| List of Illustrations |
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xi | |
| List of Maps |
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xv | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xvi | |
| Introduction |
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1 | |
| PART I A Millennium of Beginnings (1000 BCE-100 CE) |
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1 Greece and Rome (c. 1000 BCE-100 CE) |
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19 | |
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19 | |
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37 | |
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Rome and the Coming of the Roman Empire |
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41 | |
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2 Israel (c. 1000 BCE-100 CE) |
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47 | |
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47 | |
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62 | |
| PART II One Church, One Faith, One Lord? (4 BCE-451 CE) |
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3 A Crucified Messiah (4 BCE-100 CE) |
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77 | |
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77 | |
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The Adult Jesus: A Public Campaign |
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82 | |
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Crucifixion and Resurrection |
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91 | |
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New Directions: Paul of Tarsus |
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97 | |
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The Gospel of John and Revelation |
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102 | |
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The Jewish Revolt and the End of Jerusalem |
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106 | |
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4 Boundaries Defined (50 CE-300) |
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112 | |
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112 | |
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Alternative Identities: Gnosticism, Marcionism |
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121 | |
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Canon, Creed, Ministry, Catholicity |
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127 | |
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Montanism: Prophecy Renewed and Suppressed |
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138 | |
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Justin, Irenaeus, Tertullian |
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141 | |
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Alexandrian Theologians: Clement and Origen |
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147 | |
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5 The Prince: Ally or Enemy? (100-300) |
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155 | |
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The Church and the Roman Empire (100-200) |
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155 | |
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Third-century Imperial Crisis |
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166 | |
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From Persecution to Persecution (250-3oo) |
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172 | |
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Kings and Christians: Syria, Armenia |
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176 | |
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6 The Imperial Church (300-451) |
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189 | |
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Constantine and the God of Battles |
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189 | |
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The Beginnings of Monasticism |
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200 | |
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Constantine, Arius and the One God (306-25) |
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211 | |
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Councils and Dissidents from Nicaea to Chalcedon |
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215 | |
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Miaphysites and Nestorius |
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222 | |
| PART III Vanishing Futures: East and South (451—1500) |
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7 Defying Chalcedon: Asia and Africa (451-622) |
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231 | |
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Miaphysite Christianity and Its Missions |
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231 | |
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Ethiopia: The Christianity of 'Union' |
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240 | |
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The Church of the East (451-622) |
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245 | |
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8 Islam: The Great Realignment (622-1500) |
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255 | |
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Muhammad and the Coming of Islam |
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255 | |
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261 | |
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267 | |
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The Mongols: New Hope and Catastrophe |
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270 | |
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Islam and the African Churches |
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277 | |
| PART IV The Unpredictable Rise of Rome (300—1300) |
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9 The Making of Latin Christianity (300-500) |
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289 | |
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The Rome of the Popes (300-400) |
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289 | |
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A Religion Fit for Gentlemen (300-400) |
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296 | |
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Augustine: Shaper of the Western Church |
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301 | |
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Early Monasticism in the West (400-500) |
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312 | |
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10 Latin Christendom: New Frontiers (500–1000) |
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319 | |
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Changing Allegiances: Rome, Byzantium and Others |
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319 | |
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Missions in Northern Europe (500-600) |
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329 | |
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Obedient Anglo-Saxons and Other Converts (600-800) |
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338 | |
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Charlemagne, Carolingians and a New Roman Empire (800–1000) |
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346 | |
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11 The West: Universal Emperor or Universal Pope? (900-1200) |
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363 | |
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Abbots, Warriors and Popes: Cluny's Legacy |
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363 | |
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The Vicar of Christ: Marriage, Celibacy and Universal Monarchy |
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371 | |
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The Age of the Crusades (1060-1200) |
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381 | |
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Cistercians, Carthusians and Mary (1100–1200) |
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389 | |
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12 A Church for All People? (1100-1300) |
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396 | |
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Theology, Heresy, Universities (1100–1300) |
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396 | |
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A Pastoral Revolution, Friars and the Fourth Lateran Council (1200–1260) |
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401 | |
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Thomas Aquinas: Philosophy and Faith |
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412 | |
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Love in a Cold Climate: Personal Devotion after 1200 |
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415 | |
| PART V Orthodoxy: The Imperial Faith (451-1800) |
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13 Faith in a New Rome (451-900) |
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427 | |
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A Church to Shape Orthodoxy: Hagia Sophia |
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427 | |
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Byzantine Spirituality: Maximus and the Mystical Tradition |
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436 | |
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Smashing Images: The Iconoclastic Controversy (726-843) |
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442 | |
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Photios and New Missions to the West (850-900) |
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457 | |
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14 Orthodoxy: More Than an Empire (900-1700) |
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466 | |
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Crises and Crusaders (900-1200) |
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466 | |
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The Fourth Crusade and Its Aftermath (1204-1300) |
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473 | |
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Orthodox Renaissance, Ottomans and Hesychasm Triumphant (1300-1400) |
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482 | |
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Hopes Destroyed: Church Union, Ottoman Conquest (1400-1700) |
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491 | |
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15 Russia: The Third Rome (900-1800) |
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503 | |
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A New Threat to Christendom: Norsemen, Rus' and Kiev (900-1240) |
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503 | |
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Tatars, Lithuania and Muscovy (1240-1448) |
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510 | |
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Muscovy Triumphant (1448-1547) |
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522 | |
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Ivan the Terrible and the New Patriarchate (1547-98) |
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528 | |
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From Muscovy to Russia (1598-1800) |
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537 | |
| PART VI Western Christianity Dismembered (1300—1800) |
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16 Perspectives on the True Church (1300-1517) |
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551 | |
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The Church, Death and Purgatory (1300-1500) |
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551 | |
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Papal Monarchy Challenged (1300— 1500) |
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558 | |
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Nominalists, Lollards and Hussites (1300-1500) |
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564 | |
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Old Worlds Bring New: Humanism (1300-1500) |
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574 | |
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Reforming the Church in the Last Days (1500) |
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584 | |
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594 | |
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17 A House Divided (1517-1660) |
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604 | |
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604 | |
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The Farmers' War and Zwingli |
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614 | |
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Reformations Radical and Magisterial: Anabaptists and Henry VIII |
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622 | |
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Strassburg, England and Geneva (1540-60) |
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629 | |
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Reformed Protestants, Confessionalization and Toleration (1560-1660) |
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637 | |
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Reformation Crises: The Thirty Years War and Britain |
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644 | |
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18 Rome's Renewal (1500-1700) |
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655 | |
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Cross-currents in Spain and Italy: Valdesians and Jesuits (1500-1540) |
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655 | |
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Regensburg and Trent: A Contest Resolved (1541-59) |
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662 | |
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Counter-Reformations after Trent: England, Spain and the Mystics |
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667 | |
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Trent Delayed: France and Poland-Lithuania |
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675 | |
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Lives Separated: Saints, Splendour, Sex and Witches |
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680 | |
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19 A Worldwide Faith (1500–1800) |
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689 | |
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Iberian Empires: The Western Church Exported |
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689 | |
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Counter-Reformation in a New World |
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696 | |
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Counter-Reformation in Asia: Empires Unconquered |
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703 | |
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Counter-Reformation in Africa: The Blight of the Slave Trade |
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709 | |
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20 Protestant Awakenings (i600 –i800) |
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716 | |
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Protestants and American Colonization |
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716 | |
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The Fight for Protestant Survival (1660-1800) |
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731 | |
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Pietism and the Moravians |
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738 | |
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The Evangelical Revival: Methodism |
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747 | |
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The Great Awakenings and the American Revolution |
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755 | |
| PART VII God in the Dock (1492—present) |
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21 Enlightenment: Ally or Enemy? (1491-1815) |
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769 | |
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Natural and Unnatural Philosophy (1492-1700) |
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769 | |
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Judaism, Scepticism and Deism (1492-1700) |
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776 | |
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Social Watersheds in the Netherlands and England (1650-1750) |
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787 | |
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Gender Roles in the Enlightenment |
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791 | |
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Enlightenment in the Eighteenth Century |
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794 | |
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The French Revolution (1789-1815) |
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806 | |
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Aftermath of Revolution: A Europe of Nation-states |
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812 | |
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22. Europe Re-enchanted or Disenchanted? (1815-1914) |
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817 | |
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Catholicism Ascendant: Mary's Triumph and the Challenge of Liberalism |
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817 | |
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Protestantism: Bibles and 'First-wave' Feminism |
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827 | |
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A Protestant Enlightenment: Schleiermacher, Hegel and Their Heirs |
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830 | |
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British Protestantism and the Oxford Movement |
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838 | |
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Orthodoxy: Russia and Ottoman Decay |
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846 | |
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Masters of Suspicion: Geology, Biblical Criticism and Atheism |
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855 | |
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23 To Make the World Protestant (1700-1914) |
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866 | |
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Slavery and Its Abolition: A New Christian Taboo |
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866 | |
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A Protestant World Mission: Oceania and Australasia |
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873 | |
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Africa: An Islamic or a Protestant Century? |
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879 | |
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India: The Great Rebellion and the Limits of Colonial Mission |
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892 | |
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895 | |
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America: The New Protestant Empire |
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902 | |
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24 Not Peace but a Sword (1914-60) |
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915 | |
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A War That Killed Christendom (1914-18) |
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915 | |
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Great Britain: The Last Years of Christian Empire |
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927 | |
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Catholics and Christ the King: The Second Age of Catholic Missions |
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931 | |
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The Churches and Nazism: The Second World War |
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941 | |
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World Christianity Realigned: Ecumenical Beginnings |
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951 | |
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World Christianity Realigned: Pentecostals and New Churches |
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958 | |
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25 Culture Wars (1960–Present) |
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967 | |
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The Second Vatican Council: Half a Revolution |
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967 | |
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Catholics, Protestants and Liberation |
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975 | |
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A Cultural Revolution from the Sixties |
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985 | |
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Old-time Religion: Affirmations |
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990 | |
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Freedom: Prospects and Fears |
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999 | |
| Notes |
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1017 | |
| Further Reading |
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1098 | |
| Index |
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1113 | |