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E-raamat: Genetically Modified Crops (2nd Edition)

(Rothamsted Research, Uk)
  • Formaat: 192 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-Oct-2011
  • Kirjastus: Imperial College Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781908977649
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  • Formaat: 192 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-Oct-2011
  • Kirjastus: Imperial College Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781908977649

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"This book describes the history and development of the science and techniques that underpin plant biotechnology, GM crops that are grown commercially around the world and the new varieties that are being developed. It covers failures as well as successes. The safety record of GM crops is reviewed together with the legislation that has been adopted to cover their use. The book also deals with the concerns of consumers, the GM crop debate and the prospects for the technology."--BOOK JACKET.



Plant molecular biology came to the fore in the early 1980s and there has been tremendous growth in the subject since then. The study of plant genes and genomes and the development of techniques for the incorporation of novel or modified genes into plants eventually lead to the commercialisation of genetically modified (GM) crops in the mid-1990s. This was seen as the start of a biotechnological revolution in plant breeding. However, plant biotechnology has become one of the hottest debates of the age and, in Europe at least, one of the greatest challenges that plant scientists have ever faced.This book covers the history and development of the science and techniques that underpin plant biotechnology. It describes the GM crops that are or have been grown commercially around the world, including failures as well as successes, and the new varieties that are being developed. The safety record of GM crops is reviewed together with the legislation that has been adopted to cover their use. The book also deals with the concerns of consumers, the GM crop debate and the prospects for the technology. In the second edition, sections on current GM crops and future developments in plant biotechnology have been greatly expanded, while those on techniques, legislation and the GM crop debate have also been updated.The book is a concise, comprehensive and readable study that is accessible to a general readership with a scientific background but also provides useful information for the specialist.
Preface ix
1 DNA, Genes, Genomes and Plant Breeding
1(22)
1.1 A Brief History of Genetics
1(3)
1.2 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
4(4)
1.3 Genes
8(1)
1.4 Gene Expression
9(1)
1.5 Genomes
10(1)
1.6 Genetic Change
11(1)
1.7 Plant Breeding
11(4)
1.8 Modern Plant Breeding
15(3)
1.9 Wide and Forced Crossing and Embryo Rescue
18(1)
1.10 Radiation and Chemical Mutagenesis
19(1)
1.11 The Advent of Genetic Modification
20(3)
2 The Techniques of Plant Genetic Modification
23(28)
2.1 A Brief History of the Development of Recombinant DNA Technology
23(3)
2.2 Agrobacterium tumefaciens
26(1)
2.3 Use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Plant Genetic Modification
27(3)
2.4 Transformation of Protoplasts
30(1)
2.5 Particle Gun
31(1)
2.6 Other Direct Gene Transfer Methods
32(2)
2.7 Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation Without Tissue Culture
34(1)
2.8 Selectable Marker Genes
34(4)
2.9 Visual/Scoreable Marker Genes
38(2)
2.10 Design and Construction of Genes for Introduction into Plants
40(3)
2.11 Promoter Types
43(2)
2.12 The Use of GM to Characterise Gene Promoters
45(2)
2.13 Gene Over-Expression and Silencing
47(4)
3 The Use of GM Crops in Agriculture
51(56)
3.1 Why Use Genetic Modification (GM) in Plant Breeding?
51(4)
3.2 Slow-ripening Fruit
55(2)
3.3 Herbicide Tolerance
57(7)
3.4 Insect Resistance
64(4)
3.5 Virus Resistance
68(2)
3.6 Modified Oil Content
70(10)
3.7 Modified Starch for Industrial and Biofuel Uses
80(3)
3.8 High Lysine Corn
83(1)
3.9 Vitamin Content: Golden Rice
84(4)
3.10 Fungal Resistance
88(2)
3.11 Drought, Heat and Cold Tolerance; Climate Change
90(4)
3.12 Salt Tolerance
94(3)
3.13 Biopharming
97(6)
3.14 Removal of Allergens
103(2)
3.15 Conclusions
105(2)
4 Legislation Covering GM Crops and Foods
107(20)
4.1 Safety of GM Plants Grown in Containment
107(4)
4.2 Safety of Field Releases of GM Plants
111(4)
4.3 Safety of GM Foods
115(3)
4.4 European Union Regulations
118(2)
4.5 Labelling and Traceability Regulations
120(4)
4.6 Safety Assessment and Labelling Requirements in the USA
124(3)
5 Issues that have Arisen in the GM Crop and Food Debate
127(42)
5.1 Are GM Foods Safe?
133(1)
5.2 Will Genetic Modification Produce New Food Allergens?
134(2)
5.3 Is it Ethical to Transfer Genes Between Different Species?
136(1)
5.4 Animal Studies
137(1)
5.5 GM Crops `Do Not Work'
138(1)
5.6 Did Tryptophan Produced by Genetic Modification Kill People?
139(2)
5.7 The Monarch Butterfly
141(1)
5.8 The Pusztai Affair
142(2)
5.9 Alarm Caused by Contradictory Results of Biosafety Studies
144(2)
5.10 `Superweeds'
146(1)
5.11 Insect Resistance to Bt Crops
147(1)
5.12 Segregation of GM and non-GM Crops: Co-existence of GM and Organic Farming
148(2)
5.13 Antibiotic Resistance Marker Genes
150(2)
5.14 Patenting
152(1)
5.15 Loss of Genetic Diversity
153(1)
5.16 The Dominance of Multinational Companies
154(1)
5.17 The StarLink and ProdiGene Affairs
155(2)
5.18 The Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA Gene Promoter
157(1)
5.19 Implications for Developing Countries
158(2)
5.20 `Terminator' Technology
160(1)
5.21 Unintentional Releases
161(2)
5.22 Asynchronous Approvals
163(1)
5.23 The United Kingdom Farm-Scale Evaluations
163(2)
5.24 Conclusions
165(4)
Index 169