Across languages, time tends to be understood in terms of space. For instance, we might think of time as an unstoppable train heading towards us when we hear 'holidays are coming', or we might imagine time as a landscape that we move across as we 'approach the moment of truth'. In this pioneering book, Duffy and Feist bring together research from across disciplines to provide a more nuanced understanding of what metaphor is and how it underpins our conceptualizations of time. Illustrated with a wide range of authentic examples from natural language, the book offers a holistic understanding of metaphors for time, encompassing the varied ways in which people draw on spatial experiences, as well as the broader variety of 'human experience' on an individual level. In doing so, it highlights the importance of variation across cultures, across contexts, and across individuals for metaphoric conceptualization.
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This book explores how metaphoric conceptualizations of time arise from an interplay between space, context, and individual characteristics.
1. Introduction: 1.1. Introduction; 1.2. Overview;
2. The theory of
metaphor: from language to cognition: 2.1. Introduction; 2.2. Metaphor as
linguistic flourish; 2.3. Metaphor comes into the mind; 2.4. Metaphor as
interaction; 2.5. Metaphor as cognitive mapping; 2.6. Metaphor as conceptual
blending; 2.7. Metaphor identification; 2.8. Metaphorical realities; 2.9.
Time in the words of space; 2.10.
Chapter conclusion;
3. Metaphor beyond
language: testing the conceptual connections: 3.1. Introduction; 3.2.
Conceptual connections revealed by metaphor; 3.3. Psychological reality of
metaphors; 3.4. Testing the space-time connection: Next Wednesday's meeting;
3.5.
Chapter conclusion;
4. Time in space: cross-linguistic variation and
metaphor: 4.1. Introduction; 4.2. Orientation in space; 4.3. Orientation in
time; 4.4. Motion in space; 4.5 Moving into metaphor; 4.6 Moving through
time; 4.7
Chapter conclusion;
5. Conceptualizing time through language and
space: 5.1. Introduction; 5.2. Metaphor in the words we say; 5.3. Changing
words, changing metaphors; 5.4. The hands as a window into the mind: evidence
from gesture; 5.5. Mapping cultural artifacts to temporal reasoning; 5.6.
Mapping metaphor to the world: disentangling lateral and sagittal mental
timelines; 5.7. When space skips language: the linguistic structuring of
space and non-linguistic metaphor; 5.8.
Chapter conclusion;
6. Bringing in
the cognizer: 6.1. Introduction; 6.2. Woeful or wonderful Wednesdays?:
approach and avoidance motivations; 6.3. Broadening the net: the multifaceted
individual; 6.4.
Chapter conclusion;
7. Time across paradigms: 7.1.
Introduction; 7.2. Focus through the lens of culture; 7.3. Focus through an
individual lens; 7.4. Broadening the focus: generalizability of the effects;
7.5.
Chapter conclusion;
8. Discussion: 8.1. Introduction; 8.2. Summary of
the arguments; 8.3. Moving beyond time and space; 8.4. The bigger picture;
8.5. Concluding thoughts; References; Index.
Sarah Duffy is Senior Lecturer in English Language and Linguistics at Northumbria University and Co-Editor of Cambridge Elements in Cognitive Linguistics. Her research explores individual differences in metaphor comprehension, and features in journals such as Cognitive Linguistics, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, and Metaphor and Symbol. Michele Feist is Professor of Linguistics and LEQSF Regents Professor in Social Sciences at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. Her research explores literal and metaphorical uses of spatial language, using cross-linguistic and experimental psycholinguistic methods, and appears in journals such as Cognition, Cognitive Science, and Language and Cognition.
