4-6 Policy Measures to Support Carsharing
307(2)
9-4-7 Future Prospects for Carsharing
309(1)
9-4-8 Overview of Bikesharing
310(3)
9-5 Telecommuting and Other Substitutes for Mobility
313(6)
9-5-1 Telecommuting Benefits and Challenges
314(1)
9-5-2 Evaluation of Telecommuting: A Case Study
315(3)
9-5-3 Opportunities for Telecommuting and Future Prospects
318(1)
9-6 Discussion of Personal Mobility and Accessibility Options: Case of Portland, Oregon
319(1)
9-7 Summary
320(5)
References
321(1)
Further Readings
321(1)
Exercises
322(3)
10 Intercity Passenger Transportation
325(40)
10-1 Overview
325(1)
10-2 Introduction
325(5)
10-2-1 Comparison of Intercity Modal Split: Case of Japan and United States
326(2)
10-2-2 Modal Comparison of Delivered Energy Intensity
328(2)
10-3 High-Speed Rail
330(14)
10-3-1 Trainset and Right-of-Way Design Considerations
330(1)
10-3-2 Historical Development and Current Status of HSR
331(2)
10-3-3 HSR in Comparison to Other Modes
333(4)
10-3-4 HSR Case Studies
337(2)
10-3-5 Energy, Cost, and Emissions Analysis of HSR
339(5)
10-4 Aviation
344(11)
10-4-1 Aviation Efficiency: Recent Advances and Current Challenges
344(1)
10-4-2 Commercial Aircraft Performance, Energy Requirements, and Emissions
345(6)
10-4-3 Aviation Best Practice: Maximizing Utilization through Yield Management
351(4)
10-5 Other Intercity Alternatives
355(2)
10-6 Discussion: Directions for Sustainable Intercity Travel
357(1)
10-7 Summary
358(7)
References
358(1)
Further Readings
359(1)
Exercises
360(5)
Unit 4 Freight Transportation
11 Overview of Freight Transportation
365(28)
11-1 Overview
365(1)
11-2 Introduction
365(8)
11-2-1 Overall Growth in Freight Activity and Change in Modal Share
366(3)
11-2-2 Commodity Perspective on Freight Activity: Ton-Miles versus Economic Value
369(1)
11-2-3 Overview of Energy Consumption and Environmental Impact
370(3)
11-2-4 Intercity versus Urban Freight
373(1)
11-3 Total Logistics Cost and Economic Order Quantity Model
373(4)
11-3-1 Components of the EOQ Model
374(2)
11-3-2 Implications of Total Logistics Cost for Sustainability
376(1)
11-4 Disaggregation of Freight Energy Consumption
377(10)
11-4-1 Mode- and Commodity-Based Approaches to Understanding Freight Energy Use
378(1)
11-4-2 Assessment of Freight Energy Use at a Modal Level
379(2)
11-4-3 Assessment of Freight Energy Use at a Commodity Level
381(6)
11-5 Discussion: Toward Greater Sustainability in Freight Transportation
387(1)
11-5-1 Greater Sustainability through Increased Stakeholder Involvement
387(1)
11-6 Summary
388(5)
References
389(1)
Further Readings
390(1)
Exercises
390(3)
12 Modal and Supply Chain Management Approaches
393(36)
12-1 Overview
393(1)
12-2 Introduction
393(1)
12-3 Intramodal Approach
394(10)
12-3-1 Description of Approaches to Reducing Truck Impact
396(5)
12-3-2 Implementation of Intramodal Improvements: Penetration Issues
401(3)
12-4 Intermodal Approach
404(12)
12-4-1 Reasons for Improved Performance from Environment-Friendly Modes
406(5)
12-4-2 System-Wide Impact of Modal Shifting: Example of Intermodal Rail
411(5)
12-5 Supply Chain Management Approach
416(9)
12-5-1 Definition of Supply Chain and Supply Chain Management
417(2)
12-5-2 Implementation of the Supply Chain Approach to Improving Sustainability
419(1)
12-5-3 Case Study: Benchmarking Study of Food and Beverage Sector in the United Kingdom
420(5)
12-6 Summary
425(4)
References
426(1)
Further Readings
426(1)
Exercises
427(2)
13 Spatial and Geographic Aspects of Freight Transportation
429(38)
13-1 Overview
429(1)
13-2 Introduction
429(1)
13-3 Background on the Study of Freight Spatial Patterns
430(9)
13-3-1 Availability of Data and Creation of Metrics
432(2)
13-3-2 The Role of Commodity Type and Value in Spatial Patterns
434(5)
13-4 Spatial Spreading and Spatial Redistribution: Paper Sector Case Study
439(16)
13-4-1 General Background on Pulp and Paper Sector
439(6)
13-4-2 Creation and Solution of National Optimization Model to Quantify Potential Transportation Reduction
445(6)
13-4-3 Alternative Model to Minimize Energy Usage
451(4)
13-5 Discussion: Prospects for Changes in Freight Spatial Patterns
455(5)
13-5-1 Spatial Redistribution Applied to Several Possible Sectors
456(3)
13-5-2 Limitations on Ability to Redistribute Freight Spatial Patterns
459(1)
13-6 Summary
460(7)
References
460(1)
Further Readings
461(1)
Exercises
461(6)
Unit 5 Energy and Environment
14 Overview of Alternative Fuels and Platforms
467(38)
14-1 Overview
467(1)
14-2 Introduction
467(3)
14-2-1 Responses to Improved Efficiency: Causal Loop Diagram
468(1)
14-2-2 Transition to Alternative Energy as Transcendental Opportunity
468(2)
14-3 Overview of Alternative Energy Endpoints
470(12)
14-3-1 Definition of Terms
471(1)
14-3-2 List of Available Energy Technology Endpoints
472(3)
14-3-3 Gaps in the Provision of a Complete Technological Solution
475(1)
14-3-4 Interactions between Emerging and Incumbent Technologies
476(6)
14-4 Alternatives to ICEVs Today: Alternative Fuels and Propulsion Platforms
482(13)
14-4-1 Hybrid-Electric Vehicles
482(5)
14-4-2 Hybrids in Comparison to Other Propulsion Alternatives
487(4)
14-4-3 Advanced ICEV Technology: High-Efficiency Diesel Engine Platform
491(1)
14-4-4 Well-to-Wheel Analysis as a Means of Comparing Alternatives
492(3)
14-5 Understanding Transition Issues
495(5)
14-5-1 Limitations of Comparative Static Analysis
496(4)
14-5-2 Transition to Other Advanced Fuels and Drivetrain Platforms
500(1)
14-6 Summary
500(5)
References
501(1)
Further Readings
501(1)
Exercises
502(3)
15 Electricity and Hydrogen as Alternative Fuels
505(58)
15-1 Overview
505(1)
15-2 Introduction
505(1)
15-3 Electric Vehicles
506(13)
15-3-1 Brief History of EV Development
506(1)
15-3-2 Electric Vehicle Drivetrain Design Considerations
507(3)
15-3-3 Model of EV Range and Cost as Function of Battery Capacity
510(5)
15-3-4 Advantages and Disadvantages of EVs Compared to Alternatives
515(1)
15-3-5 Extending Vehicle Range with Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
516(3)
15-4 Background on Electric Grid Function
519(10)
15-4-1 Composition of Generation Sources and Grid Components
519(7)
15-4-2 Role of Nonfossil Generating Assets
526(1)
15-4-3 Short-Term Storage Options for Extra Electricity Generated
527(2)
15-5 Integrating Transportation Energy Demand and the Grid
529(17)
15-5-1 Near-Term Opportunities for Electrical Charging from the Grid
529(7)
15-5-2 Integration of EVs with Renewables over the Longer Term
536(7)
15-5-3 Electric Vehicles with Vehicle-to-Grid Capability
543(3)
15-6 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Systems and Vehicles
546(9)
15-6-1 Function of the Hydrogen Fuel Cell and Measurement of Fuel Cell Efficiency
547(5)
15-6-2 Actual Losses and Efficiency in Real-World Fuel Cells
552(1)
15-6-3 Implementing Fuel Cells in Vehicles
552(1)
15-6-4 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle
553(2)
15-7 Concluding Discussion of Options: EVs, PHEVs, V2G, and HFCVs
555(3)
15-7-1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Adding V2G Capability
557(1)
15-7-2 Comparison of Electricity and Hydrogen as Alternative Energy Sources
557(1)
15-8 Summary
558(5)
References
559(1)
Further Readings
560(1)
Exercises
561(2)
16 Bioenergy Resources and Systems
563(34)
16-1 Overview
563(1)
16-2 Introduction
563(5)
16-2-1 Policies
564(1)
16-2-2 Net Energy Balance Ratio and Life-Cycle Analysis
565(2)
16-2-3 Productivity of Fuels per Unit of Crop Land per Year
567(1)
16-3 Biomass
568(5)
16-3-1 Sources of Biomass
569(2)
16-3-2 Pretreatment Technologies
571(2)
16-4 Platforms
573(2)
16-4-1 Sugar Platform
573(1)
16-4-2 Syngas Platform
573(1)
16-4-3 Bio-Oil Platform
574(1)
16-4-4 Carboxylate Platform
575(1)
16-5 Alcohol
575(7)
16-5-1 Sugarcane-to-Ethanol
577(1)
16-5-2 Corn Grain-to-Ethanol
578(3)
16-5-3 Cellulosic Ethanol
581(1)
16-5-4 n-Butanol
581(1)
16-6 Biodiesel
582(2)
16-6-1 Production Processes
583(1)
16-6-2 Life-Cycle Assessment
584(1)
16-7 Methane and Hydrogen (Biogas)
584(5)
16-7-1 Anaerobic Digestion
585(3)
16-7-2 Anaerobic Hydrogen-Producing Systems
588(1)
16-8 Bioenergy Integration into Transportation Energy Supply
589(3)
16-8-1 Early Examples of Prototype Applications
591(1)
16-9 Summary
592(5)
References
592(1)
Further Readings
593(1)
Exercises
594(3)
17 Conclusion: Toward Sustainable Transportation Systems
597(40)
17-1 Overview
597(1)
17-2 Introduction
597(1)
17-3 Other Transportation System-Wide Issues
598(8)
17-3-1 Transportation and Air Quality
598(3)
17-3-2 Transportation Security Management
601(2)
17-3-3 Extreme Weather Events and Pre-Event Planning
603(1)
17-3-4 Transportation and Storage of Hazardous Materials
604(2)
17-4 Pathways to a Sustainable Transportation Future: Urban, National, and Global Examples
606(22)
17-4-1 An Example of Future Adaptation of a Metropolitan Area
606(3)
17-4-2 Example of U.S. National Scenario to 2050: Passenger and Freight Sectors
609(7)
17-4-3 U.S. Freight Transformation to 2050
616(6)
17-4-4 Example of Global Transformation to 2100: Transportation Growth with CO2 Phase-Out
622(3)
17-4-5 Discussion of Future Scenarios
625(3)
17-5 Concluding Discussion of the Conflict between Development and Environment
628(3)
17-5-1 Overcoming the Conflict by Closing the Loop on Energy and Material Flows
629(2)
17-6 The Transportation Professional's Role in Creating Sustainable Transportation Systems
631(3)
17-6-1 Roles for Transportation Professionals Outside of Formal Work
632(2)
17-7 Summary
634(3)
References
635(1)
Further Readings
636(1)
Exercises
636(1)
A Common Conversions 637(2)
B Online Appendices 639(2)
Index 641
Francis M. Vanek, Ph.D., is a Lecturer and Research Assistant in the Departments of Mechanical And Aerospace Engineering and Civil And Environmental Engineering and the Systems Engineering Program at Cornell University, where he specializes in the areas of energy efficiency, alternative energy, and energy for transportation. He is also a consultant with Taitem Engineering of Ithaca, NY.