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E-book: The Hasmoneans and Their Neighbors: New Historical Reconstructions from the Dead Sea Scrolls and Classical Sources

(University of Northern Iowa, USA)
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Kenneth Atkinson adds to an already impressive body of work on the Hasmoneans, proposing that the history and theological beliefs of Jews during the period of the Hasmonean state cannot be understood without a close investigation of the histories of the Ptolemaic and Seleucid Empires, as well as the Roman Republic. Citing evidence from the Dead Sea Scrolls and classical sources, Atkinson offers a new reconstruction of this vital historical period, when the Hasmonean family changed the fates of their neighbors, the Roman Republic, the religion of Judaism, and created the foundation for the development of the nascent Christian faith.

Atkinson additionally provides reconstructions of events in classical history, including the most detailed examination of Pompey the Great's assassination in light of Jewish sources; by focusing on his death, this volume uncovers new information that explains the discrepancies in the classical accounts of this pivotal event that shaped Middle Eastern and Roman history, and which helped end the Republic. Collecting sources ranging from the beginning of the Hasmonean monarchy, through its religious strife and golden age, to its eventual downfall, Atkinson concludes that that Jewish sectarianism and messianism played far greater roles in the Hasmonean state than has previously be assumed.

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Atkinson interacts with a wide range of sources to show that Jewish sectarianism and messianism played greater roles in the Hasmonean state than indicated in the writings of Josephus.
Acknowledgments xi
Abbreviations xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction: The Sources and Their Limitations
1(19)
The Beginning of the Hasmonean State
3(5)
Sources for the History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus
8(3)
Sources for the History of the Hasmonean State: The Dead Sea Scrolls
11(5)
Sources for the History of the Hasmonean State: Classical Texts, Numismatics, and Other Literature
16(3)
Conclusion
19(1)
Chapter 2 The Early Hasmonean Period: New Evidence from the Dead Sea Scrolls
20(12)
The Origin of the Hasmonean Family's Revolt
21(5)
The Ptolemaic Rulers and the Hasmoneans
26(4)
Conclusion
30(2)
Chapter 3 Prophetic Messianism and Hasmonean State Expansion: Dangers from the Seleucid Empire
32(33)
Excursus 1 Demetrius II and the Decline of the Seleucid Empire
33(3)
The Mysterious Arrival of Antiochus VII Sidetes
36(3)
Hyrcanus and Antiochus VII Sidetes Invade the Parthian Empire
39(3)
How Did Hyrcanus Survive the Parthian Expedition of Sidetes?
42(3)
An Unknown Parthian War of Sidetes: Hyrcanus the Conqueror of Hyrcania
45(2)
Hyrcania and John Hyrcanus
47(5)
Turmoil to the North
52(4)
Hyrcanus as a Prophetic Messiah in the Dead Sea Scrolls
56(6)
Conclusion
62(3)
Chapter 4 The Creation of the Hasmonean Monarchy: Apocalyptic Expectations and the Dead Sea Scrolls
65(8)
Hasmonean Kings, High Priests, and the True Prophet
66(5)
The Deaths of Aristobulus and Antigonus
71(2)
Chapter 5 Religious Strife in the Hasmonean State: Foreign Threats, Ptolemaic Messianism, and the True Prophet
73(29)
Excursus 2 Numismatics and the Fratricidal Seleucid Wars in Antiquities 13.365-371
73(6)
Egypt's Political Situation and the Jews
79(3)
Excursus 3 A Tarnished Reputation?: Ptolemy VII Physcon, His Wives, and a Ptolemaic Messiah
82(5)
Excursus 4 Egyptian Messianism in the Third Sibylline Oracle
87(4)
The Invasion of Demetrius III in the Dead Sea Scrolls
91(3)
Excursus 5 Jewish Apocalyptic Expectations and the Invasion of Demetrius III
94(4)
The Invasion of Antiochus XII Dionysus
98(2)
Conclusion
100(2)
Chapter 6 Military Deterrence and the Hasmonean Golden Age: The End of Days in the Dead Sea Scrolls
102(11)
Alexandra in the Qumran Pesharim and Calendrical Texts
102(5)
The Importance of Alexandra in the Dead Sea Scrolls
107(5)
Conclusion
112(1)
Chapter 7 After the Loss of Sovereignty: New Light on Hasmonean and Roman History from the Dead Sea Scrolls and Classical Texts
113(30)
Excursus 6: Hyrcanus II as the "Wicked Priest" of the Qumran Texts and Why He Attacked the Righteous Teacher
114(9)
The Nabatean Threat to the Roman Occupation of the Former Hasmonean State
123(2)
The Hasmonean State as Pompey's Consolation Prize
125(1)
The Psalms of Solomon and Pompey
126(3)
The 63 B.C.E. Roman Conquest of Jerusalem in the Qumran Pesharim
129(8)
The 63 B.C.E. Roman Conquest of Jerusalem in Other Dead Sea Scrolls
137(5)
Conclusion
142(1)
Chapter 8 A Dream Shattered: The End of the Hasmonean State and the Demise of Its Neighbors
143(30)
Roman and Hasmonean Intervention in Egypt
144(7)
The Final Hasmonean Revolt against Roman Rule
151(1)
The Roman Civil War and the Hasmonean Family
152(3)
The End of the Roman Civil War Between Julius Caesar and Pompey
155(2)
The Jews and the Roman Civil War
157(2)
The Assassination of Pompey in Jewish and Classical Texts
159(12)
Conclusion
171(2)
Bibliography 173(24)
Index of References 197(11)
Index of Authors 208
Kenneth Atkinson is Professor of History at the University of Northern Iowa, USA.