Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

Why the Dose Matters: Assessing the Health Risk of Exposure to Toxicants [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 236 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 440 g, 3 Tables, black and white; 24 Line drawings, color; 4 Line drawings, black and white; 1 Halftones, color; 1 Halftones, black and white; 25 Illustrations, color; 5 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Apr-2023
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1032387653
  • ISBN-13: 9781032387659
  • Formaat: Hardback, 236 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 440 g, 3 Tables, black and white; 24 Line drawings, color; 4 Line drawings, black and white; 1 Halftones, color; 1 Halftones, black and white; 25 Illustrations, color; 5 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Apr-2023
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1032387653
  • ISBN-13: 9781032387659
"This book describes a rational basis for gauging the risk of chemicals, setting a contrast to sensational, often irrational, and even hysterical reports about poisonous compounds that highlight the hazard while ignoring the actual risk"--

Each day we are exposed to a myriad of natural and human-made chemicals in our food, drinking water, air, soil, at home or at the workplace—pesticide residues, food additives, drugs, household products—but how can we gauge the human health risk posed by these chemicals? Should we believe the somber headlines that depict a serious threat for humans and the environment, or should we follow the reassuring voices of others who claim that the angst is totally unfounded?

Why the Dose Matters: Assessing the Health Risk of Exposure to Toxicants

uses a rational, science-based approach to explain in plain language that a quantitative view is key for understanding and predicting potentially toxic effects of chemicals.

Key Features:

  • Explains the basics of toxicology in easily understandable terms.
  • Includes numerous examples.
  • Clears up common misconceptions and dispels myths.
  • Provides take-home messages for each chapter.

This book is aimed at interested laypeople. It uses numerous examples to illustrate the basic concepts and ensure that the reader will get a better understanding of why not only the hazard but also the overall exposure will determine whether some chemicals pose a serious risk while others are of little or negligible concern.



This book uses a rational, science-based approach to explain in plain language that a quantitative view is key for understanding and predicting potentially toxic effects of chemicals.

List of Figures and Tables
xi
Preface xiii
About the Author xv
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(6)
Part I The Concepts: Hazard and Exposure
Chapter 2 What Does "Toxic" Mean?
7(8)
Pegging a Chemical a Priori as Bad?
7(1)
Of Industrial Toxicants, Plant Toxins, Magic Poisons, and Snake Venoms
8(2)
Potency
10(2)
Is It Safe? On Hazard and Risk
12(3)
Chapter 3 Paracelsus Reloaded: The Dose Concept
15(8)
From Master of Alchemy to Founder of Toxicology
15(2)
A Novel Approach
17(1)
The Dose Makes the Poison
17(1)
The Dose-Response
18(1)
The Dose Does Not Always Reach Its Target
19(4)
Chapter 4 Exposure: The Key Determinant in Risk Assessment
23(10)
What Does "Exposure" Mean?
23(1)
Different Ports of Entry
23(1)
Checkpoint Liver
24(1)
How Much, How Often, for How Long?
25(2)
Exposure Determines the Risk
27(1)
A Ubiquitous Metal
28(5)
Chapter 5 Natural and Synthetic Chemicals
33(10)
Why That Chemophobia?
33(1)
Natural Versus Synthetic
34(1)
Natural Medicines
35(2)
Of Natural and Organic Pesticides
37(2)
High-Hazard Natural Toxins
39(4)
Chapter 6 What Our Body Does to a Chemical
43(12)
Toxicokinetics
43(1)
Cellular Transport Systems for Chemicals
44(2)
Paraquat---A Hazardous Pesticide That Hijacks a Carrier in the Lung
46(1)
The Liver as the Major Metabolic Organ
47(2)
Gut Bacteria---More Than Just Quiet Coresidents
49(2)
The Kidney as the Major Excretory Organ
51(1)
Hard-to-Get-Rid-of Chemicals
52(3)
Chapter 7 What a Chemical Does to Our Body
55(14)
Toxicodynamics
55(1)
Targeting Nerve Cell Function
56(3)
Disrupting the Endocrine System
59(2)
Cell Death---By Accident or Suicide
61(1)
Cancer
62(7)
Chapter 8 Defense Shields
69(10)
Standing Troops, Reserves, and Help from Outside
69(1)
Trapping Chemicals Before They Hit
70(1)
Oxidant Stress, Radicals, and Antioxidants
71(2)
Stress Is Not Always Bad
73(2)
Refusing Unwanted Chemicals Admittance to Cells
75(1)
Antidotes
76(3)
Chapter 9 Correlation and Causality
79(12)
Does Drinking from a Plastic Bottle Cause Cardiovascular Disease?
79(1)
Is a Correlation Enough to Make a Strong Case?
80(1)
Do Storks Deliver Babies?
81(1)
Plasticizers and Sex Hormones
82(2)
The Search for Causality
84(1)
Can Phthalates Cause Cells to Store Fat?
85(6)
Part II The Chemicals
Chapter 10 Pesticides: Killers with a License
91(10)
Insidious Threat or Benefit for Humankind?
91(1)
Pesticide Basics
92(2)
Glyphosate: The Commotion
94(1)
Glyphosate: The Facts
95(2)
Glyphosate: The Cancer Controversy
97(2)
Does Glyphosate End Up on Our Food?
99(2)
Chapter 11 Toxic Food
101(12)
Ingredients, Additives, and Contaminants
101(3)
Toxic Fries?
104(3)
Just My Cup of Tea
107(1)
Invisible and Unavoidable: A Mold Toxin
108(2)
Trans Fat
110(3)
Chapter 12 Dietary Supplements: The More the Better?
113(6)
Boosting Health with Vitamin Supplements?
113(1)
Green Tea, Red Wine, and Dark Chocolate
114(1)
Herbal Supplements
115(4)
Chapter 13 Significant Chemical Risks: Persistent and Widespread
119(12)
Chemicals That Don't Make the Headlines (Anymore)
119(1)
Arsenic
120(1)
Mercury
121(1)
Cadmium
122(2)
Lead
124(1)
Benzene
124(1)
Wood Smoke and Air Pollution
125(1)
Dioxins
126(2)
Hazardous Pesticides Revisited
128(3)
Chapter 14 Drugs
131(14)
Adverse Drug Reactions
131(3)
The Opioid Crisis
134(2)
People Are Different---Individual Susceptibility
136(9)
Part III The Risk
Chapter 15 Safety Assessment
145(14)
Can We Predict and Prevent a Toxic Response?
145(1)
Drug Development
146(2)
Translation from Mice to Humans?
148(1)
Non-Clinical Studies
149(3)
Clinical Trials
152(1)
First Exposure
153(2)
Testing of Agrochemicals
155(1)
Computer Simulations, Omics, and Organs-on-a-Chip
155(4)
Chapter 16 Acceptable Limits, Tolerance, and Red Lines
159(10)
Crossing the Line
159(1)
How Much Is Considered Safe?
159(3)
Detection Limits for Chemicals
162(1)
Tainted Water
162(2)
Recalibrating the Tolerance Limits
164(1)
Setting Exposure Limits for Data-Poor Chemicals
165(4)
Chapter 17 Risk Assessment
169(14)
Risk Perception
169(1)
Deadly and Avoidable: Fugu
170(1)
Risk Assessment
171(5)
Rodent Cancer Bioassays---How Predictive Are They?
176(2)
Does Carpet Cleaning Cause Cancer?
178(2)
Risk Management
180(3)
Chapter 18 Gauging the Risk Against the Benefit
183(6)
The Benefit Must Outweigh the Risk
183(1)
Healthy Eating
183(2)
A Day at the Beach
185(4)
Chapter 19 Risk Communication
189(8)
The Daily Dose of Hazardous Headlines, Toxic Information, and Risky Conclusions
189(3)
Balancing the Information
192(5)
Part IV The Future
Chapter 20 Toxicological Challenges
197(6)
Chemical Medleys and Data-Poor Chemicals
197(2)
Nanoparticles and Microplastics
199(2)
Forever Chemicals
201(1)
Green Toxicology
201(2)
Chapter 21 Conclusions and Outlook
203(4)
Mythbusters
203(1)
Hazard, Exposure, and Risk Resumed
204(3)
Appendix 1 Units and Concentrations 207(2)
Appendix 2 Classification of Human Carcinogens as Defined by Iarc 209(2)
Glossary and Abbreviations 211(6)
Suggestions for Further Reading 217(8)
Acknowledgments 225(2)
Index 227
Urs A. Boelsterli, Ph.D., FAASLD, is an Emeritus Professor of Toxicology at the University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, where he also held the first Boehringer-Ingelheim Endowed Chair in Mechanistic Toxicology. Prior to this, he was head of the Toxicology Program at the National University of Singapore and ran a research lab at Roche, Basel, Switzerland, and the ETH in Zurich. He is retired and currently lives in Switzerland with his family.