List of Contributors |
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xi | |
Preface |
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xvii | |
1 The Problem of Microbial Drug Resistance |
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1 | (16) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 History of the Origins, Development, and Use of Conventional Antibiotics |
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1 | (3) |
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1.3 Problems of Antibiotic Resistance |
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4 | (1) |
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1.4 Multiple Drug-Resistant (MDR), Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR), and Pan-Drug-Resistant (PDR) Organisms |
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5 | (1) |
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1.5 MDR Mechanisms of Major Pathogens |
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5 | (6) |
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1.6 Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (4) |
2 Conventional Antibiotics - Revitalized by New Agents |
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17 | (14) |
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17 | (1) |
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2.2 Conventional Antibiotics |
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18 | (2) |
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2.3 The Principles of Combination Antibiotic Therapy |
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20 | (1) |
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2.4 Antibiotic Resistance Breakers: Revitalize Conventional Antibiotics |
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21 | (4) |
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2.4.1 p-Lactamase Inhibitors |
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21 | (2) |
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2.4.2 Aminoglycoside-Modifying Enzyme Inhibitors |
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23 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Antibiotic Efflux Pumps Inhibitors |
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23 | (1) |
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2.4.4 Synergy Associated with Bacterial Membrane Permeators |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (5) |
3 Developing Novel Bacterial Targets: Carbonic Anhydrases as Antibacterial Drug Targets |
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31 | (16) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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3.4 Classes of CAs Present in Bacteria |
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33 | (2) |
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3.5 Pathogenic Bacterial CAs |
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35 | (1) |
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3.6 α-CAs in Pathogenic Bacteria |
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35 | (2) |
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3.7 β-CAs in Pathogenic Bacteria |
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37 | (2) |
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3.8 γ-CAs from Pathogenic Bacteria |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (6) |
4 Magainins - A Model for Development of Eukaryotic Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) |
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47 | (24) |
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47 | (2) |
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4.2 Magainins and Their Antimicrobial Action |
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49 | (2) |
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4.3 Magainins as Antibiotics |
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51 | (4) |
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4.4 Other Antimicrobial Uses of Magainins |
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55 | (2) |
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4.5 Future Prospects for Magainins |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (13) |
5 Antimicrobial Peptides from Prokaryotes |
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71 | (20) |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (6) |
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5.2.1 Microcins - Peptide Bacteriocins from Gram-Negative Bacteria |
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73 | (3) |
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5.2.2 Lanthibiotics - Post-translationally Modified Peptides from Gram-Positive Bacteria |
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76 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Non-modified Peptides from Gram-Positive Bacteria |
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77 | (2) |
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5.3 Applications of Prokaryotic AMPs |
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79 | (3) |
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5.3.1 Food Biopreservation |
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79 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Bacteriocinogenic Probiotics |
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80 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Clinical Application |
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81 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Applications in Dental Care |
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82 | (1) |
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5.4 Development and Discovery of Novel AMP |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (7) |
6 Peptidomimetics as Antimicrobial Agents |
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91 | (18) |
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91 | (2) |
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6.2 Antimicrobial Peptidomimetics |
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93 | (9) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (1) |
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6.2.4 β-Peptoid— Peptide Hybrid Oligomers |
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97 | (1) |
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6.2.5 Oligourea and γ4-Peptide-Based Oligomers |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (15) |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (6) |
7 Synthetic Biology and Therapies for Infectious Diseases |
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109 | (72) |
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7.1 Current Challenges in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases |
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109 | (3) |
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7.2 Introduction to Synthetic Biology |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (9) |
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7.3.1 Genetic Engineering and Vaccine Development |
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114 | (5) |
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7.3.2 Rational Antigen Design Through Reverse Vaccinology |
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119 | (3) |
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7.4 Bacteriophages: A Re-emerging Solution? |
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122 | (11) |
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7.4.1 A Brief History of Bacteriophages |
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122 | (2) |
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7.4.2 Addressing the Problem of the Restricted Host Range of Phages |
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124 | (5) |
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7.4.3 Phage Genome Engineering for Enhanced Therapeutics |
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129 | (3) |
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7.4.4 Phages as Delivery Agents for Antibacterial Cargos |
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132 | (1) |
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7.5 Isolated Phage Parts as Antimicrobials |
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133 | (3) |
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7.5.1 Engineered Phage Lysins |
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133 | (2) |
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7.5.2 Pyocins: Deadly Phage Tails |
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135 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Untapped Reservoirs of Antibacterial Activity |
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136 | (1) |
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7.6 Predatory Bacteria and Probiotic Bacterial Therapy |
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136 | (3) |
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7.7 Natural Products Discovery and Engineering |
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139 | (18) |
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7.7.1 In Silico and In Vitro Genome Mining for Natural Products |
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140 | (4) |
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7.7.2 Strain Engineering for Natural Products |
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144 | (8) |
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7.7.2.1 Production of the Antimalarial Artemisinin |
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145 | (2) |
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7.7.2.2 Daptomycin (Cubicin) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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7.7.2.5 Production of the Antiparasitic Avermectin and Its Analogs Doramectin and Ivermectin |
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149 | (1) |
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7.7.2.6 Production of Doxorubicin/Daunorubicin |
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149 | (1) |
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7.7.2.7 Development of Hosts for the Expression of Nonribosomal Peptides and Polyketides |
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150 | (2) |
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7.7.3 Generation of Novel Molecules by Rational Reprogramming |
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152 | (2) |
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7.7.4 Engineering NRPS and PKS Domains |
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154 | (1) |
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7.7.5 Activation of Cryptic Genes/Clusters |
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155 | (2) |
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7.7.6 Mutasynthesis as a Source of Novel Analogs |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (23) |
8 Nano-Antimicrobials Based on Metals |
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181 | (38) |
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181 | (1) |
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8.2 Silver Nano-antimicrobials |
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182 | (8) |
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8.2.1 Synthesis of Silver Nanostructures |
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182 | (3) |
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8.2.1.1 Physical Approaches |
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183 | (1) |
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8.2.1.2 Laser Ablation in Liquids |
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183 | (1) |
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8.2.1.3 Chemical Approaches |
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183 | (1) |
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8.2.1.4 Biological and Biotechnological Approaches |
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184 | (1) |
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8.2.1.5 Electrochemical Approaches |
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184 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Characterization of Silver Nanostructures |
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185 | (2) |
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8.2.3 Applications of Silver Nanostructures |
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187 | (3) |
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8.2.3.1 Silver-Based Nano-antimicrobials |
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187 | (3) |
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8.3 Copper Nano-antimicrobials |
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190 | (7) |
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8.3.1 Preparation and Applications of Antimicrobial Cu Nanostructures |
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190 | (7) |
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190 | (2) |
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8.3.1.2 Wet-Chemical Methods |
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192 | (3) |
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8.3.1.3 Electrochemical Syntheses |
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195 | (1) |
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8.3.1.4 Laser Ablation in Liquids |
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196 | (1) |
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8.3.1.5 Biological Syntheses |
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197 | (1) |
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8.4 Zinc Oxide Nano-antimicrobials |
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197 | (4) |
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8.4.1 Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures |
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197 | (23) |
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8.4.1.1 Physical Approaches |
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198 | (1) |
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8.4.1.2 Chemical Approaches |
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198 | (2) |
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8.4.1.3 Electrochemical Approaches |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (18) |
9 Natural Products as Antimicrobial Agents - an Update |
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219 | (76) |
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219 | (1) |
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9.2 Antimicrobial Natural Products from Plants |
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220 | (6) |
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9.2.1 Antimicrobial Alkaloids from Plants |
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220 | (3) |
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9.2.2 Antimicrobial Alkaloids from Microbial Sources |
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223 | (2) |
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9.2.3 Antimicrobial Alkaloids from Marine Sources |
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225 | (1) |
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9.3 Antimicrobial Natural Products Bearing an Acetylene Function |
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226 | (2) |
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9.4 Antimicrobial Carbohydrates |
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228 | (1) |
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9.5 Antimicrobial Natural Chromenes |
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228 | (1) |
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9.6 Antimicrobial Natural Coumarins |
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229 | (3) |
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9.6.1 Antimicrobial Coumarins from Plants |
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229 | (3) |
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9.6.1.1 Antimicrobial Coumarins from Bacteria |
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232 | (1) |
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9.7 Antimicrobial Flavonoids |
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232 | (5) |
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9.7.1 Antimicrobial Flavonoids from Plants |
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233 | (4) |
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9.8 Antimicrobial Iridoids |
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237 | (1) |
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9.8.1 Antimicrobial Iridoids from Plants |
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237 | (1) |
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9.9 Antimicrobial Lignans |
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238 | (2) |
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9.9.1 Antimicrobial Lignans from Plants |
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238 | (2) |
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9.10 Antimicrobial Phenolics Other Than Flavonoids and Lignans |
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240 | (7) |
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9.10.1 Antimicrobial Phenolics from Plants |
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240 | (4) |
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9.10.2 Antimicrobial Phenolics from Microbial Sources |
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244 | (2) |
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9.10.3 Antimicrobial Phenolics from Marine Source |
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246 | (1) |
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9.11 Antimicrobial Polypeptides |
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247 | (2) |
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9.12 Antimicrobial Polyketides |
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249 | (14) |
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9.12.1 Antimicrobial Polyketides as Macrolides |
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250 | (2) |
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9.12.2 Antimicrobial Polyketides as Quinones and Xanthones |
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252 | (9) |
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9.12.2.1 Antimicrobial Quinones and Xanthones from Plants |
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252 | (4) |
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9.12.2.2 Antimicrobial Quinones from Bacteria |
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256 | (1) |
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9.12.2.3 Antimicrobial Quinones and Xanthones from Fungi |
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257 | (4) |
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9.12.3 Antimicrobial Fatty Acids and Other polyketides |
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261 | (2) |
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9.13 Antimicrobial Steroids |
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263 | (4) |
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9.13.1 Antimicrobial Steroids from Plants |
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264 | (2) |
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9.13.2 Steroids from Fungi |
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266 | (1) |
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9.14 Antimicrobial Terpenoids |
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267 | (8) |
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9.14.1 Antimicrobial Terpenoids from Plants |
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267 | (6) |
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9.14.2 Antimicrobial Terpenoids from Microbial Sources |
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273 | (1) |
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9.14.3 Antimicrobial Terpenoids from Marine Sources |
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274 | (1) |
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9.15 Miscellaneous Antimicrobial Compounds |
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275 | (7) |
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9.15.1 Miscellaneous Antimicrobial Natural Products from Plants |
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275 | (3) |
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9.15.2 Miscellaneous Antimicrobials from Bacteria |
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278 | (2) |
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9.15.3 Miscellaneous Antimicrobials from Fungi |
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280 | (2) |
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9.16 Platensimycin Family as Antibacterial Natural Products |
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282 | (2) |
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284 | (11) |
10 Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |
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295 | (36) |
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295 | (1) |
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10.2 The Administration and Photoactivation of PS |
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296 | (5) |
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10.3 Applications of PACT Based on MB |
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301 | (2) |
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10.4 The Applications of PACT Based on ALA |
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303 | (5) |
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10.4.1 Food Decontamination Using PACT Based on ALA |
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303 | (2) |
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10.4.2 Dermatology Using PACT Based on ALA |
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305 | (3) |
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308 | (2) |
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310 | (21) |
11 The Antimicrobial Effects of Ultrasound |
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331 | (26) |
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331 | (1) |
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11.2 The Antimicrobial Activity of Ultrasound Alone |
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332 | (3) |
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11.3 The Antimicrobial Activity of Assisted Ultrasound |
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335 | (6) |
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11.3.1 Synergistic Effects |
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336 | (2) |
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338 | (3) |
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341 | (2) |
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343 | (14) |
12 Antimicrobial Therapy Based on Antisense Agents |
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357 | (30) |
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357 | (1) |
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12.2 Antisense Oligonucleotides |
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358 | (2) |
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12.3 First-Generation ASOs |
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360 | (1) |
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12.4 Second-Generation ASOs |
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361 | (1) |
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12.5 Third-Generation ASOs |
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362 | (2) |
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12.6 Antisense Antibacterials |
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364 | (1) |
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12.7 Broad-Spectrum Antisense Antibacterials |
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365 | (6) |
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12.8 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) |
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371 | (1) |
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12.9 RNA Interference (RNAi) |
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371 | (3) |
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12.10 Progress Using siRNA |
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374 | (2) |
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12.10.1 Mycobacterium Tuberculosis |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (10) |
13 New Delivery Systems - Liposomes for Pulmonary Delivery of Antibacterial Drugs |
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387 | (20) |
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387 | (2) |
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13.2 Pulmonary Drug Delivery |
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389 | (1) |
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13.3 Liposomes as Drug Carriers in Pulmonary Delivery |
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389 | (9) |
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13.3.1 Liposomes for Pulmonary Delivery of Antibacterial Drugs |
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390 | (8) |
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13.3.1.1 Delivery of Antibacterial Liposomes Using pMDIs |
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391 | (1) |
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13.3.1.2 Delivery of Antibacterial Liposomes Using DPIs |
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392 | (2) |
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13.3.1.3 Delivery of Antibacterial Liposomes Using Nebulizers |
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394 | (4) |
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13.4 Present and Future Trends of Liposome Research in Pulmonary Drug Delivery |
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398 | (3) |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (6) |
Index |
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407 | |