| Foreword |
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xiii | |
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| Preface |
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xv | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
| Abbreviations |
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xix | |
| Note on Citations |
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xxi | |
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xxiii | |
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Table of Treaties and Legislation |
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xxxi | |
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PART I. OVERVIEW, HISTORY, MATERIALS, AND DRAMATIS PERSONAE |
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3 | (384) |
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A Single Set of Rules of Interpretation |
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5 | (46) |
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5 | (7) |
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Guide to analytical approach |
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9 | (3) |
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Applicability of the Vienna Rules Generally |
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12 | (7) |
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History of recognition by the ICJ of the Vienna rules |
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13 | (2) |
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Express endorsement of the Vienna rules by the ICJ |
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15 | (2) |
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Endorsement of the Vienna rules by other international courts and tribunals |
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17 | (1) |
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Endorsement of the Vienna rules by national courts |
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18 | (1) |
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Definitions and Key Concepts |
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19 | (10) |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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`Interpretation' and `application' |
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26 | (3) |
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The Process of Interpretation and the Nature of the Rules |
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29 | (9) |
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The process of interpretation and the principle of autonomous interpretation |
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29 | (4) |
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A general `rule' and `rules' of interpretation |
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33 | (3) |
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Are the Vienna rules `rules'? |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (13) |
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Interpretation by the European Court of Human Rights---a typical approach |
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39 | (2) |
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An interpretation by an arbitral tribunal of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)---interpretation and application |
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41 | (4) |
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Interpretation within a national legal system---contrasting application of Vienna rules and domestic precedent |
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45 | (3) |
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Interpretation within a national legal system---increasing awareness of the Vienna rules in courts in the UK |
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48 | (3) |
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Development of Rules of Interpretation |
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51 | (23) |
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51 | (3) |
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Treaty Interpretation in the Greco-Roman Era |
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54 | (1) |
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Grotius, Pufendorf, Vattel, and Canons of Interpretation |
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55 | (1) |
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The Harvard Draft Convention on the Law of Treaties |
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56 | (3) |
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The Permanent Court of International Justice |
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59 | (1) |
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Restrictive Interpretation and Effectiveness |
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60 | (2) |
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Institut de Droit International |
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62 | (1) |
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The Practice of the International Court of Justice Before the Vienna Convention |
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63 | (2) |
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The New Haven School and World Public Order |
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65 | (4) |
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The Work of the International Law Commission and the Vienna Conference |
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69 | (5) |
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Interpretative Material Generated in Making Treaties |
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74 | (35) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (9) |
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Who initiates and negotiates treaties? |
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75 | (1) |
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Negotiating and drawing up a treaty |
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75 | (1) |
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Negotiation and full powers |
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76 | (1) |
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Adoption and authentication of a treaty text |
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77 | (1) |
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Concluded and other instruments |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Distinguishing treaties from other instruments |
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80 | (4) |
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Statements or Declarations by States Affecting Interpretation of Treaties |
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84 | (15) |
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84 | (2) |
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Interpretative declarations |
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86 | (1) |
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Differentiating between reservations and interpretative declarations |
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87 | (1) |
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Wrinkles in the distinction |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Significance of how the maker characterizes a statement or declaration |
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89 | (1) |
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`Conditional declarations' |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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Statements in response to declarations |
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92 | (1) |
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Effects of responses to interpretative declarations |
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93 | (1) |
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Effects of interpretative declarations |
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94 | (1) |
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Decisions of courts and tribunals on interpretative declarations |
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95 | (3) |
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Conclusion on interpretative declarations |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (10) |
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How far does preparatory work trace history? |
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99 | (1) |
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What illuminates a common understanding? |
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100 | (1) |
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Tracing a historical line |
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101 | (1) |
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Looking at the main source |
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101 | (2) |
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Using all material available to negotiators |
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103 | (1) |
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Whether preparatory work can be differentially admissible |
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104 | (1) |
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Documents associated with treaty negotiations |
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105 | (1) |
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Admissibility of documents from a unilateral source |
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106 | (3) |
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Who Uses the Vienna Convention to Interpret Treaties? |
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109 | (32) |
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109 | (2) |
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International Organizations |
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111 | (3) |
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General interpretative competence in international organizations |
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111 | (1) |
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The two Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties |
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112 | (1) |
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The United Nations and other organizations |
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113 | (1) |
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The European Community and European Union |
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113 | (1) |
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International Courts and Tribunals |
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114 | (12) |
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International Courts of Justice |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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The World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Understanding |
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116 | (3) |
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The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) |
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119 | (1) |
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The European Court of Human Rights |
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119 | (1) |
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The European Court of Justice |
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120 | (1) |
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The treaties founding the Community |
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121 | (1) |
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Treaties to which the Community is a party with non-member states |
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122 | (2) |
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Community instruments giving effect to treaties with non-members |
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124 | (2) |
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Other international courts and tribunals |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (15) |
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Implementation of treaties |
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126 | (2) |
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Judicial interpretation within national legal systems |
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128 | (1) |
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Parties to the Vienna Convention generally |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (4) |
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States which are not parties to the Vienna Convention |
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133 | (8) |
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PART II. INTERPRETATION APPLYING THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES |
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The General Rule: (1) The Treaty, its Terms, and their Ordinary Meaning |
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141 | (62) |
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142 | (5) |
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The `treaty' and its `terms' |
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144 | (1) |
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The sound of silence---absent and implied terms |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (14) |
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History and preparatory work relating to `good faith' |
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148 | (2) |
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Ordinary meaning of `good faith' |
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150 | (2) |
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`Good faith' in context and in the light of the Convention's object and purpose |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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`Good faith' meaning reasonableness |
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152 | (5) |
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`Good faith' limiting interpretation of a power |
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157 | (1) |
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`Good faith' requiring balancing of treaty elements |
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158 | (1) |
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`Good faith' and the principle of effectiveness (ut res magis valeat quam pereat) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (16) |
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History and preparatory work |
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162 | (1) |
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Ordinary meaning of `ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty' |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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Dictionaries and other sources of definitions |
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166 | (3) |
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Literal meanings of single terms |
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169 | (1) |
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No ordinary meaning or no single one? |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (12) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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Immediate context---grammar and syntax |
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178 | (2) |
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Title, headings, and chapeaux |
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180 | (2) |
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Context showing structure or scheme |
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182 | (3) |
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Related and contrasting provisions |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (13) |
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History and preparatory work relating to `object and purpose' |
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190 | (1) |
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Ordinary Meaning of `object and purpose' in context |
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191 | (3) |
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194 | (1) |
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Singular object and purpose |
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194 | (2) |
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Finding object and purpose from preamble and substantive provisions |
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196 | (1) |
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Can the object and purpose be used to counter clear substantive provisions? |
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197 | (2) |
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Object and purpose identifying general scope of treaty |
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199 | (1) |
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Object and purpose in a particular provision |
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200 | (1) |
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Principle of effectiveness (general) |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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The General Rule: (2) Agreements as Context, Subsequent Agreements, and Subsequent Practice |
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203 | (47) |
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203 | (6) |
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The linking notion of agreement |
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203 | (1) |
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Substantial identity of effect of subsequent agreements on interpretation as of those at time of conclusion |
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204 | (4) |
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Interpretative agreement in subsequent practice |
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208 | (1) |
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Agreements and Instruments Made in Connection with Conclusion of a Treaty |
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209 | (7) |
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209 | (3) |
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Interpretative role of agreements connected with conclusion of a treaty |
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212 | (2) |
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Interpretative role of instruments made by one or more parties |
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214 | (1) |
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Instruments covered by article 31(2)(b) of the Vienna Convention |
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214 | (1) |
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Role of unilateral instruments covered by article 31(2)(b) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (9) |
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Fact of agreement, not form, is the key factor |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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ICJ looks for fact of agreement, not form |
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218 | (2) |
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Less formal or informal agreement |
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220 | (2) |
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Effect of amending agreements |
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222 | (3) |
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225 | (25) |
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Elements of subsequent practice |
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226 | (1) |
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History and development of the provision |
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226 | (1) |
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Meaning of `subsequent practice' |
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226 | (1) |
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Practice to be concordant, common, and consistent |
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227 | (1) |
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Practice may consist of executive, legislative, and judicial acts |
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228 | (2) |
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`Subsequent practice' and `subsequent conduct' distinguished |
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230 | (2) |
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Practice `in the application of the treaty' |
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232 | (1) |
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Deduction from absence of subsequent practice |
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232 | (3) |
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Parties participating in the practice |
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235 | (1) |
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Practice must be attributable to parties |
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235 | (1) |
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Agreement, not practice, of all parties is required |
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235 | (1) |
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Practice of some parties only does not interpret a treaty `inter se' unless so agreed |
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236 | (1) |
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Practice of some parties in absence of that of others |
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237 | (2) |
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239 | (2) |
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Subsequent practice linked with informal agreement, understandings, or other instruments |
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241 | (1) |
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Subsequent practice and `evolutive' interpretation distinguished |
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242 | (1) |
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Subsequent practice and amedment differentiated |
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243 | (3) |
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Subsequent practice in international organizations |
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246 | (1) |
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Whose practice in the organization? |
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246 | (1) |
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Practice in relation to treaty establishing an organization |
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247 | (2) |
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Practice in relation to treaty provisions other than constitutional ones |
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249 | (1) |
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The General Rule: (3) Relevant Rules of International Law and Special Meanings |
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250 | (51) |
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250 | (6) |
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The intertemporal rule in general international law |
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252 | (1) |
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Time factors in treaty interpretation |
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253 | (3) |
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History and Preparatory Work of Article 31(3)(c) |
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256 | (3) |
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Ordinary Meaning of Article 31(3)(c) in Context, etc |
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259 | (6) |
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There shall be taken into account, together with the context... |
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259 | (1) |
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Relevant rules of international law |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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Rules of international law |
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260 | (3) |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (26) |
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266 | (1) |
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Extent of relevant `international law' |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (1) |
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Applicable in the relations between which `parties'? |
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269 | (7) |
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Intertemporal and temporal issues |
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276 | (2) |
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Clarifying meaning by reference to international law |
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278 | (3) |
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Reference to other treaties |
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281 | (1) |
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Reference to international law stated in common from treaties |
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282 | (1) |
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Reference to the same word as used in other treaties |
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283 | (1) |
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Reference to terms or phrases used in treaties on the same subject |
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283 | (1) |
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Filling gaps by reference to general international law |
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284 | (4) |
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Parallel and conflicting obligations |
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288 | (1) |
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Taking account of international law developments |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (10) |
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291 | (1) |
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History and preparatory work |
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291 | (3) |
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294 | (1) |
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Special meaning and ordinary meaning distinguished |
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294 | (1) |
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Burden of establishing a special meaning |
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295 | (1) |
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Evidence required to establish a special meaning |
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296 | (1) |
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Special meanings and special regimes |
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297 | (4) |
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Supplementary Means of Interpretation |
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Supplementary Means of Interpretation |
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301 | (86) |
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301 | (2) |
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History and Preparatory Work |
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303 | (7) |
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Separating supplementary means from the general rule |
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303 | (3) |
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Ready reference to preparatory work distinguished from basing interpretations on it alone |
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306 | (1) |
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Distinction between use of supplementary means `to confirm' and `to determine' the meaning |
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307 | (3) |
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Meaning of `Recourse' and `Supplementary' |
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310 | (2) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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Further supplementary means |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (41) |
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Systematic use of gateways, unsystematic use, and by-passing them |
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312 | (1) |
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Explicit reference to the qualifying gateway |
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312 | (1) |
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Reaching the preparatory work informally |
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313 | (2) |
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Incidental use of supplementary means |
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315 | (1) |
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Admitting preparatory work introduced by parties |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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Role of `confirming' when not `determining' |
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316 | (7) |
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Confirming a clear meaning |
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323 | (1) |
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Using supplementary means to confirm `intention' |
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324 | (2) |
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Using supplementary means to `reinforce' an interpretation |
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326 | (1) |
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Using preparatory work as general support |
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327 | (1) |
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Reciting and using preparatory work contrasted |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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Qualifying conditions: `ambiguous or obscure' or `manifestly absurd or unreasonable' |
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328 | (2) |
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Ambiguous by reference to availability of another word having one of the claimed meanings |
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330 | (1) |
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Modalities of use of supplementary means |
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331 | (1) |
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Using and construing preparatory work |
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331 | (2) |
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Reading preparatory work to show agreement to exclude |
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333 | (1) |
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Deduction from absence from preparatory work |
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334 | (2) |
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Change of word or words during negotiation of treaty |
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336 | (1) |
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Exclusion of preparatory work from consideration |
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337 | (2) |
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May preparatory work be deployed as context? |
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339 | (1) |
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Using Preparatory work to identify or confirm object and purpose |
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340 | (1) |
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Effect of interpretation recorded in preparatory work |
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341 | (1) |
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Reading preparatory work in combination with other supplementary means |
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342 | (1) |
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Circumstances of conclusion and other supplementary means |
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343 | (1) |
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Meaning of `circumstances of conclusion' |
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343 | (2) |
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Comparison with provisions in other treaties or associated material as a circumstance of conclusion |
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345 | (1) |
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Commentaries, explanatory reports, academic writing, etc |
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346 | (3) |
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Other supplementary means |
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349 | (4) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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History and Preparatory Work |
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354 | (5) |
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Ordinary Meaning of Terms in Article 33 |
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359 | (28) |
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360 | (1) |
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Interpretation by reference first to only one of several languages |
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360 | (2) |
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Use of `versions', `official' and other texts |
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362 | (1) |
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Presumption of the same meaning in all authentic texts |
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363 | (1) |
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How many languages must be considered if there is a need to reconcile texts? |
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364 | (2) |
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Is the `original' language of a treaty particularly significant for interpreatation? |
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366 | (3) |
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Translation of terms and legal concepts in different languages |
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369 | (6) |
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Reconciliation where one or more texts are clear but another is ambiguous |
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375 | (2) |
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Different punctuation in different languages |
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377 | (3) |
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Reconciliation of language differences by reference to object and purpose |
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380 | (4) |
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Using preparatory work in reconciling differences between languages |
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384 | (3) |
| Bibliography |
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387 | (10) |
| Index |
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397 | |