Underwater Acoustic Modeling provides the only comprehensive source on how to translate our physical understanding of sound in the sea into mathematical formulas solvable by computers.
Preface. Acknowledgements. Introduction. Background. Measurements and
prediciton. Developments in modeling. Inverse acoustic sensing of the oceans.
Acoustical oceanography. Background. Physical and chemical properties:
Temperature; Salinity distribution; Water masses. Sound speed: Calculation
and measurement; Sound speed distribution. Boundaries: Sea surface; Ice
cover; Sea floor. Dynamic features: Large-scale features; Meso-scale
features; Fronts and eddies; Internal waves; Fine-scales features. Biologics.
Propagation I - Observation and physical models. Background. Nature of
measurements. Basic concepts. Sea surface boundary: Forward scattering and
reflection loss; Image interference and frequency effects; Bubble layers; Ice
interaction; Measurements. Sea floor boundary: Forward scattering and
reflection loss; Interference and fequency effects; Attenuation by
sediments; Measurements. Attenuation and absorption. Surface ducts: Mixed
layer distribution; General propagation features; Low-frequency cutoff. Deep
sound channel. Convergence zones; Reliable acoustic path. Shallow water
ducts. Arctic half-channel. Coherence. Propagation II - Mathematical models
(part one). Background. Theorectical basis for propagation modeling: wave
equation; Classification of modelling techniques. Ray theory models: Basic
theory; Caustics; Gaussian beam tracing; Range dependence; Arrival
structure; Beam displacement. Normal mode models: Basic theory; Normal mode
solution; Dispersion effects; Experimental measurements; Range dependence;
High-frequency adaptations. Multipath expansion models. Fast field models.
Parabolic equation models: Basic theory; Numerical techniques; Wide-angle and
3D adaptations; Range-refraction corrections; High-frequency adaptations;
Time-Domain applications. The RAYMODE model - A specific example. Numerical
model summaries. Propagation II - Mathematical models (Part Two).
Background. Surface duct models: Ray theory models; Wave theory models;
Oceanographic mixed layer models. Shallow water duct models: Shallow water
propagation characteristics; Optimum frequency of propagation; Numerical
models; Upslope propagation; Downslope propagation; Empirical models; Rogers
model; Marsh-Schulkin model. Arctic models: Arctic environmental models;
Arctic propagation models; Numerical models; Empirical models; Marsh-Mellen
model; Buck model. Data support requirements: Sound speed profile synthesis;
segmented constant gradient; Curvilinear or continuous gradient; Earth
curvature corrections; Merging techniques. Special applications: Stochastic
modeling; Broadband modeling; Matched-field processing; Transmutation
approaches; Chaos; Three-dimensional modeling; Ocean fronts and Eddies;
Coupled Ocean-Acoustic Modeling; Acoustic tomography. Noise I - Observations
and physical models. Background. Noise sources and spectra: Seismo-acoustic
noise; Shipping noise; Bioacoustic noise; Wind and rain noise. D
