| Preface |
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ix | |
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1 DNA, Genes, Genomes and Plant Breeding |
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1 | (22) |
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1.1 A Brief History of Genetics |
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1 | (3) |
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1.2 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
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4 | (4) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (4) |
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1.8 Modern Plant Breeding |
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15 | (3) |
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1.9 Wide and Forced Crossing and Embryo Rescue |
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18 | (1) |
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1.10 Radiation and Chemical Mutagenesis |
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19 | (1) |
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1.11 The Advent of Genetic Modification |
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20 | (3) |
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2 The Techniques of Plant Genetic Modification |
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23 | (28) |
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2.1 A Brief History of the Development of Recombinant DNA Technology |
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23 | (3) |
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2.2 Agrobacterium tumefaciens |
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26 | (1) |
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2.3 Use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Plant Genetic Modification |
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27 | (3) |
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2.4 Transformation of Protoplasts |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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2.6 Other Direct Gene Transfer Methods |
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32 | (2) |
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2.7 Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation Without Tissue Culture |
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34 | (1) |
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2.8 Selectable Marker Genes |
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34 | (4) |
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2.9 Visual/Scoreable Marker Genes |
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38 | (2) |
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2.10 Design and Construction of Genes for Introduction into Plants |
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40 | (3) |
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43 | (2) |
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2.12 The Use of GM to Characterise Gene Promoters |
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45 | (2) |
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2.13 Gene Over-Expression and Silencing |
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47 | (4) |
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3 The Use of GM Crops in Agriculture |
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51 | (56) |
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3.1 Why Use Genetic Modification (GM) in Plant Breeding? |
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51 | (4) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (7) |
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64 | (4) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (10) |
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3.7 Modified Starch for Industrial and Biofuel Uses |
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80 | (3) |
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83 | (1) |
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3.9 Vitamin Content: Golden Rice |
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84 | (4) |
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88 | (2) |
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3.11 Drought, Heat and Cold Tolerance; Climate Change |
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90 | (4) |
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94 | (3) |
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97 | (6) |
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3.14 Removal of Allergens |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (2) |
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4 Legislation Covering GM Crops and Foods |
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107 | (20) |
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4.1 Safety of GM Plants Grown in Containment |
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107 | (4) |
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4.2 Safety of Field Releases of GM Plants |
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111 | (4) |
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115 | (3) |
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4.4 European Union Regulations |
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118 | (2) |
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4.5 Labelling and Traceability Regulations |
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120 | (4) |
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4.6 Safety Assessment and Labelling Requirements in the USA |
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124 | (3) |
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5 Issues that have Arisen in the GM Crop and Food Debate |
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127 | (42) |
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133 | (1) |
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5.2 Will Genetic Modification Produce New Food Allergens? |
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134 | (2) |
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5.3 Is it Ethical to Transfer Genes Between Different Species? |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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5.5 GM Crops `Do Not Work' |
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138 | (1) |
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5.6 Did Tryptophan Produced by Genetic Modification Kill People? |
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139 | (2) |
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5.7 The Monarch Butterfly |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (2) |
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5.9 Alarm Caused by Contradictory Results of Biosafety Studies |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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5.11 Insect Resistance to Bt Crops |
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147 | (1) |
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5.12 Segregation of GM and non-GM Crops: Co-existence of GM and Organic Farming |
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148 | (2) |
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5.13 Antibiotic Resistance Marker Genes |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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5.15 Loss of Genetic Diversity |
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153 | (1) |
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5.16 The Dominance of Multinational Companies |
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154 | (1) |
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5.17 The StarLink and ProdiGene Affairs |
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155 | (2) |
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5.18 The Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA Gene Promoter |
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157 | (1) |
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5.19 Implications for Developing Countries |
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158 | (2) |
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5.20 `Terminator' Technology |
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160 | (1) |
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5.21 Unintentional Releases |
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161 | (2) |
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5.22 Asynchronous Approvals |
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163 | (1) |
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5.23 The United Kingdom Farm-Scale Evaluations |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (4) |
| Index |
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169 | |