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Scholarship in the Digital Age: Information, Infrastructure, and the Internet [Pehme köide]

(University of California, Los Angeles)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 360 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 229x152x16 mm, kaal: 499 g, 4 b&w illus.; 8 Illustrations
  • Sari: The MIT Press
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Aug-2010
  • Kirjastus: MIT Press
  • ISBN-10: 0262514907
  • ISBN-13: 9780262514903
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 360 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 229x152x16 mm, kaal: 499 g, 4 b&w illus.; 8 Illustrations
  • Sari: The MIT Press
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Aug-2010
  • Kirjastus: MIT Press
  • ISBN-10: 0262514907
  • ISBN-13: 9780262514903
Teised raamatud teemal:
Awarded 2008 "Best Information Science Book" by the American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T).

Scholars in all fields now have access to an unprecedented wealth of online information, tools, and services. The Internet lies at the core of an information infrastructure for distributed, data-intensive, and collaborative research. Although much attention has been paid to the new technologies making this possible, from digitized books to sensor networks, it is the underlying social and policy changes that will have the most lasting effect on the scholarly enterprise. In Scholarship in the Digital Age, Christine Borgman explores the technical, social, legal, and economic aspects of the kind of infrastructure that we should be building for scholarly research in the twenty-first century.

Borgman describes the roles that information technology plays at every stage in the life cycle of a research project and contrasts these new capabilities with the relatively stable system of scholarly communication, which remains based on publishing in journals, books, and conference proceedings. No framework for the impending "data deluge" exists comparable to that for publishing. Analyzing scholarly practices in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities, Borgman compares each discipline's approach to infrastructure issues. In the process, she challenges the many stakeholders in the scholarly infrastructure—scholars, publishers, libraries, funding agencies, and others—to look beyond their own domains to address the interaction of technical, legal, economic, social, political, and disciplinary concerns. Scholarship in the Digital Age will provoke a stimulating conversation among all who depend on a rich and robust scholarly environment.

An exploration of the technical, social, legal, and economic aspects of the scholarly infrastructure needed to support research activities in all fields in the twenty-first century.

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Winner of Awarded 2008 "Best Information Science Book" by the American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS& T) 2008.
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
1 Scholarship at a Crossroads
1(12)
Content and Connectivity
1(1)
An Opportune Moment
2(1)
Scholarship in Social and Technical Contexts
3(3)
The Data Deluge: Push and Pull
6(7)
Problems of Scale
6(2)
Influences on Scholarship and Learning
8(2)
Networks of Data, Information, and People
10(3)
2 Building the Scholary Infrastructure
13(20)
Technologies of Information Infrastructure
14(5)
The Internet
14(1)
The World Wide Web
15(2)
The Grid
17(1)
Digital Libraries
17(2)
Information Infrastucture for Sholarship
19(8)
Terminology
19(2)
National and International Initiatives on Scholarly Infrastructure
21(1)
UK Infrastructure Initiatives
21(1)
U.S. Infrastructure Initiatives
22(2)
International Initiatives
24(1)
Exemplar Projects and Programs
25(2)
Where Can the Greatest Benefits Be Realized?
27(4)
Big Science, Little Science, Nonscience
28(2)
What's New about-e-Research?
30(1)
Conclusions
31(2)
3 Embedded Everywhere
33(14)
Theory and Policy Frameworks
33(6)
Basic, Applied, and Use-Inspired Research
33(2)
Open Science
35(1)
Mertonian Norms
36(1)
Sociotechnical Systems
37(2)
Taking an Information Perspective
39(8)
Information
39(1)
Information Systems
40(1)
Data versus Information
41(1)
Infrastructure of or for Information
42(1)
Infrastructure for Information
42(1)
Setting a Research Agenda
43(4)
4 The Continuity of Scholarly Communication
47(28)
The Many Forms of Scholarly Communication
48(1)
Public and Private, Formal and Informal
48(1)
The Role of Preprints
49(3)
The Role of Conferences
52(3)
Informal and Formal Purposes of Conferences
52(2)
Conflicts between Informal and Formal Purposes
54(1)
Uses of Technology in Scholarly Conferences
55(1)
Scholarly Communication as a Sociotechinical System
55(10)
Process versus Structure
56(2)
Quality Control
58(1)
Quality Control of Scholarly Content
58(2)
Problems with Peer Review
60(3)
Publication Indicators as Proxies for Quality
63(2)
The Functions of Scholarly Communication
65(4)
Legitimization
66(1)
Dissemination
67(1)
Access, Preservation, and Curation
67(2)
Author Roles and Functions
69(4)
Authors as Writers
69(1)
Authors as Citers and Linkers
70(1)
Authors as Submitters
71(1)
Authors as Collaborators
72(1)
Summary
73(2)
5 The Discontinuity of Scholarly Publishing
75(40)
New Technologies, New Tensions
76(1)
The Pull of New Technologies
77(1)
The Push of Institutional Resturcturing
77(2)
Stakeholder Roles in Print Publishing
79(3)
Legitimization in Print
80(1)
Dissemination in Print
81(1)
Access, Preservation, and Curation of Print
81(1)
Stakeholder Roles in Internet Access to Scholarly Documents
82(5)
Legitimization in Digital Form
84(1)
Whom Do You Trust?
84(1)
Registration and Certification
85(1)
Legitimacy via Selection
86(1)
Dissemination in Digital Form
87(1)
Access, Preservation, and Curation in Digital Form
88(9)
A Bit of Digital History
88(2)
Searching, Discovering, and Retrieving
90(2)
Following the Scholarly Trail
92(3)
What Will Be Saved, and by Whom?
95(2)
Convergence and Collision
97(13)
What Constitutes a "Publication"?
98(2)
Open Repositiories, Open Archives, Open Access
100(1)
Definitions of Open Access
100(1)
Motivations for Open Access
101(3)
Technology and Services for Open Access
104(1)
Intellectual Property
105(1)
Copyright and Rights Management
105(1)
Copyright and the Public Domain
106(1)
Fair Use and Orphan Works
107(2)
Commons-Based Approaches
109(1)
Economics and Business Models
110(5)
Economics of Scholarly Publishing
110(1)
Business Models for Scholarly Publishing
111(4)
6 Data: Input and Output of Scholarship
115(34)
The Value Chain of Scholarship
116(2)
Value of Data
118(1)
Definitions of Data
119(2)
Levels of Data
121(1)
Sources of Data
122(7)
Policies to Encourage Data Sharing
123(2)
Generation of New Forms of Data
125(1)
Data Collection
126(1)
Growth of Data
127(1)
Interpreting Data
128(1)
The Role of Data in Scholarly Communication
129(11)
Legitimization of Data
130(1)
Trust in Data
131(1)
Registration of Data
132(1)
Certification of Data
133(2)
Dissemination of Data
135(1)
Access, Preservation, and Curation of Data
136(1)
Some History
137(1)
Searching and Finding
138(1)
Permanent Access
139(1)
Weak Links in the Value Chain
140(9)
Reuse of Data
141(1)
Technology and Services
142(1)
Intellectual Property and Economics
142(1)
Profit versus Value
143(2)
Public Domain for Data
145(1)
Open Access, Open Data
146(3)
7 Building an Infrastructure for Information
149(31)
Scholarly Disciplines
150(4)
Disciplinarity and Interdisciplinarity
151(1)
Disciplines, Communities, and Cultures
151(1)
Boundaries, Barriers, and Bridges
152(1)
Professional Identity
153(1)
Scholarly Practices
154(26)
Seeking and Using Information
155(1)
Information -Seeking Behavior
155(2)
Temporal Factors
157(3)
Scholarly Artifacts
160(1)
Forms and Genres
160(1)
Reading between the Lines
161(3)
Constructing Knowledge
164(1)
Representing Knowledge
164(1)
Tacit Knowledge
165(2)
Making Knowledge Mobile
167(1)
Collaboration and Social Networks
168(1)
Characteristics of Collaboration
169(2)
Distributed Collaboration
171(1)
Information in Collaboration
171(1)
Sharing Information Artifacts
172(8)
8 Disciplines, Documents, and Data Sciences
180(47)
Information Artifacts in the Sciences
181(5)
Scientific Documents
181(1)
Scientific Data
182(2)
Description and Organization in the Sciences
184(2)
Information Practices in the Sciences
186(6)
Practices Associated with Scientific Documents
186(2)
Practices Associated with Scientific Data
188(4)
Incentives and Disincentives to Build the Content Layer for the Sciences
192(9)
Incentives for Scientists to Share Information
193(3)
Disincentives for Scientists to Share Information
196(5)
Social Sciences
201(11)
Information Artifacts in the Social Sciences
202(1)
Social Scientific Documents
203(1)
Social Scientific Data
204(1)
Description and Organization in the Social Sciences
205(1)
Information Practices in the Social Sciences
206(1)
Practices Associated with Social Scientific Documents
206(1)
Practices Associated with Social Scientific Data
207(2)
Incentives and Disincentives to Build the Content Layer for the Social Sciences
209(1)
Incerntives for Social Scientists to Share Information
209(1)
Disincentives for Social Scientists to Share Information
210(2)
Humanities
212(13)
Infromation Artifacts in the Humanities
214(1)
Humanistic and Cultural Documents
214(1)
Humanistic and Cultural Data
215(2)
Description and Organization in the Humanities
217(2)
Information Practices in the Humanities
219(1)
Practices Associated with Humanistic and Cultural Documents
219(1)
Practices Associated with Humanistic and Cultural Data
220(2)
Incentives and Disincentives to Build the Content Layer for the Humanities
222(1)
Incentives for Humanities Scholars to Share Information
222(1)
Disincentives for Humanities Scholars to Share Information
222(3)
Conclusions
225(2)
9 The View from Here
227(40)
Content and Context
228(5)
The Sociotechnical Nature of Information
228(4)
Malleable, Mutable, and Mobile
232(1)
Building the Content Layer
233(10)
Information Institutions
233(3)
Organization and Business Models
236(1)
Publishers
236(1)
Universities
237(3)
Funding Agencies
240(2)
Information Commons
242(1)
Some Solutions and Some Questions
243(9)
Legacy Content: Past, Present, and Future
245(1)
The New Becomes the Old
246(1)
Investing in Digital Content
246(2)
Digital Surrogates as Insurance
248(1)
Capacity Building for the Content Layer
249(1)
Rights to Preserve
250(2)
Balancing the Local and the Global
252(2)
Flexible Infrastructure Design
252(1)
Personal Digital Libraries
252(2)
Personalizing Discovery
254(1)
Separating Content, Services, and Tools
254(3)
Distributed, Heterogeneous Content
255(1)
Rethinking Resource Description
256(1)
Coherence and Control
257(4)
Generic and Specialized Tools
257(1)
Searching, Discovery, Retrieval, and Navigation
258(1)
Maintaining Coherence
259(1)
Trust in Content
260(1)
Conclusions
261(6)
References 267(54)
Index 321