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E-book: Developing Reading Comprehension: Effective Instruction for All Students in PreK-2

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"Our goal in this book is to describe the instruction that children need to help them transition from learning from their own experiences to learning from text and from developing listening comprehension to reading comprehension. We provide descriptions of research-validated practices that can be implemented in preschool to grade 2 classrooms so that children improve their comprehension and can articulate their understanding in both oral and written formats. Additionally, this book provides recommendations to help teachers support emergent bilinguals (children who know one language at home, but who are acquiring English at school, often called English learners), dialect speakers, and children from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds. We also focus on children who require something extra to overcome meaning-making hurdles"--

Early literacy instruction typically emphasizes foundational skills--often at the expense of engaging young children in reading and supporting their comprehension of different types of texts. This book explains the essential elements of comprehension and shares a wealth of classroom-tested instructional practices. It presents developmentally informed strategies for scaffolding comprehension skills, using content to promote engagement, and implementing high-level discussions and writing tasks. Ways to teach and assess English learners and other diverse students are highlighted throughout. The book features explicit links to the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) as well as helpful reproducible forms. Purchasers get access to a Web page where they can download and print the reproducible materials in a convenient 8 1/2" x 11" size.

Reviews

"Be prepared to experience a compelling journey! In this readable and engaging book, Stahl and García have achieved the ambitious objective of describing the instruction that children need to help them transition from learning from their own experiences to learning from text, and from listening comprehension to reading comprehension. This is a book that will find a welcome home on every classroom teacher's and teacher educator's bookshelf."--Patricia A. Edwards, PhD, Department of Teacher Education, Michigan State University; past president, International Reading Association

"Developing Reading Comprehension is a very valuable resource that will improve your reading instruction. Every classroom teacher, reading specialist, and literacy coach should read this book. The authors explain effective reading instruction in basic terms that will increase the literacy achievement of all students, including English learners and students who struggle with the reading process. Stahl and García's work is a gift to the education field."--Lea Danon, MA, reading specialist, Mount Vernon (New York) City School District

"I wanted to jump out of my chair and exclaim 'Finally!' as I read this book. I'd like to give a copy to every elementary teacher I know! For too long, conventional wisdom held that teachers of young children must first focus instruction on foundational skills before working to develop reading comprehension and vocabulary. This book provides unequivocal evidence that young children--including English learners and children who speak a different dialect--are absolutely capable of critical thinking and thoughtful exploration and discussion of text. The authors explore a range of highly relevant issues, from comprehension strategy instruction to talk in the classroom and comprehension assessment, all critical topics in the CCSS context. Stahl and García provide dozens of practical teaching tactics to engage young children in new worlds and ideas."--Ellin O. Keene, MA, education consultant and author, Denver, Colorado

"This book is on the top of my list of 'must reads.' It is clear, comprehensible, highly readable, and a go-to source for all issues related to reading comprehension. The authors have on-the-ground experience in classrooms which, they weave together brilliantly with research."--Susan B. Neuman, EdD, Teaching and Learning Department, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York University

"Stahl and García present practical, developmentally appropriate, research-validated strategies for PreK-2 classrooms. The book provides effective strategies and tools for successfully implementing critical components of a balanced literacy program, including read-alouds, shared reading, guided reading, and independent reading."--Lisa Krueger, EdD, Assistant Superintendent for Curriculum, Instruction, and Pupil Services, Orchard Park (New York) Central School District

"Stahl and García offer ways to bring young children into deeper meaning, stronger connections with, and wider understanding of stories and text. Teachers will benefit from this book in many ways. The anchoring message is that 'difficulties' in today's classrooms do not reside in the students, but in teachers' unexamined assumptions about them, alongside limited knowledge of strategies for those children in multiple-discourse communities. I can't put this book down--I will use it and use it and use it!"--Karen Hale Hankins, PhD, Department of Education Theory and Practice, University of Georgia, and veteran primary classroom teacher of 30 years "Developing Reading Comprehension is a very valuable resource that will improve your reading instruction. Every classroom teacher, reading specialist, and literacy coach should read this book. The authors explain effective reading instruction in basic terms that will increase the literacy achievement of all students, including English language learners and students who struggle with the reading process. Stahl and García's work is a gift to the education field."--Lea Danon, MA, reading specialist, Mount Vernon (New York) City School District

1 Unifying Theory, Research, and Practice
1(9)
Guiding Questions
1(1)
What's Development Got to Do with It?
2(2)
Using What We Know: Basing Practice on Existing Research
4(1)
Essential Elements
5(2)
Conclusion
7(1)
Self-Assessment
8(2)
2 Comprehension Considerations for Students from Diverse Linguistic and Cultural Backgrounds
10(18)
Guiding Questions
10(1)
Common Reading Comprehension Assumptions and Findings
11(1)
Issues Specific to English Learners
12(8)
Issues Specific to Dialect Speakers
20(3)
Other Issues Specific to Students in High-Poverty Schools and from Diverse Backgrounds
23(3)
Conclusion
26(2)
3 It's All About Scaffolding
28(28)
Guiding Questions
28(1)
Applying the Gradual Release of Responsibility
29(1)
The Role of Scaffolding in Instructional Organization
30(1)
The Teacher Read-Aloud
31(11)
Shared Reading
42(5)
Guided Reading
47(5)
Independent Reading
52(1)
Conclusion
53(3)
4 Using Content to Create Engagement
56(22)
Guiding Questions
56(1)
Making Sense of the World: Building Bridges from Experience to Texts
57(1)
Vocabulary, Text, and Knowledge
58(1)
Using Themes and Disciplinary Content to Support Meaning Making
58(1)
Using Themes and Disciplinary Content to Support Vocabulary Development
59(1)
The Value of Authentic Experiences in Classroom Settings
60(1)
How Do You Plan an Integrated Curriculum?
61(3)
Making Powerful Text Selections
64(2)
Helping Students Process Multiple Texts
66(2)
Expanding to Include Internet and Hypermedia
68(1)
Incorporating Instructional Videos in New Ways
69(2)
Formative Assessment and Themed Instruction
71(5)
Conclusion
76(2)
5 Comprehension Strategy Instruction and Self-Regulation
78(24)
Guiding Questions
78(1)
Overview of Research
79(3)
Implementing Comprehension Strategy Instruction
82(12)
Avoiding Strategy Traps
94(1)
Considerations for English Learners
94(2)
Assessment of Comprehension Strategies
96(2)
Conclusion
98(4)
6 Let's Talk About It: High-Level Discussions
102(17)
Guiding Questions
102(1)
Overview of Research
103(3)
Implementing High-Level Discussions
106(5)
Considerations for English Learners
111(2)
The Evaluation of High-Level Discussions
113(1)
Conclusion
114(5)
7 Written Responses to Texts and Writing Projects
119(26)
Guiding Questions
119(1)
Overview of Research
120(1)
Writing to Express and Extend Comprehension
121(14)
Considerations for English Learners
135(4)
Assessment
139(3)
Conclusion
142(3)
8 Assessing Reading Comprehension in the Early Grades
145(30)
Guiding Questions
145(1)
Overview of Research
145(4)
Common Formative Assessments and Classroom-Based Assessments
149(6)
Assessing the Comprehension of Emergent Readers
155(4)
Assessing the Comprehension of Novice Readers
159(7)
Standardized and Standards-Based Reading Comprehension Tests
166(2)
Assessment Considerations for English Learners and Students from Diverse Cultural and Linguistic Backgrounds
168(2)
Conclusion
170(5)
9 Beyond the Classroom: Intervening to Provide Additional Comprehension Support
175(30)
Guiding Questions
175(1)
Figuring Out How to Help: Using Assessment to Dig More Deeply
176(6)
Who, When, and Where?
182(4)
Interventions
186(13)
Conclusion
199(6)
References 205(14)
Index 219
Katherine A. Dougherty Stahl, EdD, is Clinical Associate Professor of Reading at New York University (NYU), where she serves as Director of the Literacy Program and teaches graduate courses. In addition to teaching in public elementary school classrooms for over 25 years, she has extensive experience working with struggling readers in clinical settings. Her research focuses on reading acquisition, struggling readers, and comprehension. Dr. Stahl is the author or editor of several books, and her articles have appeared in leading journals of research and practice. She is a recipient of the Jeanne S. Chall Visiting Researcher Award from Harvard University and the Teaching Excellence Award from the NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development.

Georgia Earnest García, PhD, is Professor Emerita in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She served on the National Literacy Panel for Language Minority Children and Youth and the RAND Reading Study Group on Skillful Reading and was Associate Editor for the American Educational Research Journal. Her work has been published in leading academic journals. Dr. García was previously a bilingual/ESL/English teacher at the elementary, middle school, high school, and community college levels. Although retired, she continues to work with teachers and schools and conduct research on the literacy development, instruction, and assessment of students from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds.