Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

Scholarship in the Digital Age: Information, Infrastructure, and the Internet [Kõva köide]

(University of California, Los Angeles)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 360 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 229x152x22 mm, kaal: 612 g, 4 b&w illus.; 8 Illustrations
  • Sari: The MIT Press
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Oct-2007
  • Kirjastus: MIT Press
  • ISBN-10: 0262026198
  • ISBN-13: 9780262026192
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Hardback, 360 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 229x152x22 mm, kaal: 612 g, 4 b&w illus.; 8 Illustrations
  • Sari: The MIT Press
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Oct-2007
  • Kirjastus: MIT Press
  • ISBN-10: 0262026198
  • ISBN-13: 9780262026192
Teised raamatud teemal:

Scholars in all fields now have access to an unprecedented wealth of online information, tools, and services. The Internet lies at the core of an information infrastructure for distributed, data-intensive, and collaborative research. Although much attention has been paid to the new technologies making this possible, from digitized books to sensor networks, it is the underlying social and policy changes that will have the most lasting effect on the scholarly enterprise. In Scholarship in the Digital Age, Christine Borgman explores the technical, social, legal, and economic aspects of the kind of infrastructure that we should be building for scholarly research in the twenty-first century. Borgman describes the roles that information technology plays at every stage in the life cycle of a research project and contrasts these new capabilities with the relatively stable system of scholarly communication, which remains based on publishing in journals, books, and conference proceedings. No framework for the impending "data deluge" exists comparable to that for publishing. Analyzing scholarly practices in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities, Borgman compares each discipline's approach to infrastructure issues. In the process, she challenges the many stakeholders in the scholarly infrastructure--scholars, publishers, libraries, funding agencies, and others--to look beyond their own domains to address the interaction of technical, legal, economic, social, political, and disciplinary concerns. Scholarship in the Digital Age will provoke a stimulating conversation among all who depend on a rich and robust scholarly environment.

Christine L. Borgman is Professor and Presidential Chair in Information Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. She is the author of From Gutenberg to the Global Information Infrastructure: Access to Information in the Networked World (MIT Press, 2000).



An exploration of the technical, social, legal, and economic aspects of the scholarly infrastructure needed to support research activities in all fields in the twenty-first century.

Muu info

Winner of Awarded 2008 "Best Information Science Book" by the American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS& T) 2008.
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
1 Scholarship at a Crossroads 1
Content and Connectivity
1
An Opportune Moment
2
Scholarship in Social and Technical Contexts
3
The Data Deluge: Push and Pull
6
Problems of Scale
6
Influences on Scholarship and Learning
8
Networks of Data, Information, and People
10
2 Building the Scholarly Infrastructure 13
Technologies of Information Infrastructure
14
The Internet
14
The World Wide Web
15
The Grid
17
Digital Libraries
17
Information Infrastructure for Scholarship
19
Terminology
19
National and International Initiatives on Scholarly Infrastructure
21
UK Infrastructure Initiatives
21
U.S. Infrastructure Initiatives
22
International Initiatives
24
Exemplar Projects and Programs
25
Where Can the Greatest Benefits Be Realized?
27
Big Science, Little Science, Nonscience
28
What's New about e-Research?
30
Conclusions
31
3 Embedded Everywhere 33
Theory and Policy Frameworks
33
Basic, Applied, and Use-Inspired Research
33
Open Science
35
Mertonian Norms
36
Sociotechnical Systems
37
Taking an Information Perspective
39
Information
39
Information Systems
40
Data versus Information
41
Infrastructure of or for Information
42
Infrastructure of Information
42
Infrastructure for Information
42
Setting a Research Agenda
43
4 The Continuity of Scholarly Communication 47
The Many Forms of Scholarly Communication
48
Public and Private, Formal and Informal
48
The Role of Preprints
49
The Role of Conferences
52
Informal and Forma Purposes of Conferences
52
Conflicts between Informal and Formal Purposes
54
Uses of Technology in Scholarly Conferences
55
Scholarly Communication as a Sociotechnical System
55
Process versus Structure
56
Quality Control
58
Quality Control of Scholarly Content
58
Problems with Peer Review
60
Publication Indicators as Proxies for Quality
63
The Functions of Scholarly Communication
65
Legitimization
66
Dissemination
67
Access, Preservation, and Curation
67
Author Roles and Functions
69
Authors as Writers
69
Authors as Citers and Linkers
70
Authors as Submitters
71
Authors as Collaborators
72
Summary
73
5 The Discontinuity of Scholarly Publishing 75
New Technologies, New Tensions
76
The Pull of New Technologies
77
The Push of Institutional Restructuring
77
Stakeholder Roles in Print Publishing
79
Legitimization in Print
80
Dissemination in Print
81
Access, Preservation, and Curation of Print
81
Stakeholder Roles in Internet Access to Scholarly Documents
82
Legitimization in Digital Form
84
Whom Do You Trust?
84
Registration and Certification
85
Legitimacy via Selection
86
Dissemination in Digital Form
87
Access, Preservation, and Curation in Digital Form
88
A Bit of Digital History
88
Searching, Discovering, and Retrieving
90
Following the Scholarly Trail
92
What Will Be Saved, and by Whom?
95
Convergence and Collision
97
What Constitutes a "Publication"?
98
Open Repositories, Open Archives, Open Access
100
Definitions of Open Access
100
Motivations for Open Access
101
Technology and Services for Open Access
104
Intellectual Property
105
Copyright and Rights Management
105
Copyright and the Public Domain
106
Fair Use and Orphan Works
107
Commons-Based Approaches
109
Economics and Business Models
110
Economics of Scholarly Publishing
110
Business Models for Scholarly Publishing
111
6 Data: Input and Output of Scholarship 115
The Value Chain of Scholarship
116
Value of Data
118
Definitions of Data
119
Levels of Data
121
Sources of Data
122
Policies to Encourage Data Sharing
123
Generation of New Forms of Data
125
Data Collections
126
Growth of Data
127
Interpreting Data
128
The Role of Data in Scholarly Communication
129
Legitimization of Data
130
Trust in Data
131
Registration of Data
132
Certification of Data
133
Dissemination of Data
135
Access, Preservation, and Curation of Data
136
Some History
137
Searching and Finding
138
Permanent Access
139
Weak Links in the Value Chain
140
Reuse of Data
141
Technology and Services
142
Intellectual Property and Economics
142
Profit versus Value
143
Public Domain for Data
145
Open Access, Open Data
146
7 Building an Infrastructure for Information 149
Scholarly Disciplines
150
Disciplinarity and Interdisciplinarity
151
Disciplines, Communities, and Cultures
151
Boundaries, Barriers, and Bridges
152
Professional Identity
153
Scholarly Practices
154
Seeking and Using Information
155
Information-Seeking Behavior
155
Temporal Factors
157
Scholarly Artifacts
160
Forms and Genres
160
Reading between the Lines
161
Constructing Knowledge
164
Representing Knowledge
164
Tacit Knowledge
165
Making Knowledge Mobile
167
Collaboration and Social Networks
168
Characteristics of Collaboration
169
Distributed Collaboration
171
Information in Collaboration
171
Sharing Information Artifacts
172
8 Disciplines, Documents, and Data 179
Sciences
180
Information Artifacts in the Sciences
181
Scientific Documents
181
Scientific Data
182
Description and Organization in the Sciences
184
Information Practices in the Sciences
186
Practices Associated with Scientific Documents
186
Practices Associated with Scientific Data
188
Incentives and Disincentives to Build the Content Layer for the Sciences
192
Incentives for Scientists to Share Information
193
Disincentives for Scientists to Share Information
196
Social Sciences
201
Information Artifacts in the Social Sciences
202
Social Scientific Documents
203
Social Scientific Data
204
Description and Organization in the Social Sciences
205
Information Practices in the Social Sciences
206
Practices Associated with Social Scientific Documents
206
Practices Associated with Social Scientific Data
207
Incentives and Disincentives to Build the Content Layer for the Social Sciences
209
Incentives for Social Scientists to Share Information
209
Disincentives for Social Scientists to Share Information
210
Humanities
212
Information Artifacts in the Humanities
214
Humanistic and Cultural Documents
214
Humanistic and Cultural Data
215
Description and Organization in the Humanities
217
Information Practices in the Humanities
219
Practices Associated with Humanistic and Cultural Documents
219
Practices Associated with Humanistic and Cultural Data
220
Incentives and Disincentives to Build the Content Layer for the Humanities
222
Incentives for Humanities Scholars to Share Information
222
Disincentives for Humanities Scholars to Share Information
222
Conclusions
225
9 The View from Here 227
Content and Context
228
The Sociotechnical Nature of Information
228
Malleable, Mutable, and Mobile
232
Building the Content Layer
233
Information Institutions
233
Organization and Business Models
236
Publishers
236
Universities
237
Funding Agencies
240
Information Commons
242
Some Solutions and Some Questions
243
Legacy Content: Past, Present, and Future
245
The New Becomes the Old
246
Investing in Digital Content
246
Digital Surrogates as Insurance
248
Capacity Building for the Content Layer
249
Rights to Preserve
250
Balancing the Local and the Global
252
Flexible Infrastructure Design
252
Personal Digital Libraries
252
Personalizing Discovery
254
Separating Content, Services, and Tools
254
Distributed, Heterogeneous Content
255
Rethinking Resource Description
256
Coherence and Control
257
Generic and Specialized Tools
257
Searching, Discovery, Retrieval, and Navigation
258
Maintaining Coherence
259
Trust in Content
260
Conclusions
261
References 267
Index 321