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List of Figures and Tables |
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xi | |
| Preface |
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xiii | |
| About the Author |
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xv | |
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1 | (6) |
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Part I The Concepts: Hazard and Exposure |
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Chapter 2 What Does "Toxic" Mean? |
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7 | (8) |
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Pegging a Chemical a Priori as Bad? |
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7 | (1) |
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Of Industrial Toxicants, Plant Toxins, Magic Poisons, and Snake Venoms |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (2) |
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Is It Safe? On Hazard and Risk |
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12 | (3) |
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Chapter 3 Paracelsus Reloaded: The Dose Concept |
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15 | (8) |
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From Master of Alchemy to Founder of Toxicology |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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The Dose Makes the Poison |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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The Dose Does Not Always Reach Its Target |
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19 | (4) |
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Chapter 4 Exposure: The Key Determinant in Risk Assessment |
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23 | (10) |
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What Does "Exposure" Mean? |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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How Much, How Often, for How Long? |
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25 | (2) |
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Exposure Determines the Risk |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (5) |
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Chapter 5 Natural and Synthetic Chemicals |
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33 | (10) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (2) |
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Of Natural and Organic Pesticides |
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37 | (2) |
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High-Hazard Natural Toxins |
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39 | (4) |
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Chapter 6 What Our Body Does to a Chemical |
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43 | (12) |
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43 | (1) |
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Cellular Transport Systems for Chemicals |
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44 | (2) |
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Paraquat---A Hazardous Pesticide That Hijacks a Carrier in the Lung |
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46 | (1) |
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The Liver as the Major Metabolic Organ |
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47 | (2) |
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Gut Bacteria---More Than Just Quiet Coresidents |
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49 | (2) |
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The Kidney as the Major Excretory Organ |
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51 | (1) |
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Hard-to-Get-Rid-of Chemicals |
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52 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 What a Chemical Does to Our Body |
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55 | (14) |
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55 | (1) |
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Targeting Nerve Cell Function |
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56 | (3) |
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Disrupting the Endocrine System |
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59 | (2) |
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Cell Death---By Accident or Suicide |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (7) |
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Chapter 8 Defense Shields |
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69 | (10) |
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Standing Troops, Reserves, and Help from Outside |
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69 | (1) |
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Trapping Chemicals Before They Hit |
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70 | (1) |
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Oxidant Stress, Radicals, and Antioxidants |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (2) |
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Refusing Unwanted Chemicals Admittance to Cells |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Correlation and Causality |
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79 | (12) |
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Does Drinking from a Plastic Bottle Cause Cardiovascular Disease? |
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79 | (1) |
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Is a Correlation Enough to Make a Strong Case? |
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80 | (1) |
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Do Storks Deliver Babies? |
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81 | (1) |
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Plasticizers and Sex Hormones |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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Can Phthalates Cause Cells to Store Fat? |
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85 | (6) |
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Chapter 10 Pesticides: Killers with a License |
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91 | (10) |
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Insidious Threat or Benefit for Humankind? |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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Glyphosate: The Commotion |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (2) |
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Glyphosate: The Cancer Controversy |
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97 | (2) |
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Does Glyphosate End Up on Our Food? |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (12) |
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Ingredients, Additives, and Contaminants |
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101 | (3) |
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104 | (3) |
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107 | (1) |
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Invisible and Unavoidable: A Mold Toxin |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (3) |
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Chapter 12 Dietary Supplements: The More the Better? |
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113 | (6) |
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Boosting Health with Vitamin Supplements? |
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113 | (1) |
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Green Tea, Red Wine, and Dark Chocolate |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (4) |
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Chapter 13 Significant Chemical Risks: Persistent and Widespread |
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119 | (12) |
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Chemicals That Don't Make the Headlines (Anymore) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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Wood Smoke and Air Pollution |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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Hazardous Pesticides Revisited |
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128 | (3) |
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131 | (14) |
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131 | (3) |
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134 | (2) |
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People Are Different---Individual Susceptibility |
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136 | (9) |
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Chapter 15 Safety Assessment |
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145 | (14) |
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Can We Predict and Prevent a Toxic Response? |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (2) |
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Translation from Mice to Humans? |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (3) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (1) |
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Computer Simulations, Omics, and Organs-on-a-Chip |
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155 | (4) |
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Chapter 16 Acceptable Limits, Tolerance, and Red Lines |
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159 | (10) |
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159 | (1) |
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How Much Is Considered Safe? |
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159 | (3) |
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Detection Limits for Chemicals |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
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Recalibrating the Tolerance Limits |
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164 | (1) |
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Setting Exposure Limits for Data-Poor Chemicals |
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165 | (4) |
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Chapter 17 Risk Assessment |
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169 | (14) |
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169 | (1) |
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Deadly and Avoidable: Fugu |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (5) |
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Rodent Cancer Bioassays---How Predictive Are They? |
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176 | (2) |
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Does Carpet Cleaning Cause Cancer? |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (3) |
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Chapter 18 Gauging the Risk Against the Benefit |
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183 | (6) |
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The Benefit Must Outweigh the Risk |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (4) |
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Chapter 19 Risk Communication |
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189 | (8) |
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The Daily Dose of Hazardous Headlines, Toxic Information, and Risky Conclusions |
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189 | (3) |
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Balancing the Information |
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192 | (5) |
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Chapter 20 Toxicological Challenges |
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197 | (6) |
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Chemical Medleys and Data-Poor Chemicals |
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197 | (2) |
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Nanoparticles and Microplastics |
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199 | (2) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (2) |
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Chapter 21 Conclusions and Outlook |
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203 | (4) |
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203 | (1) |
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Hazard, Exposure, and Risk Resumed |
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204 | (3) |
| Appendix 1 Units and Concentrations |
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207 | (2) |
| Appendix 2 Classification of Human Carcinogens as Defined by Iarc |
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209 | (2) |
| Glossary and Abbreviations |
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211 | (6) |
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
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217 | (8) |
| Acknowledgments |
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225 | (2) |
| Index |
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227 | |