| Preface |
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xvii | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
| Authors |
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xxi | |
| Chapter 1 The Science of Longevity |
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1 | (20) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 The Length of Telomeres Determines the Length of the Cell Lifespan |
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1 | (1) |
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1.3 Free Radicals Accelerate Aging |
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1 | (1) |
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1.4 Free Radicals Result in Shorter Telomeres |
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2 | (1) |
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1.5 A Proactive Nutrition Program Can Prevent Free Radical Cell Damage and Protect Telomeres |
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2 | (1) |
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1.6 Lifespan Cannot Be Lengthened But It Can Be Shortened |
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2 | (1) |
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1.7 Sources of Free Radicals |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.10 The Plan of the Book |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.12 Aging Is Not a Disease |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.14 Can Aging Be Treated by Medicine? |
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7 | (1) |
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1.15 How Does the Body Change Naturally with Age? |
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8 | (9) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.15.2 Heart Function and Blood Vessels |
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9 | (1) |
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1.15.3 Blood Sugar and Insulin Function |
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10 | (1) |
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1.15.4 Decreased Insulin versus Resistance to Insulin |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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1.15.6 Body Fat Percentage and Body Mass Index |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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1.15.9.1 The Immune System |
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14 | (1) |
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1.15.9.2 Blood Sugar Metabolism/Weight Management |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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1.15.9.4 Estrogen/Testosterone Levels |
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15 | (1) |
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1.15.10 Bones, Muscles, and Joints |
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15 | (1) |
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1.15.11 Antioxidant Defenses |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (4) |
| Chapter 2 Free Radicals Damage Cells |
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21 | (14) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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2.3 What Is the Biological Clock? |
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22 | (1) |
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2.4 What Jeopardizes Longevity? |
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22 | (2) |
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2.4.1 What Are Free Radicals? |
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23 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Free Radical Sources from Cell Metabolism |
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23 | (1) |
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2.5 What Are Reactive Oxygen Species? |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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2.6 Accelerated Cell Division, Repair, or Self-Destruction |
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25 | (1) |
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2.7 Exogenous Free Radicals |
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25 | (5) |
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2.7.1 Example 1: Ultraviolet Radiation in Sunlight Shortens Telomeres |
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25 | (1) |
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2.7.2 Sirtuins and Photodamage |
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26 | (1) |
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2.7.3 Example 2: "Smoke! Smoke! Smoke! (That Cigarette)" |
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26 | (1) |
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2.7.4 Smoking Cigarettes Shortens Telomeres |
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27 | (1) |
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2.7.5 Example 3: Free Radicals from Smog and Air Pollution |
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28 | (1) |
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2.7.6 Health Consequences of Smog |
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28 | (1) |
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2.7.7 Air Pollution Damages Telomeres |
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28 | (1) |
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2.7.8 Example 4: Inflammation Causes Oxidative Stress |
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29 | (1) |
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2.7.9 Example 5: Immune Response and ROS |
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29 | (1) |
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2.8 Endogenous Free Radicals |
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30 | (1) |
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2.9 Theory: Free Radicals Cause Aging |
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30 | (1) |
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2.10 Beneficial Effects of Free Radicals in Immune Defense |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (3) |
| Chapter 3 Antioxidants Neutralize Free Radicals |
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35 | (36) |
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35 | (1) |
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3.2 What Are Antioxidants? |
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35 | (1) |
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3.3 Levels of Antioxidant Action |
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36 | (1) |
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3.4 The Antioxidants the Body Makes |
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36 | (3) |
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3.4.1 Superoxide Dismutase(s) (SODs) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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3.4.4 Glutathione (GSH) System: Glutathione Peroxidase(s) (GPx) |
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38 | (1) |
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3.4.5 Ubiquinone, also Known As Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) |
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38 | (1) |
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3.4.6 Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA) |
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39 | (1) |
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3.5 Telomeres Shorten When Endogenous Antioxidants Fail |
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39 | (1) |
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3.6 Age-Related Decline in Endogenous Antioxidants |
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40 | (2) |
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3.7 Exogenous Antioxidants |
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42 | (1) |
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3.8 Quantitative Measures of Antioxidant Capacity |
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42 | (5) |
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3.8.1 Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) |
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42 | (1) |
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3.8.2 Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAL) |
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43 | (3) |
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3.8.3 Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) |
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46 | (1) |
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3.9 Maintaining a Healthy Balance |
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47 | (1) |
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3.10 Plant and Other Food-Based Antioxidants |
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48 | (2) |
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48 | (1) |
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3.10.2 Anti-Aging Effect of Polyphenols |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (2) |
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3.11.1 Examples of Carotenoid Sources |
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50 | (1) |
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3.11.2 Additional Vitamin Antioxidants: Vitamins A, C, E |
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50 | (3) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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3.12 When It Comes to Vitamins, More Is Not Always Better |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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3.15 Black/Green Tea, Coffee, and Cocoa |
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53 | (1) |
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3.15.1 Black Tea versus Green Tea versus Red Wine versus Cocoa |
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53 | (1) |
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3.16 Antiradical versus Antioxidant |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (4) |
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3.17.1 Resveratrol in Red Wines |
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55 | (1) |
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3.17.2 Caution about Wine as A Nutritional Source |
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55 | (2) |
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3.17.3 Alcohol Depletes Vitamins |
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57 | (1) |
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3.17.3.1 Thiamin, Niacin, and Pyridoxine |
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57 | (1) |
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3.17.3.2 Riboflavin and B12 |
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57 | (1) |
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3.17.3.3 Ascorbic Acid and Fat-Soluble Vitamins |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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3.18 Plants As a Source of Antioxidants |
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58 | (1) |
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3.19 Antioxidants Protect Telomeres |
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59 | (1) |
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3.20 Regular Vitamin Consumption Protects Telomeres |
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59 | (1) |
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3.20.1 Dietary Intake of Antioxidants Reduces the Rate of Telomeres Shortening |
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59 | (1) |
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3.20.2 Dietary Antioxidant Intake Affects Breast Cancer Risk and Telomere Length in Women |
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60 | (1) |
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3.21 One Can't Start Early Enough |
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60 | (1) |
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3.22 The Impact of Differences in Regional Dietary Antioxidant Intake on Aging |
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60 | (1) |
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3.23 Why It Is Wise to Consider the Mediterranean Diet |
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61 | (1) |
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3.24 Tea Is the Beverage of Choice with the Mediterranean Diet |
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61 | (1) |
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3.25 Aging Is an Equal Opportunity Issue |
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62 | (1) |
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3.26 Consuming Vegetables Protects Telomeres |
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62 | (1) |
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3.27 If "Some Antioxidants" Are Good, Are "More" Better |
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62 | (2) |
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3.28 Food Sources versus Supplements |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (7) |
| Chapter 4 Preventing Premature Cell Cycling |
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71 | (18) |
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71 | (1) |
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4.2 Body Weight May Be an Unreliable Clue to Cell Aging |
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72 | (1) |
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4.3 Cell Division: Mitosis |
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72 | (1) |
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4.4 Cell Suicide: Apoptosis |
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73 | (1) |
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4.5 The Cell-Owner's Manual |
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73 | (6) |
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74 | (2) |
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4.5.1.1 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Cell Killers |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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4.5.3 Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (3) |
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4.5.4.1 The Mitochondrial Theory of Aging |
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78 | (1) |
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4.6 Free Radicals: Inside and Outside the Cell |
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79 | (1) |
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4.7 What Triggers Mitosis? |
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79 | (1) |
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4.8 Can Telomere Length Be Directly Controlled? |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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4.8.1.1 Meditation and Telomeres |
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80 | (1) |
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4.9 The Proactive Nutrition Program |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (3) |
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4.10.1 Sirtfoods Protect the Cell Membrane, Organelles, and Telomeres |
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82 | (1) |
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4.10.2 Sirtuin and Cancer: The Possible Dark Side of SIRT1 |
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83 | (1) |
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4.10.3 Sirtuin and Cancer: The Possible Bright Side of SIRT1 |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (4) |
| Chapter 5 Nitric Oxide Is Said to Be the "Miracle Molecule" That "Reverses Aging" |
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89 | (34) |
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89 | (1) |
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5.2 How the Body Forms Nitric Oxide |
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89 | (1) |
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5.3 The Laboratory Oversight That Led to the Nobel Prize |
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90 | (2) |
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91 | (1) |
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5.4 Nitric Oxide Derived from L-Arginine |
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92 | (1) |
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5.5 Nitric Oxide Derived from Nitrates |
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93 | (3) |
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5.5.1 The "Nitrites Cause Cancer" Controversy |
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95 | (1) |
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5.6 How Does NO Control Blood Flow in Blood Vessels? |
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96 | (1) |
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5.7 The Endothelial Flow-Mediated Dilation Test Measures The Effects of NO on Blood Vessels |
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97 | (1) |
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5.8 Oral L-Arginine versus Oral L-Citrulline |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (4) |
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5.9.1 Blood Pressure Normally Rises Progressively with Age |
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99 | (1) |
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5.9.2 Dietary L-Arginine and the Arginine Paradox |
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100 | (1) |
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5.9.3 Nitric Oxide from Dietary L-Arginine and Nitrate Lowers Blood Pressure |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (4) |
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5.9.4.1 The Case for Supplements versus Beets |
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102 | (1) |
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5.10 Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (2) |
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5.11.1 Preventing, Even Reducing, Atherosclerosis with Dietary L-Arginine and Nitrate |
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105 | (2) |
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5.11.2 Dietary Nitrate Improves Blood Circulation in Atherosclerosis |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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5.12.1 Heart Disease Patients Improve with Dietary Nitrate or L-Arginine |
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108 | (1) |
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5.12.2 Congestive Heart Failure Reduced by Dietary L-Arginine or Nitrate |
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109 | (1) |
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5.12.3 An Important Consideration |
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109 | (1) |
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5.13 Peripheral Artery Disease |
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109 | (2) |
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5.13.1 The Ankle-Brachial Index |
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110 | (1) |
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5.14 Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes |
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111 | (1) |
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5.14.1 The Role of Mitochondria in Metabolic Syndrome |
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111 | (1) |
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5.14.2 Dietary L-Arginine and Nitrate in the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes |
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111 | (1) |
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5.14.3 L-Arginine and Glucose Tolerance |
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112 | (1) |
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5.15 Dietary L-Arginine and Nitrate in Kidney Dysfunction |
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112 | (1) |
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5.16 NO Protects Telomeres |
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112 | (1) |
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5.17 Nitric Oxide Concentration Is Usually Measured Indirectly (NOx), but Can It Be Measured Directly? |
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113 | (1) |
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5.18 Measuring NO in Clinical Outcome |
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114 | (2) |
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5.18.1 Measuring NO in Exhaled Air |
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115 | (1) |
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5.18.2 Measuring NO in Serum or Plasma |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (6) |
| Chapter 6 Three Common Diets Compared for Their Effects on Cell Aging |
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123 | (30) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (2) |
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6.3 How and Why Nutrition Guidelines Change Over Time |
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125 | (1) |
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6.4 Early Food Guidance: 1900s-1940s |
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126 | (1) |
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6.5 Dietary Guidance: 1940s to 1970s |
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126 | (1) |
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6.6 The Early 1970s to the 1990s |
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127 | (1) |
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6.7 1984 Food Wheel: A Pattern for Daily Food Choices |
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128 | (2) |
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6.7.1 The 1992 Food Guide Pyramid |
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128 | (1) |
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6.7.2 The Nutrition Facts Label |
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129 | (1) |
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6.8 Some Basic Relevant Health Hazard Statistics |
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130 | (1) |
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6.9 From 1995 to the Present |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (1) |
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6.11 A Note on Omission of Antioxidant Capacity in Food Guidelines |
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132 | (1) |
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6.12 The Pharmacokinetics of Antioxidants |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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6.14 The Western Diet, also Known As the SAD |
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134 | (6) |
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6.14.1 The Western Diet Compromises Health |
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135 | (1) |
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6.14.2 The Western Diet and Obesity |
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136 | (1) |
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6.14.3 The Western Diet and Metabolic Syndrome |
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136 | (1) |
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6.14.4 Metabolic Syndrome Shortens Telomeres |
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137 | (1) |
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6.14.5 The Western Diet and Hypertension |
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137 | (1) |
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6.14.6 The Western Diet and Cardiovascular and Heart Disease |
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138 | (1) |
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6.14.6.1 Cardiovascular and Heart Disease Shorten Telomeres |
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139 | (1) |
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6.14.7 The Western Diet and Type 2 Diabetes |
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139 | (1) |
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6.14.7.1 Type 2 Diabetes Shortens Telomeres |
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139 | (1) |
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6.15 The Proactive Nutrition Program |
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140 | (2) |
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6.15.1 The Mediterranean Pattern Diet |
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140 | (4) |
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6.15.1.1 The Mediterranean Pattern Diet Protects Telomeres |
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141 | (1) |
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6.15.1.2 The Mediterranean Diet Activates Sirtuin 1 |
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141 | (1) |
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6.15.1.3 The Mediterranean Diet and Obesity |
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141 | (1) |
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6.15.1.4 The Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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6.17 Hypertension and Cardiovascular and Heart Function: Comparing the Mediterranean Diet to Another Low-Fat Diet |
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143 | (1) |
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6.18 The Mediterranean Diet and Elevated Serum Cholesterol |
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143 | (1) |
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6.19 The Mediterranean Diet and Hypertension |
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144 | (1) |
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6.20 The Mediterranean Diet and Endothelium Function |
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144 | (1) |
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6.20.1 Averting Premature Aging of the Endothelium |
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144 | (1) |
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6.21 Sirtuins and Blood Vessel and Heart Health |
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145 | (1) |
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6.21.1 Sirtuin 1 and Coronary Heart Disease |
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145 | (1) |
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6.22 The Mediterranean Diet and Type 2 Diabetes |
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145 | (1) |
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6.23 Activating Sirtuins Improves Type 2 Diabetes |
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146 | (1) |
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6.24 A Note on Caloric Restriction |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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6.26 The Case for the Proactive Nutrition Program |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (6) |
| Chapter 7 Proactive Nutrition: Enhancing the Mediterranean Diet |
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153 | (56) |
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7.1 "The Canary in the Coal Mine" |
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153 | (1) |
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7.2 The Link to Averting Premature Aging |
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154 | (1) |
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7.3 Three Food Factors in the Mediterranean Diet Enhance Health, Vitality, and Longevity |
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154 | (1) |
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7.4 The Enhanced Mediterranean Diet Is the Proactive Nutrition Program |
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155 | (1) |
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7.5 A Note on "Sirtfoods" |
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156 | (1) |
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7.6 The Proactive Nutrition Program Is Not Simply a Diet |
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156 | (3) |
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7.6.1 The Smart Shopping Cart |
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156 | (2) |
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7.6.2 A Basic Shopping List for the Diet |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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7.8 "The Eyes Are Bigger than the Stomach" |
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160 | (2) |
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7.8.1 The "Completion Compulsion" |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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7.8.3 Putting the "e" Back into Eating |
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161 | (1) |
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7.9 The Secret of the Mediterranean Diet: Greens and Beans, and NO Donors |
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162 | (2) |
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7.10 A Salivary Marker of NO Availability: The HumanN™ N-O Indicator Strips |
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164 | (2) |
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7.11 Implementing the Basic Mediterranean Food Plan and Sample Recipes |
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166 | (1) |
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7.12 Sample Mediterranean Diet Meal Plan |
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167 | (10) |
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7.12.1 First, a Note on Olive Oil |
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167 | (2) |
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7.12.2 A Note on Palm Oil |
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169 | (2) |
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7.12.3 And a Note on Coconut Oil |
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171 | (3) |
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7.12.4 Extra-Virgin Olive Oil and the Xenohormesis Hypothesis: When Plants "Talk" to the Animals, What Do They Tell Them? |
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174 | (3) |
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177 | (3) |
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7.13.1 Serving Sizes, Kitchen Measures, and Metric Conversion |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (23) |
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180 | (3) |
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7.14.1.1 Vegetable Omelet |
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180 | (1) |
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7.14.1.2 Zucchini and Goat Cheese Frittata |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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7.14.1.4 Breakfast Mango Smoothies |
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182 | (1) |
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7.14.1.5 Breakfast Berry Smoothie |
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182 | (1) |
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7.14.2 Soups, Salads, and Side Dishes |
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183 | (7) |
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7.14.2.1 Bean and Macaroni Soup |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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7.14.2.4 Rockport Fish Chowder |
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185 | (1) |
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7.14.2.5 Cannery Row Soup |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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7.14.2.9 Fresh Cabbage and Tomato Salad |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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7.14.2.11 Stuffed Artichokes |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (8) |
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7.14.3.1 Chicken Orientale |
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190 | (1) |
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7.14.3.2 Chicken Ratatouille |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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7.14.3.4 Mediterranean Baked Fish |
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192 | (1) |
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7.14.3.5 Spinach-Stuffed Sole |
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192 | (1) |
|
7.14.3.6 Black Beans with Rice |
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193 | (1) |
|
7.14.3.7 New Orleans Red Beans |
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194 | (1) |
|
7.14.3.8 Summer Vegetable Spaghetti |
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194 | (1) |
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7.14.3.9 Zucchini Lasagna |
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195 | (1) |
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7.14.3.10 Italian Vegetable Bake |
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196 | (1) |
|
7.14.3.11 Smothered Greens |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
|
7.14.4 Sauces and Dressing |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
|
7.14.4.2 Vinaigrette Salad Dressing |
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|
199 | (1) |
|
7.14.4.3 Yogurt Salad Dressing |
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|
199 | (1) |
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199 | (4) |
|
7.14.5.1 Rainbow Fruit Salad |
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|
199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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7.14.5.4 Poached Pears with Raspberries |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
|
7.15 The Proactive Nutrition Program Sample Sirtfood and Smoothie Recipes |
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203 | (3) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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7.15.2.1 Turmeric Cauliflower |
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204 | (1) |
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7.15.2.2 French Onion Soup |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (8) |
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7.15.3.1 Cacao Passion Sirt-Smoothie |
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|
205 | (1) |
|
7.15.3.2 Kale-Apple Super Sirt-Smoothie |
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|
205 | (1) |
|
7.15.3.3 Parsley Go Bananas Sirt-Smoothie |
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|
206 | (1) |
|
|
|
206 | (3) |
| Chapter 8 Selected Functional Foods That Combat Inflammation |
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209 | (44) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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8.3 The Two-Pronged Approach to Antioxidation |
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211 | (1) |
|
8.4 Inflammation Causes Oxidative Stress |
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|
211 | (2) |
|
8.5 C-Reactive Protein: A Standard Marker of Inflammation |
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213 | (2) |
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213 | (1) |
|
8.5.2 CRP and Periodontal Disease |
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|
214 | (1) |
|
8.5.3 CRP and Helicobacter pylori Infection |
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|
214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
|
8.6.1 Chronic Inflammation Shortens Telomeres |
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|
215 | (1) |
|
8.7 Functional Foods That Fight Inflammation |
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|
216 | (8) |
|
8.7.1 Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) |
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|
216 | (3) |
|
8.7.1.1 Ginger and Type 2 Diabetes |
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|
217 | (1) |
|
8.7.1.2 Ginger and Periodontal Disease |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
8.7.1.3 Periodontal Disease Is Associated with Shorter Telomeres |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
8.7.1.4 How Safe Is Consumption of Ginger? |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
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219 | (5) |
|
8.7.2.1 Tea Lowers Inflammation |
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|
220 | (1) |
|
8.7.2.2 Tea Normalizes Insulin Sensitivity and Sugar Metabolism |
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|
220 | (1) |
|
8.7.2.3 Tea Reduces Inflammation and Protects Blood Vessels by Promoting Endothelium NO Formation |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
8.7.2.4 A Green Tea Constituent Protects Telomeres |
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|
221 | (1) |
|
8.7.2.5 It Is Best to Leave Out the Milk |
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|
222 | (1) |
|
8.7.2.6 Green Tea versus Black Tea and Brewing "Loose" Tea versus Tea Bags: The Case for Lower Oxalate Levels |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
8.7.2.7 Is It Safe to Drink a Lot of Tea? |
|
|
223 | (1) |
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224 | (2) |
|
8.8.1 Substance P Is Also Implicated in Depression |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
8.8.2 Capsicum baccatum Is Anti-Inflammatory |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
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226 | (3) |
|
8.9.1 Cinnamon Is Antioxidant |
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|
226 | (1) |
|
8.9.2 Cinnamon Is Anti-Inflammatory |
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|
227 | (1) |
|
8.9.3 Cinnamon and Type 2 Diabetes |
|
|
227 | (2) |
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|
|
229 | (1) |
|
8.10 Edible Seaweed, a Sea Vegetable |
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|
229 | (4) |
|
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|
230 | (1) |
|
8.10.2 Kelp Is on the Way |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
8.10.3 Iodine Content of Different Varieties of Seaweed |
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|
231 | (1) |
|
8.10.4 Health Risks of Excessive Iodine Intake |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
8.10.5 Interaction with Medications |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
8.10.5.1 Anti-Thyroid Medications |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
8.10.5.2 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
8.10.5.3 Potassium-Sparing Diuretics |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
8.11 Mastic: Pistacia lentiscus var. chia |
|
|
233 | (5) |
|
8.11.1 Mastic Is Anti-Inflammatory |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
8.11.2 A Mediterranean Spice That Targets H. pylori |
|
|
234 | (2) |
|
8.11.3 Mastic Lowers Oxidative Stress |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
8.11.4 Mastic Targets the Bacteria That Cause Periodontitis |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
8.11.5 Mastic Protects the Heart |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
8.11.6 Anemia: H. pylori Is an Iron Glutton |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
8.12 Elderberry (Sambucus nigra canadensis) |
|
|
238 | (2) |
|
8.12.1 Elderberry Is Antioxidant and Reduces Inflammation and Oxidative Stress |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
8.12.2 Acute Inflammation versus Chronic Inflammation |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
8.13.1 Curcumin Is Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
8.13.2 Is It Safe to Consume Curcumin |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
|
241 | (2) |
|
8.14.1 Zinc Is Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Protects Telomeres |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
8.14.2 Magnesium Is Anti-Inflammatory and Protects Telomeres |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
8.14.3 Niacin Reduces Oxidative Stress |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
8.15.1 Taurine Helps Maintain Muscles in Aging |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
8.15.2 Taurine Has Beneficial Effects in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
|
244 | (9) |
| Index |
|
253 | |