Antioxidant Polymers is an exhaustive overview of the recent developments in the field of polymeric materials showing antioxidant properties. This research area has grown rapidly in the last decade because antioxidant polymers have wide industry applications ranging from materials science to biomedical, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
Preface List of contributors
1. Antioxidants: Introduction 1
Chunhuan He, Yingming Pan, Xiaowen Ji and Hengshan Wang 1.1 The Meaning of
Antioxidant 1 1.2 The Category of Antioxidants and Introduction of often
Used Antioxidants 2 1.3 Antioxidant Evaluation Methods 8 1.4 Antioxidant
and its Mechanisms 13 1.5 Adverse Effects of Antioxidants 15 References 16
2. Natural Polyphenol and Flavonoid Polymers 23 Kelly C. Heim 2.1
Introduction 23 2.2 Structural Classification of Polyphenols 24 2.3
Polyphenol Biosynthesis and Function in Plants 34 2.4 Tannins in Human
Nutrition 36 2.5 Antioxidant Activity of Tannins 41 2.6 Protective Effects
of Proanthocyanidins in Human Health 45 2.7 Conclusion 46 Acknowledgements
46 References 47
3. Synthesis and Applications of Polymeric Flavonoids 55
Hiroshi Uyama and Young-Jin Kim 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Polycondensates
of Catechin with Aldehydes 57 3.3 Enzymatically Polymerized Flavonoids 69
3.4 Biopolymer-. avonoid Conjugates 76 3.5 Conclusion 84 References 84
4.
Antioxidant Polymers: Metal Chelating Agents 87 Hiba M. Zalloum and
Mohammad S. Mubarak 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Chitin and Chitosan 91 4.3
Alginates 96 4.4 Chelation Studies 97 4.4.1 Chitosan Derivatives as
Chelating Agents 101 4.5 Conclusions 106 References 107
5. Antioxidant
Polymers by Chitosan Modi. cation 115 Jarmila Vinsova and Eva Vavr.ikova
5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Chitosan Characteristics 117 5.3 Reactive Oxygen
Species and Chitosan as Antioxidant 117 5.4 Structure Modi. cations 120 5.5
Conclusion 129 References 129
6. Cellulose and Dextran Antioxidant
Polymers for Biomedical Applications 133 Sonia Trombino, Roberta Cassano
and Teresa Ferrarelli 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Antioxidant Polymers
Cellulose-based 134 6.3 Antioxidant Polymers Dextran-based 142 References
149
7. Antioxidant Polymers by Free Radical Grafting on Natural Polymers
153 Manuela Curcio, Ortensia Ilaria Parisi, Francesco Puoci, Ilaria
Altimari, Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri and Nevio Picci 7.1 Introduction 153
7.2 Grafting of Antioxidant Molecules on Natural Polymers 156 7.3
Proteins-based Antioxidant Polymers 157 7.4 Polysaccharides-based
Antioxidant Polymers 164 7.5 Conclusions 175 Acknowledgements 176
References 176
8. Natural Polymers with Antioxidant Properties:
Poly-/oligosaccharides of Marine Origin 179 Guangling Jiao, Guangli Yu,
Xiaoliang Zhao, Junzeng Zhang and H. Stephen Ewart 8.1 Introduction to
Polysaccharides from Marine Sources 8.2 Antioxidant Activities of Marine
Polysaccharides and their Derivatives 183 8.3 Applications of Marine
Antioxidant Polysaccharides and their Derivatives 191 8.4
Structure-antioxidant Relationships of Marine Poly-/oligosaccharides 193 8.5
Conclusions 195 Acknowledgements 195 References 195
9. Antioxidant
Peptides from Marine Origin: Sources, Properties and Potential Applications
203 Begona Gimenez, M. Elvira Lopez-Caballero, M. Pilar Montero and M.
Carmen Gomez-Guillen 9.1 Introduction 204 9.2 Whole Fish Hydrolysates 207
9.3 Marine Invertebrate Hydrolysates 223 9.4 Fish Frames Hydrolysates 227
9.5 Viscera Hydrolysates 228 9.6 Muscle Hydrolysates 232 9.7 Collagen and
Gelatin Hydrolysates 240 9.8 Seaweeds Hydrolysates 243 9.9 Potential
Applications 245 9.10 Conclusions 249 Acknowledgements 250 References 250
10. Synthetic Antioxidant Polymers: Enzyme Mimics 259 Cheng Wang,
Gang-lin Yan and Gui-min Luo 10.1 Introduction 260 10.2
Organo-selenium/tellurium Compound Mimics 261 10.3 Metal Complex Mimics 281
10.4 Selenoprotein Mimics 295 10.5 Supramolecular Nanoenzyme Mimics 312
10.6 Conclusion 325 References 325
11. Synthetic Polymers with Antioxidant
Properties 333 Ashveen V. Nand and Paul A. Kilmartin 11.1 Introduction
334 11.2 Intrinsically Conducting Polymers 335 11.3 Intrinsically
Conducting Polymers with Antioxidant Properties 336 11.4 Synthesis of
Antioxidant Intrinsically Conducting Polymers 337 11.5 Polymer Morphologies
340 11.6 Mechanism of Radical Scavenging 344 11.7 Assessment of Free
Radical Scavenging Capacity 346 11.8 Factors Affecting the Radical
Scavenging Activity 348 11.9 Polymer Blends and Practical Applications 350
References 351
12. Synthesis of Antioxidant Monomers Based on Sterically
Hindered Phenols, a-Tocopherols, Phosphites and Hindered Amine Light
Stabilizers (HALS) and their Copolymerization with Ethylene, Propylene or
Styrene 355 Carl-Eric Wilen 12.1 Introduction 356 12.2 Synthesis of
Antioxidant Monomers to Enhance Physical Persistence and Performance of
Stabilizers 361 12.3 Phenolic Antioxidant Monomers and their
Copolymerization with Coordination Catalysts 369 12.4 Copolymerization of
Antioxidant Monomers with Ethylene, Propylene, Styrene and Carbon Monoxide
Using Single Site Catalysts 372 12.5 Conclusions 379 Acknowledgements 380
References 380
13. Novel Polymeric Antioxidants for Materials 385 Ashish
Dhawan, Vijayendra Kumar, Virinder S. Parmarand Ashok L. Cholli 13.1
Industrial Antioxidants 386 13.2 Antioxidants Used in Plastics (Polymer)
Industry 386 13.3 Antioxidants Used in Lubricant Industry 389 13.4
Antioxidants Used in Elastomer (Rubber) Industry 390 13.5 Antioxidants Used
in Fuel Industry 392 13.6 Antioxidants Used in Food Industry 393 13.7
Limitations of Conventional Antioxidants 395 13.8 Trends towards High
Molecular Weight Antioxidants 396 13.9 Motivation, Design and Methodology
for Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Antioxidant Motivation 407 13.10
Biocatalytic Synthesis of Polymeric Antioxidants 409 13.11 General Procedure
for Enzymatic Polymerization 410 13.12 Conclusions 421 Acknowledgement 422
References422
14. Biopolymeric Colloidal Particles Loaded with Polyphenolic
Antioxidants 427 A.R. Patel and K.P. Velikov 14.1 Introduction 427 14.2
Polyphenols: Antioxidant Properties and Health Benefits 428 14.3
Polyphenols: Formulation and Delivery Challenges 429 14.4 Polyphenols Loaded
Biopolymeric Colloidal Particles 431 14.5 Conclusion 454 References 455
15. Antioxidant Polymers for Tuning Biomaterial Biocompatibility: From Drug
Delivery to Tissue Engineering 459 David Cochran and Thomas D. Dziubla
15.1 Introduction 459 15.2 Oxidative Stress in Relation to Biocompatibility
460 15.3 Antioxidant Polymers in Drug Delivery 467 15.4 Antioxidant
Polymers in Anti-cancer Therapies 470 15.5 Antioxidant Polymers in Wound
Healing and Tissue Engineering 472 15.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 476
References 479 Index 485
Giuseppe Cirillo obtained his PhD on "Methodologies for the Development of Molecules of Pharmaceutical Interest" in 2008 from University of Calabria, Italy. He is currently in a postdoctoral position at the same university and is CEO of Macrofarm, a University of Calabria spin-off company. He is also a visiting researcher at the Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Germany. He is the author or coauthor of more than 50 publications, including research and review articles as well as invited book chapters. Francesca Iemma obtained her PhD in chemical sciences in 1997 from the University of Calabria. She is currently an associate professor in pharmaceutical technology in the faculty of Pharmacy, Nutrition and Health Sciences of the University of Calabria. She is a founding member of Macrofarm, a University of Calabria spin-off company. She has extensive teaching experience in the field of organic chemistry and pharmaceutical technology, and is author or coauthor of more than 80 publications, including research and review articles as well as invited book chapters.
