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1 An Introduction to Microscopy |
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1 | (26) |
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1.1 Limitations of the Human Eye |
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1 | (4) |
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1.2 The Light-Optical Microscope |
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5 | (3) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.4 The Transmission Electron Microscope |
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9 | (6) |
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1.5 The Scanning Electron Microscope |
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15 | (1) |
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1.6 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope |
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16 | (3) |
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1.7 Analytical Electron Microscopy |
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19 | (1) |
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1.8 Low-Energy and Photoelectron Microscopes |
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19 | (1) |
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1.9 Field-Emission and Atom-Probe Microscopy |
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20 | (2) |
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1.10 Scanning-Probe Microscopes |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (28) |
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2.1 Properties of an Ideal Image |
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27 | (2) |
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2.2 Imaging in Light Optics |
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29 | (3) |
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2.3 Imaging with Electrons |
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32 | (6) |
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2.4 Focusing Properties of a Thin Magnetic Lens |
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38 | (3) |
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2.5 Comparison of Magnetic and Electrostatic Lenses |
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41 | (1) |
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2.6 Defects of Electron Lenses |
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42 | (9) |
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2.7 Aberration Correctors and Monochromators |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (2) |
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3 The Transmission Electron Microscope |
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55 | (34) |
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56 | (7) |
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3.1.1 Thermionic Emission |
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56 | (3) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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3.1.4 Comparison of Electron Sources; Source Brightness |
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61 | (2) |
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3.2 Electron Acceleration |
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63 | (4) |
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3.3 Condenser-Lens System |
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67 | (4) |
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69 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Condenser Stigmator |
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70 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Illumination Shift and Tilt Controls |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (3) |
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74 | (9) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (3) |
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3.5.3 Objective Stigmator |
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78 | (1) |
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3.5.4 Selected-Area Aperture |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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3.5.7 TEM Screen and Camera System |
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80 | (1) |
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3.5.8 Depth of Focus and Depth of Field |
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81 | (2) |
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3.6 Scanning Transmission Systems |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (4) |
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88 | (1) |
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4 TEM Specimens and Images |
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89 | (32) |
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4.1 Kinematics of Scattering by an Atomic Nucleus |
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90 | (2) |
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4.2 Electron-Electron Scattering |
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92 | (1) |
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4.3 The Dynamics of Scattering |
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93 | (3) |
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4.4 Scattering Contrast from Amorphous Specimens |
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96 | (5) |
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4.5 Diffraction Contrast from Polycrystalline Specimens |
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101 | (2) |
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103 | (1) |
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4.7 Electron-Diffraction Patterns |
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103 | (4) |
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4.8 Diffraction Contrast from a Single Crystal |
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107 | (3) |
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4.9 Phase Contrast in the TEM |
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110 | (4) |
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114 | (1) |
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4.11 TEM Specimen Preparation |
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115 | (4) |
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119 | (2) |
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5 The Scanning Electron Microscope |
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121 | (28) |
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5.1 Operating Principle of the SEM |
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121 | (3) |
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5.2 Penetration of Electrons into a Solid |
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124 | (2) |
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5.3 Secondary-Electron Images |
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126 | (5) |
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5.4 Backscattered-Electron Images |
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131 | (3) |
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5.5 Other SEM Imaging Modes |
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134 | (4) |
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5.6 SEM Operating Conditions |
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138 | (4) |
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5.7 SEM Specimen Preparation |
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142 | (1) |
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5.8 The Environmental SEM |
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143 | (2) |
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5.9 Electron-Beam Lithography |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (2) |
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6 Analytical Electron Microscopy |
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149 | (22) |
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6.1 The Bohr Model of the Atom |
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149 | (3) |
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152 | (3) |
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6.3 X-Ray Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy |
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155 | (4) |
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6.4 Quantitative Analysis in the TEM |
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159 | (1) |
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6.5 Quantitative Analysis in the SEM |
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160 | (1) |
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6.6 X-Ray Wavelength-Dispersive Spectroscopy |
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161 | (2) |
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6.7 Comparison of XEDS and XWDS Analysis |
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163 | (1) |
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6.8 Auger-Electron Spectroscopy |
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164 | (1) |
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6.9 Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy |
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165 | (4) |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (14) |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (3) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (4) |
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7.5 Time-Resolved Microscopy |
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181 | (3) |
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184 | (1) |
Appendix: Mathematical Derivations |
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185 | (6) |
Index |
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191 | |