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E-book: Statistical Techniques for Data Analysis

  • Format: 296 pages
  • Pub. Date: 14-Jan-2004
  • Publisher: Chapman & Hall/CRC
  • ISBN-13: 9781135439545
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  • Format: 296 pages
  • Pub. Date: 14-Jan-2004
  • Publisher: Chapman & Hall/CRC
  • ISBN-13: 9781135439545
Other books in subject:

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The first edition of this book appeared in 1990, and since then, computers have come on the scene for experimenters and data analysts. This second edition discusses basic statistical techniques and computer analysis and includes an introduction to the use of MINITAB statistical software. The presentation of each technique includes motivation and discussion of the statistical analysis, a hand-calculated example, the same example calculated using MINITAB, and discussion of MINITAB output. There is a new chapter on proportions, time to event data, and time series data in the metrology setting. While intended for self-study, the book can also be used as a text for a short course introducing statistical analysis or as a supplement for undergraduate and graduate majors in physical sciences and engineering. The late John Taylor was affiliated with the National Institute of Standards and Technology; Cihon is a biostatistician in the private sector. Annotation ©2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)



Since the first edition of this book appeared, computers have come to the aid of modern experimenters and data analysts, bringing with them data analysis techniques that were once beyond the calculational reach of even professional statisticians. Today, scientists in every field have access to the techniques and technology they need to analyze statistical data. All they need is practical guidance on how to use them.

Valuable to everyone who produces, uses, or evaluates scientific data, Statistical Techniques for Data Analysis, Second Edition provides straightforward discussion of basic statistical techniques and computer analysis. The purpose, structure, and general principles of the book remain the same as the first edition, but the treatment now includes updates in every chapter, additional topics, and most importantly, an introduction to use of the MINITAB Statistical Software. The presentation of each technique includes motivation and discussion of the statistical analysis, a hand-calculated example, the same example calculated using MINITAB, and discussion of the MINITAB output and conclusions.

Highlights of the Second Edition:

" Detailed discussion and use of MINITAB in examples complete with code and output
" A new chapter addressing proportions, time to event data, and time series data in the metrology setting
" Additional material on hypothesis testing
" Discussion of critical values
" A look at mistakes commonly made in data analysis
Preface v
CHAPTER
1. What Are Data?
1(9)
Definition of Data
1(1)
Kinds of Data
2(2)
Natural Data
2(1)
Experimental Data
3(8)
Counting Data and Enumeration
3(1)
Discrete Data
4(1)
Continuous Data
4(1)
Variability
4(1)
Populations and Samples
5(1)
Importance of Reliability
5(1)
Metrology
6(1)
Computer Assisted Statistical Analyses
7(1)
Exercises
8(1)
References
8(2)
CHAPTER
2. Obtaining Meaningful Data
10(9)
Data Production Must Be Planned
10(1)
The Experimental Method
11(2)
What Data Are Needed
12(1)
Amount of Data
13(1)
Quality Considerations
13(1)
Data Quality Indicators
13(2)
Data Quality Objectives
15(1)
Systematic Measurement
15(1)
Quality Assurance
15(1)
Importance of Peer Review
16(1)
Exercises
17(1)
References
17(2)
CHAPTER
3. General Principles
19(28)
Introduction
19(1)
Kinds of Statistics
20(1)
Decisions
21(1)
Error and Uncertainty
22(1)
Kinds of Data
22(1)
Accuracy, Precision, and Bias
22(3)
Statistical Control
25(2)
Data Descriptors
25(2)
Distributions
27(3)
Tests for Normality
30(6)
Basic Requirements for Statistical Analysis Validity
36(3)
MINITAB
39(5)
Introduction to MINITAB
39(3)
MINITAB Example
42(2)
Exercises
44(1)
References
45(2)
CHAPTER
4. Statistical Calculations
47(25)
Introduction
47(1)
The Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation
48(4)
Degrees of Freedom
52(1)
Using Duplicate Measurements to Estimate a Standard Deviation
52(2)
Using the Range to Estimate the Standard Deviation
54(1)
Pooled Statistical Estimates
55(1)
Simple Analysis of Variance
56(8)
Log Normal Statistics
64(1)
Minimum Reporting Statistics
65(1)
Computations
66(2)
One Last Thing to Remember
68(1)
Exercises
68(3)
References
71(1)
CHAPTER
5. Data Analysis Techniques
72(28)
Introduction
72(1)
One Sample Topics
73(14)
Means
73(5)
Confidence Intervals for One Sample
73(4)
Does a Mean Differ Significantly from a Measured or Specified Value
77(1)
MINITAB Example
78(2)
Standard Deviations
80(2)
Confidence Intervals for One Sample
80(1)
Does a Standard Deviation Differ Significantly from a Measured or Specified Value
81(1)
MINITAB Example
82(1)
Statistical Tolerance Intervals
82(3)
Combining Confidence Intervals and Tolerance Intervals
85(2)
Two Sample Topics
87(7)
Means
87(3)
Do Two Means Differ Significantly
87(3)
MINITAB Example
90(1)
Standard Deviations
91(2)
Do Two Standard Deviations Differ Significantly
91(2)
MINITAB Example
93(1)
Propagation of Error in a Derived or Calculated Value
94(2)
Exercises
96(3)
References
99(1)
CHAPTER
6. Managing Sets of Data
100(22)
Introduction
100(1)
Outliers
100(9)
The Rule of the Huge Error
101(1)
The Dixon Test
102(2)
The Grubbs Test
104(1)
Youden Test for Outlying Laboratories
105(2)
Cochran Test for Extreme Values of Variance
107(1)
MINITAB Example
108(1)
Combining Data Sets
109(3)
Statistics of Interlaboratory Collaborative Testing
112(2)
Validation of a Method of Test
112(1)
Proficiency Testing
113(1)
Testing to Determine Consensus Values of Materials
114(1)
Random Numbers
114(4)
MINITAB Example
115(3)
Exercises
118(2)
References
120(2)
CHAPTER
7. Presenting Data
122(25)
Tables
122(1)
Charts
123(3)
Pie Charts
123(1)
Bar Charts
123(3)
Graphs
126(5)
Linear Graphs
126(1)
Nonlinear Graphs
127(1)
Nomographs
128(1)
MINITAB Example
128(3)
Mathematical Expressions
131(13)
Theoretical Relationships
131(1)
Empirical Relationships
132(1)
Linear Empirical Relationships
132(1)
Nonlinear Empirical Relationships
133(1)
Other Empirical Relationships
133(1)
Fitting Data
133(7)
Method of Selected Points
133(1)
Method of Averages
134(3)
Method of Least Squares
137(3)
MINITAB Example
140(3)
Summary
143(1)
Exercises
144(1)
References
145(2)
CHAPTER
8. Proportions, Survival Data and Time Series Data
147(38)
Introduction
147(1)
Proportions
148(11)
Introduction
148(1)
One Sample Topics
148(5)
Two-Sided Confidence Intervals for One Sample
149(1)
MINITAB Example
150(1)
One-Sided Confidence Intervals for One Sample
150(1)
MINITAB Example
151(1)
Sample Sizes for Proportions-One Sample
152(1)
MINITAB Example
153(1)
Two Sample Topics
153(6)
Two-Sided Confidence Intervals for Two Samples
154(1)
MINITAB Example
154(1)
Chi-Square Tests of Association
155(1)
MINITAB Example
156(1)
One-Sided Confidence Intervals for Two Samples
157(1)
Sample Sizes for Proportions-Two Samples
157(1)
MINITAB Example
158(1)
Survival Data
159(15)
Introduction
159(1)
Censoring
159(1)
One Sample Topics
160(5)
Product Limit/Kaplan Meier Survival Estimate
161(1)
MINITAB Example
162(3)
Two Sample Topics
165(9)
Proportional Hazards
165(1)
Log Rank Test
165(4)
MINITAB Example
169(1)
Distribution Based Survival Analyses
170(1)
MINITAB Example
170(4)
Summary
174(1)
Time Series Data
174(8)
Introduction
174(1)
Data Presentation
175(6)
Time Series Plots
176(1)
MINITAB Example
176(1)
Smoothing
177(1)
MINITAB Example
178(2)
Moving Averages
180(1)
MINITAB Example
181(1)
Summary
181(1)
Exercises
182(2)
References
184(1)
CHAPTER
9. Selected Topics
185(46)
Basic Probability Concepts
185(2)
Measures of Location
187(2)
Mean, Median, and Midrange
187(1)
Trimmed Means
188(1)
Average Deviation
188(1)
Tests for Nonrandomness
189(5)
Runs
190(1)
Runs in a Data Set
190(1)
Runs in Residuals from a Fitted Line
191(1)
Trends/Slopes
191(1)
Mean Square of Successive Differences
192(2)
Comparing Several Averages
194(1)
Type I Errors, Type II Errors and Statistical Power
195(5)
The Sign of the Difference is Not Important
197(1)
The Sign of the Difference is Important
198(1)
Use of Relative Values
199(1)
The Ratio of Standard Deviation to Difference
199(1)
Critical Values and P Values
200(6)
MINITAB Example
201(5)
Correlation Coefficient
206(3)
MINITAB Example
209(1)
The Best Two Out of Three
209(1)
Comparing a Frequency Distribution with a Normal Distribution
210(1)
Confidence for a Fitted Line
211(4)
MINITAB Example
215(1)
Joint Confidence Region for the Constants of a Fitted Line
215(1)
Shortcut Procedures
216(1)
Nonparametric Tests
217(3)
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
217(4)
MINITAB Example
220(1)
Extreme Value Data
220(1)
Statistics of Control Charts
221(3)
Property Control Charts
221(2)
Precision Control Charts
223(1)
Systematic Trends in Control Charts
224(1)
Simulation and Macros
224(2)
MINITAB Example
225(1)
Exercises
226(3)
References
229(2)
CHAPTER
10. Conclusion
231(2)
Summary
231(2)
Appendix A. Statistical Tables 233(11)
Appendix B. Glossary 244(10)
Appendix C. Answers to Numerical Exercises 254(15)
Index 269
Taylor\, John K.; Cihon\, Cheryl