Meet the Author Team |
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iv | |
Preface |
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v | |
Part 1 Nutrition Fundamentals |
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3 | (154) |
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1 The Science Of Nutrition |
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3 | (36) |
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4 | (6) |
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4 | (4) |
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Phytochemicals and Zoochemicals |
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8 | (1) |
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Expert Perspective from the Field: Functional Foods |
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9 | (1) |
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1.2 Energy Sources and Uses |
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10 | (2) |
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1.3 The North American Diet |
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12 | (4) |
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What Influences Our Food Choices? |
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13 | (1) |
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Take Action: Why You Eat What You Do |
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14 | (1) |
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Global Perspective: The Price of Food |
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15 | (1) |
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1.4 Nutritional Health Status |
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16 | (8) |
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Health Objectives for the U.S. for the Year 2020 |
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16 | (1) |
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Assessing Nutritional Status |
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17 | (1) |
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Limitations of Nutritional Assessment |
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18 | (1) |
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Importance of Being Concerned about Nutritional Status |
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19 | (1) |
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Getting Nutrition-Related Advice: The Nutrition Care Process |
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19 | (2) |
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Clinical Perspective: Genetics and Nutrition |
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21 | (3) |
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Take Action: Create Your Family Tree for Health-Related Concerns |
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24 | (1) |
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1.5 Using Scientific Research to Determine Nutrient Needs |
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24 | (7) |
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Making Observations and Generating Hypotheses |
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25 | (2) |
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Laboratory Animal Experiments |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (4) |
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1.6 Evaluating Nutrition Claims and Products |
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31 | (2) |
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Buying Nutrition-Related Products |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (2) |
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2 Tools Of A Healthy Diet |
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39 | (34) |
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2.1 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) |
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40 | (5) |
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Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) |
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40 | (1) |
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Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (Upper Levels, or ULs) |
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42 | (1) |
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Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs) |
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42 | (1) |
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Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) |
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43 | (1) |
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Appropriate Uses of the DRIs |
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43 | (1) |
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Putting the DR's into Action to Determine the Nutrient Density of Foods |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (8) |
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Reference Daily Intakes (RDIs) |
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45 | (1) |
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Daily Reference Values (DRVs) |
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45 | (2) |
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Putting the Daily Values into Action on Nutrition Facts Panels |
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47 | (5) |
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Take Action: Applying the Nutrition Facts Label to Your Daily Food Choices |
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52 | (1) |
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Global Perspective: Front-of-Package Nutrition Labeling |
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53 | (1) |
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2.3 Nutrient Composition of Foods |
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53 | (3) |
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Putting Nutrient Databases into Action to Determine Energy Density and Dietary Intake |
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54 | (1) |
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Expert Perspective from the Field: Menu Labeling: How Many Calories Are in That? |
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55 | (1) |
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2.4 Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020 |
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56 | (4) |
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Putting the Dietary Guidelines into Action |
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58 | (2) |
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Take Action: Are You Putting the Dietary Guidelines into Practice? |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (8) |
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Putting MyPlate into Action |
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61 | (5) |
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66 | (1) |
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Take Action: Does Your Diet Meet MyPlate Recommendations? |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (44) |
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3.1 Food Availability and Access |
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74 | (5) |
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Health Consequences of Malnutrition and Food Insecurity |
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74 | (1) |
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Food Insecurity in the U.S. |
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75 | (1) |
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Programs to Increase Food Security in the U.S. |
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76 | (2) |
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Food Insecurity and Malnutrition in the World's Developing Regions |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (5) |
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79 | (1) |
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Biotechnology-Genetically Modified Foods |
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80 | (4) |
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3.3 Food Preservation and Processing |
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84 | (3) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (3) |
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3.4 Food and Water Safety |
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87 | (16) |
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Foodborne Illness Overview |
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87 | (1) |
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Take Action: A Closer Look at Food Additives |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (9) |
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98 | (1) |
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Preventing Foodborne and Waterborne Illnesses |
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99 | (2) |
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Clinical Perspective: Foodborne Illness Can Be Deadly |
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101 | (1) |
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Take Action: Check Your Food Safety Skills |
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102 | (1) |
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3.5 Environmental Contaminants in Foods |
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103 | (7) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Dioxins and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Pesticides and Antibiotics |
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104 | (2) |
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Global Perspective: Traveler's Diarrhea |
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106 | (3) |
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Expert Perspective from the Field: Sustainability in University Food Service |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (3) |
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4 Human Digestion And Absorption |
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117 | (40) |
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4.1 Organization of the Human Body |
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118 | (4) |
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4.2 Digestive System Overview |
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122 | (4) |
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123 | (1) |
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GI Motility: Mixing and Propulsion |
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124 | (1) |
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Digestive Enzymes and Other Secretions |
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124 | (2) |
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4.3 Moving through the GI Tract: Mouth and Esophagus |
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126 | (2) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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4.4 Moving through the GI Tract: Stomach |
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128 | (2) |
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4.5 Moving through the GI Tract: Small Intestine and Accessory Organs |
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130 | (6) |
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas |
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131 | (1) |
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Gastrointestinal Hormones: A Key to Orchestrating Digestion |
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132 | (1) |
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Absorption in the Small Intestine |
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133 | (2) |
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Global Perspective: Diarrhea in Infants and Children |
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135 | (1) |
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4.6 Moving Nutrients around the Body: Circulatory Systems |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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4.7 Moving through the GI Tract: Large Intestine |
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137 | (4) |
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138 | (2) |
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Culinary Perspective: Fermented Foods |
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140 | (1) |
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Absorption of Water and Electrolytes |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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4.8 When Digestive Processes Go Awry |
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141 | (10) |
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Heartburn and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Take Action: Investigate Flours and Grains for Gluten Content |
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147 | (1) |
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Expert Perspective from the Field: Gluten-related Disorders: Celiac Disease and Non-celiac Gluten Sensitivity |
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148 | (1) |
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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Take Action: Are You Eating for a Healthy Digestive System? |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (3) |
Part 2 Energy-Yielding Nutrients and Alcohol |
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157 | (132) |
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157 | (36) |
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5.1 Structures of Carbohydrates |
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158 | (6) |
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Monosaccharides: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Sugar Alcohols, and Pentoses |
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158 | (2) |
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Disaccharides: Maltose, Sucrose, and Lactose |
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160 | (1) |
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Oligosaccharides: Raffinose and Stachyose |
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161 | (1) |
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Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, and Fiber |
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161 | (3) |
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5.2 Carbohydrates in Foods |
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164 | (5) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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Non-nutritive (Alternative) Sweeteners |
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167 | (2) |
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Take Action: Choosing a Sandwich |
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169 | (1) |
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5.3 Recommended Intake of Carbohydrates |
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169 | (4) |
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170 | (3) |
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Take Action: Estimate Your Fiber Intake |
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173 | (1) |
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5.4 Functions of Carbohydrates in the Body |
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173 | (3) |
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173 | (1) |
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Indigestible Carbohydrates |
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174 | (2) |
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5.5 Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption |
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176 | (3) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Expert Perspective from the Field: Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages |
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178 | (1) |
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5.6 Health Concerns Related to Carbohydrate Intake |
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179 | (9) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (3) |
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Clinical Perspective: Diabetes Mellitus |
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183 | (3) |
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Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (36) |
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194 | (4) |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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6.2 Food Sources of Triglycerides |
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198 | (4) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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Take Action: Is Your Diet High in Saturated and Trans Fat? |
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201 | (1) |
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6.3 Functions of Triglycerides |
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202 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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Provide Compact Energy Storage |
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202 | (1) |
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Insulate and Protect the Body |
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202 | (1) |
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Aid Fat-Soluble Vitamin Absorption and Transport |
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203 | (1) |
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Essential Fatty Acid Functions |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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6.6 Recommended Fat Intakes |
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207 | (2) |
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208 | (1) |
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Essential Fatty Acid Needs |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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6.7 Fat Digestion and Absorption |
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209 | (3) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (2) |
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6.8 Transporting Lipids in the Blood |
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212 | (4) |
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Transporting Dietary Lipids Utilizes Chylomicrons |
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212 | (2) |
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Transporting Lipids Mostly Made by the Body Utilizes Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins |
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214 | (1) |
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LDL Removal from the Blood |
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215 | (1) |
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HDL's Role in Removing Blood LDL |
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215 | (1) |
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6.9 Health Concerns Related to Fat Intake |
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216 | (8) |
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High Polyunsaturated Fat Intake |
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216 | (1) |
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Excessive Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake |
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216 | (1) |
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Imbalances in Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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Expert Perspective from the Field: Omega-6 Fatty Acids: Harmful or Healthful? |
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217 | (1) |
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Clinical Perspective: Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Take Action: What Is Your 10-Year Risk of Cardiovascular Disease? |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (2) |
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229 | (34) |
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7.1 Structure of Proteins |
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230 | (3) |
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230 | (1) |
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Synthesis of Nonessential Amino Acids |
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231 | (1) |
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Amino Acid Composition: Complete and Incomplete Proteins |
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232 | (1) |
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7.2 Synthesis of Proteins |
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233 | (3) |
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Transcription and Translation of Genetic Information |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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Adaptation of Protein Synthesis to Changing Conditions |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (4) |
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Evaluation of Food Protein Quality |
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237 | (3) |
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240 | (2) |
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Recommended Intakes of Protein |
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240 | (2) |
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Take Action: Meeting Protein Needs When Dieting to Lose Weight |
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242 | (1) |
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7.5 Protein Digestion and Absorption |
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242 | (2) |
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7.6 Functions of Proteins |
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244 | (5) |
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Producing Vital Body Structures |
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245 | (1) |
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Maintaining Fluid Balance |
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245 | (1) |
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Contributing to Acid-Base Balance |
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246 | (1) |
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Forming Hormones, Enzymes, and Neurotransmitters |
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247 | (1) |
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Contributing to Immune Function |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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Expert Perspective from the Field: Nutrition and Immunity |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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7.7 Health Concerns Related to Protein Intake |
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249 | (5) |
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Protein-Energy Malnutrition |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (1) |
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Clinical Perspective: Food Protein Allergies |
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252 | (1) |
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Global Perspective: How Big Is Your Food Print? |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (4) |
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Take Action: Protein and the Vegan |
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256 | (1) |
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Special Concerns for Infants and Children |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (26) |
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264 | (3) |
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Production of Alcoholic Beverages |
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265 | (1) |
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Culinary Perspective: Cooking with Alcohol |
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266 | (1) |
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8.2 Alcohol Absorption and Metabolism |
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267 | (3) |
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Alcohol Metabolism: 3 Pathways |
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267 | (3) |
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270 | (1) |
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College and Underage Drinking |
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270 | (1) |
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Take Action: Alcohol and Driving |
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271 | (1) |
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8.4 Health Effects of Alcohol |
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271 | (7) |
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Guidance for Using Alcohol Safely |
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272 | (1) |
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Potential Benefits of Alcohol Intake |
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272 | (1) |
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Risks of Excessive Alcohol Intake |
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273 | (2) |
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Effects of Alcohol Abuse on Nutritional Status |
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275 | (1) |
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Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding |
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276 | (1) |
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Global Perspective: Alcohol Intake around the World |
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277 | (1) |
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8.5 Alcohol Use Disorders |
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278 | (5) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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Ethnicity and Alcohol Use |
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279 | (1) |
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Mental Health and Alcohol Use |
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280 | (1) |
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The Economic Costs of Alcohol Abuse |
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280 | (1) |
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Clinical Perspective: Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders |
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281 | (1) |
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Take Action: Do You Know Why These Are Alcohol Myths? |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (2) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (3) |
Part 3 Metabolism and Energy Balance |
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289 | (118) |
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289 | (34) |
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9.1 Metabolism: Chemical Reactions in the Body |
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290 | (3) |
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Converting Food into Energy |
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290 | (2) |
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: Key Processes in Energy Metabolism |
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292 | (1) |
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9.2 ATP Production from Carbohydrates |
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293 | (7) |
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294 | (1) |
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Transition Reaction: Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (2) |
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9.3 ATP Production from Fats |
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300 | (4) |
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ATP Production from Fatty Acids |
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300 | (2) |
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Carbohydrate Aids Fat Metabolism |
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302 | (1) |
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Ketones: By-products of Fat Catabolism |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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Ketosis in Semistarvation or Fasting |
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (3) |
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Gluconeogenesis: Producing Glucose from Glucogenic Amino Acids and Other Compounds |
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305 | (1) |
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Gluconeogenesis from Typical Fatty Acids Is Not Possible |
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305 | (1) |
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Disposal of Excess Amino Groups from Amino Acid Metabolism |
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305 | (1) |
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Global Perspective: Cancer Cell Metabolism |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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9.6 Regulation of Energy Metabolism |
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308 | (3) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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Enzymes, Hormones, Vitamins, and Minerals |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (6) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (2) |
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Take Action: Weight Loss and Metabolism |
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314 | (1) |
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Clinical Perspective: Inborn Errors of Metabolism |
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315 | (1) |
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Take Action: Newborn Screening in Your State |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (2) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (3) |
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10 Energy Balance, Weight Control, And Eating Disorders |
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323 | (46) |
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324 | (4) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (2) |
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10.2 Measuring Energy Expenditure |
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328 | (2) |
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10.3 Eating Behavior Regulation |
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330 | (2) |
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10.4 Estimating Body Weight and Composition |
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332 | (4) |
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332 | (1) |
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Measuring Body Fat Content |
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332 | (2) |
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Assessing Body Fat Distribution |
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334 | (2) |
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10.5 Factors Affecting Body Weight and Composition |
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336 | (3) |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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Genetic and Environmental Synergy |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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10.6 Treatment of Overweight and Obesity |
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339 | (7) |
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341 | (1) |
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Regular Physical Activity |
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341 | (2) |
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Control of Problem Behaviors |
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343 | (2) |
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Expert Perspective from the Field: Tailoring a Healthy Eating Plan to Fit Your Lifestyle |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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346 | (8) |
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Clinical Perspective: Professional Help for Weight Control |
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350 | (2) |
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Take Action: Changing for the Better |
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352 | (2) |
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354 | (10) |
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Prevalence and Susceptibility |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (3) |
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358 | (2) |
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360 | (1) |
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Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorders (OSFED) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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Prevention of Eating Disorders |
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362 | (1) |
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Take Action: Assessing Risk of Developing an Eating Disorder |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (2) |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (2) |
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11 Nutrition, Exercise, And Sports |
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369 | (38) |
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370 | (1) |
|
11.2 Characteristics of a Good Fitness Program |
|
|
371 | (4) |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
371 | (2) |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Achievement and Maintenance of Fitness |
|
|
373 | (2) |
|
11.3 Energy Sources for Muscle Use |
|
|
375 | (10) |
|
ATP: Immediately Usable Energy |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Phosphocreatine: Initial Resupply of Muscle ATP |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Take Action: How Physically Fit Are You? |
|
|
376 | (3) |
|
Carbohydrate: Major Fuel for Short-Term, High Intensity, and Medium-Term Exercise |
|
|
379 | (3) |
|
Fat: Main Fuel for Prolonged, Low Intensity Exercise |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Protein: A Minor Fuel Source during Exercise |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
11.4 The Body's Response to Physical Activity |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Specialized Functions of Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Adaptation of Muscles and Body Physiology to Exercise |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
11.5 Power Food: Dietary Advice for Athletes |
|
|
386 | (7) |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
387 | (3) |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Take Action: Meeting the Protein Needs of an Athlete: A Case Study |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Vitamin and Mineral Needs |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
11.6 Fluid Needs for Active Individuals |
|
|
393 | (3) |
|
Fluid Intake and Replacement Strategies |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
11.7 Food and Fluid Intake before, during, and after Exercise |
|
|
396 | (3) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Global Perspective: Gene Doping and the Wide World of Sports |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
11.8 Ergogenic Aids to Enhance Athletic Performance |
|
|
399 | (3) |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
405 | (2) |
Part 4 Vitamins and Minerals |
|
407 | (174) |
|
12 The Fat-Soluble Vitamins |
|
|
407 | (36) |
|
12.1 Vitamins: Essential Dietary Components |
|
|
408 | (2) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Malabsorption of Vitamins |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Storage of Vitamins in the Body |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
410 | (10) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Vitamin A |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Functions of Vitamin A (Retinoids) |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Vitamin A Deficiency Diseases |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (2) |
|
Global Perspective: Vitamin A Deficiency |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
420 | (6) |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Vitamin D3 Formation in the Skin |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Vitamin D |
|
|
421 | (2) |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Vitamin D Deficiency Diseases |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
426 | (3) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Vitamin E |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
429 | (5) |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Vitamin K |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Take Action: Does Your Fat-Soluble Vitamin Intake Add Up? |
|
|
432 | (2) |
|
12.6 Dietary Supplements: Healthful or Harmful? |
|
|
434 | (3) |
|
Take Action: A Closer Look at Supplements |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
437 | (2) |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
440 | (3) |
|
13 The Water-Soluble Vitamins |
|
|
443 | (48) |
|
13.1 Water-Soluble Vitamin Overview |
|
|
444 | (3) |
|
Coenzymes: A Common Role of B-Vitamins |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Enrichment and Fortification of Grains |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
447 | (4) |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Thiamin Needs and Upper Level |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Thiamin |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
451 | (2) |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
Riboflavin Needs and Upper Level |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Riboflavin |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
453 | (5) |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Niacin Needs and Upper Level |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Niacin |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Pharmacological Use of Niacin |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
458 | (2) |
|
Pantothenic Acid in Foods |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Pantothenic Acid Needs and Upper Level |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Pantothenic Acid |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Functions of Pantothenic Acid |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Pantothenic Acid Deficiency |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (2) |
|
Sources of Biotin: Food and Microbial Synthesis |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Biotin Needs and Upper Level |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Biotin |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
462 | (3) |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Vitamin B-6 Needs and Upper Level |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Vitamin B-6 |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Pharmacological Use of Vitamin B-6 |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
465 | (6) |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Dietary Folate Equivalents |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Folate |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Culinary Perspective: Beans, Lentils, and Dried Peas |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
Clinical Perspective: Folate and the Cancer Drug Methotrexate |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
468 | (2) |
|
Clinical Perspective: Neural Tube Defects |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
471 | (4) |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Vitamin B-12 Needs and Upper Level |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Vitamin B-12 |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Functions of Vitamin B-12 |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
|
475 | (3) |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Choline Needs and Upper Level |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Choline |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Take Action: B-Vitamin Supplements |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
478 | (7) |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Upper Level for Vitamin C |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Vitamin C |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
479 | (2) |
|
|
481 | (2) |
|
Vitamin C Intake above the RDA |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Take Action: Spotting Fraudulent Claims for Vitamins and Vitamin-like Substances |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
488 | (3) |
|
14 Water And Major Minerals |
|
|
491 | (54) |
|
|
492 | (12) |
|
Water in the Body: Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids |
|
|
492 | (3) |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
Water in Beverages and Foods |
|
|
496 | (2) |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Water Balance |
|
|
499 | (4) |
|
Global Perspective: Water for Everyone |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
14.2 Overview of Minerals |
|
|
504 | (3) |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Absorption and Bioavailability of Minerals |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
Transport and Storage of Minerals |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
507 | (5) |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Culinary Perspective: Sea and Specialty Salts |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Sodium |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Excess Sodium Intake and Upper Level |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
512 | (2) |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Potassium |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
Excess Potassium and Upper Level |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
514 | (5) |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Chloride |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
Clinical Perspective: Hypertension and Nutrition |
|
|
516 | (3) |
|
|
519 | (13) |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
Calcium Absorption, Transport, Storage, Regulation, and Excretion |
|
|
522 | (2) |
|
|
524 | (3) |
|
Take Action: Estimate Your Calcium Intake |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
Clinical Perspective: Osteoporosis |
|
|
528 | (3) |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
Potential Health Benefits of Calcium |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Phosphorus |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
Toxicity and Upper Level for Phosphorus |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
533 | (3) |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Magnesium |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
Upper Level for Magnesium |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
|
538 | (2) |
|
|
540 | (2) |
|
|
542 | (3) |
|
|
545 | (36) |
|
|
546 | (7) |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Iron |
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
|
549 | (2) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
Iron Overload and Toxicity |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
553 | (3) |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Zinc |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Take Action: Iron and Zinc Intake in a Sample Vegan Diet |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Copper |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
|
558 | (2) |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
Dietary Needs for Manganese |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Manganese |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Manganese Deficiency and Toxicity |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
|
560 | (4) |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Iodine |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
|
564 | (3) |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
Dietary Needs for Selenium |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Selenium |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
Dietary Needs for Chromium |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Chromium |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
Chromium Deficiency and Toxicity |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
|
568 | (3) |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Dietary Needs for Fluoride |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion of Fluoride |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Fluoride Deficiency and Toxicity |
|
|
569 | (2) |
|
Take Action: Is Your Local Water Supply Fluoridated? |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
15.9 Molybdenum (Mo) and Ultratrace Minerals |
|
|
571 | (5) |
|
Global Perspective: The e-Library of Evidence for Nutrition Actions |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
Clinical Perspective: Nutrients, Diet, and Cancer |
|
|
573 | (3) |
|
|
576 | (2) |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
579 | (2) |
Part 5 Nutrition Applications in the Life Cycle |
|
581 | |
|
16 Nutritional Aspects Of Pregnancy And Breastfeeding |
|
|
581 | (40) |
|
|
582 | (6) |
|
Prenatal Developmental Stages: Conception, Zygotic, Embryonic, and Fetal |
|
|
583 | (4) |
|
Nourishing the Zygote, Embryo, and Fetus |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
16.2 Nutrient Needs of Pregnant Women |
|
|
588 | (5) |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
Nutrients Needed for Building New Cells |
|
|
589 | (2) |
|
Nutrients Needed for Bone and Tooth Development |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
Expert Perspective from the Field: Grains and Folic Acid Fortification |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
Pregnant Women Do Not Have an Instinctive Drive to Consume More Nutrients |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
16.3 Diet and Exercise Plan for Pregnancy |
|
|
593 | (4) |
|
Prenatal Vitamin and Mineral Supplements |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
Physical Activity during Pregnancy |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
Global Perspective: Pregnancy and Malnutrition |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
16.4 Maternal Weight and Pregnancy Outcome |
|
|
597 | (2) |
|
Maternal Prepregnancy Weight |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
597 | (2) |
|
Pattern of Maternal Weight Gain |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
16.5 Nutrition-Related Factors Affecting Pregnancy Outcome |
|
|
599 | (9) |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
Maternal Sociocultural Factors |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
603 | (2) |
|
Take Action: Healthy Diets for Pregnant Women |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
Clinical Perspective: Nutrition-Related Physiological Changes of Concern during Pregnancy |
|
|
606 | (2) |
|
|
608 | (2) |
|
|
608 | (2) |
|
16.7 Nutrient Needs of Breastfeeding Women |
|
|
610 | (2) |
|
Maternal Nutritional Status |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
Food Choices during Lactation |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
16.8 Factors Affecting Lactation |
|
|
612 | (4) |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
Maternal and Infant Health |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
Maternal Lifestyle Choices |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
Take Action: Investigating Breastfeeding |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
616 | (2) |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
619 | (2) |
|
17 Nutrition During The Growing Years |
|
|
621 | (40) |
|
|
622 | (2) |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
624 | (3) |
|
|
624 | (2) |
|
Using Growth Chart Information |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
627 | (5) |
|
Global Perspective: Autism |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
630 | (2) |
|
17.4 Feeding Babies: Human Milk and Formula |
|
|
632 | (6) |
|
Nutritional Qualities of Human Milk |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
Nutritional Qualities of Infant Formula |
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
Comparing Human Milk and Infant Formula |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
636 | (2) |
|
17.5 Feeding Babies: Adding Solid Foods |
|
|
638 | (6) |
|
Deciding When to Introduce Solid Foods |
|
|
638 | (2) |
|
Rate for Introducing Solid Foods |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
Sequence for Introducing Solid Foods |
|
|
640 | (2) |
|
Weaning from the Breast or Bottle |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
Clinical Perspective: Potential Nutrition-Related Problems of Infancy |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
|
644 | (8) |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
When, What, and How Much to Serve |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
Take Action: Getting Young Bill to Eat |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
Clinical Perspective: Potential Nutrition-Related Problems of Childhood |
|
|
650 | (2) |
|
17.7 Teenage Eating Patterns |
|
|
652 | (4) |
|
Factors Affecting Teens' Food Choices |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
Helping Teens Eat More Nutritious Foods |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
Take Action: Evaluating a Teen Lunch |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Clinical Perspective: Potential Nutrition-Related Problems of Adolescence |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
656 | (2) |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
659 | (2) |
|
18 Nutrition During The Adult Years |
|
|
661 | |
|
18.1 Physical and Physiological Changes during Adulthood |
|
|
662 | (5) |
|
Usual and Successful Aging |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
Factors Affecting the Rate of Aging |
|
|
664 | (2) |
|
Take Action: Stop the Clock! Are You Aging Healthfully? |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
18.2 Nutrient Needs during Adulthood |
|
|
667 | (5) |
|
|
668 | (4) |
|
18.3 Factors Influencing Food Intake and Nutrient Needs |
|
|
672 | (10) |
|
Physical and Physiological Factors |
|
|
672 | (8) |
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
18.4 Nutrition Assistance Programs |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
18.5 Nutrition-Related Health Issues of the Adult Years |
|
|
683 | (8) |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
Slowed Restoration of Homeostasis |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
Take Action: Helping Older Adults Eat Better |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
Clinical Perspective: Complementary and Alternative Health Approaches |
|
|
687 | (4) |
|
|
691 | (2) |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
|
694 | |
Appendices |
|
|
A Human Physiology: A Tool for Understanding Nutrition |
|
|
A-1 | |
|
B Chemistry: A Tool for Understanding Nutrition |
|
|
A-25 | |
|
C Detailed Depictions of Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, Classes of Eicosanoids, and Homocysteine Metabolism |
|
|
A-48 | |
|
D Dietary Advice for Canadians |
|
|
A-54 | |
|
E The Food Lists for Diabetes: A Helpful Menu Planning Tool |
|
|
A-66 | |
|
F Fatty Acids, Including Omega-3 Fatty Acids, in Foods |
|
|
A-80 | |
|
G Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Height-Weight Table and Determination of Frame Size |
|
|
A-82 | |
|
H English-Metric Conversions and Nutrition Calculations |
|
|
A-85 | |
|
I Caffeine Content of Beverages, Foods, and Over-the-Counter Drugs |
|
|
A-90 | |
|
J Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) |
|
|
A-92 | |
|
|
A-104 | |
|
L Sources of Nutrition Information |
|
|
A-113 | |
|
M Dietary Intake and Energy Expenditure Assessment |
|
|
A-116 | |
|
|
A-125 | |
Glossary Terms |
|
G-1 | |
Index |
|
I-1 | |