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E-book: T-SQL Fundamentals

4.45/5 (149 ratings by Goodreads)

Itzik Ben-Gan

Format: EPUB+DRM
Series: Developer Reference
Pub. Date: 03-Mar-2023
Publisher: Addison Wesley
Language: eng
ISBN-13: 9780138102081

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Format: EPUB+DRM
Series: Developer Reference
Pub. Date: 03-Mar-2023
Publisher: Addison Wesley
Language: eng
ISBN-13: 9780138102081

Other books in subject:

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Query and modify data effectively with the latest T-SQL features

Master Transact-SQL's fundamentals, and write correct, robust code for querying and modifying data with modern Microsoft data technologies, including SQL Server 2022, Azure SQL Database, and Azure SQL Managed Instance. Long-time Microsoft Data Platform MVP Itzik Ben-Gan explains key T-SQL concepts, helping you apply your knowledge with hands-on exercises. Ben-Gan first introduces T-SQL’s theory and underlying logic, illuminating it as both a language and a way of thinking. Next, he walks through core topics, including logical query processing, single table queries, joins, subqueries, table expressions, set operators, data analysis, data modifications, temporal tables, and transactions and concurrency. Building on this foundation, you'll enhance your coding capabilities, from programmatic constructs to the powerful new SQL Graph. Throughout, Ben-Gan presents reusable T-SQL sample code that works in cloud, on-premises, and hybrid environments.

Microsoft Data Platform MVP Itzik Ben-Gan helps you:

Understand why T-SQL works as it does, so you can write better code
Review relational theory elements and modern SQL Server architecture
Create tables and defi ne data integrity
Build single-table SELECT queries, multiple-table joins, and subqueries
Utilize derived tables, Common Table Expressions, views, inline table-valued functions, and APPLY
Make the most of UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT set operators
Perform data analysis with window functions, pivoting, grouping sets, and time series
Insert, update, delete, and merge data
Get started with system-versioned temporal tables
Understand and apply transactions and concurrency, including concurrent user connections, locks, blocking, isolation levels, and more
Use SQL Graph to model, create, modify, and query graph-based data
Explore SQL Server programmable objects and programming capabilities
Set up your environment, install sample databases, and fi nd even more help

For IT Professionals and Consultants

For T-SQL developers, DBAs, BI practitioners, data scientists, report writers, analysts, architects, and SQL Server power users
For anyone else who needs to write queries or develop T-SQL code for SQL Server, Azure SQL Database, or Azure SQL Managed Instance

Acknowledgments

xxi

About the Author

xxii

Introduction

xxiv

Chapter 1 Background to T-SQL querying and programming

(26)

Theoretical background

(12)

SQL

(1)

Set theory

(1)

Predicate logic

(1)

The relational model

(6)

Types of database workloads

(2)

SQL Server architecture

(7)

On-premises and cloud RDBMS flavors

(2)

SQL Server instances

(1)

Databases

(3)

Schemas and objects

(1)

Creating tables and defining data integrity

(6)

Creating tables

(1)

Defining data integrity

(4)

Conclusion

(1)

Chapter 2 Single-table queries

(90)

Elements of the SELECT statement

(23)

The FROM clause

(2)

The WHERE clause

(1)

The GROUP BY clause

(4)

The HAVING clause

(1)

The SELECT clause

(5)

The ORDER BY clause

(2)

The TOP and OFFSET-FETCH filters

(5)

A quick look at window functions

(1)

Predicates and operators

(3)

CASE expressions

(3)

NULLs

(6)

The GREATEST and LEAST functions

(1)

Ali-at-once operations

(1)

Working with character data

(19)

Data types

(2)

Collation

(2)

Operators and functions

(13)

The Like predicate

(2)

Working with date and time data

(20)

Date and time data types

(1)

Literals

(4)

Working with date and time separately

(2)

Filtering date ranges

(1)

Date and time functions

(13)

Querying metadata

103

(3)

Catalog views

104

(1)

Information schema views

105

(1)

System stored procedures and functions

105

(1)

Conclusion

106

(1)

Exercises

107

(4)

Exercise 1

107

(1)

Exercise 2

107

(1)

Exercise 3

108

(1)

Exercise 4

108

(1)

Exercise 5

109

(1)

Exercise 6

109

(1)

Exercise 7

109

(1)

Exercise 8

110

(1)

Exercise 9

110

(1)

Exercise 10

111

(1)

Solutions

111

(6)

Exercise 1

111

(1)

Exercise 2

112

(1)

Exercise 3

112

(1)

Exercise 4

112

(1)

Exercise 5

113

(1)

Exercise 6

114

(1)

Exercise 7

115

(1)

Exercise 8

115

(1)

Exercise 9

116

(1)

Exercise 10

116

(1)

Chapter 3 Joins

117

(32)

Cross joins

117

(4)

SQL-92 syntax

118

(1)

SQL-89 syntax

118

(1)

Self cross joins

119

(1)

Producing tables of numbers

120

(1)

Inner joins

121

(3)

SQL-92 syntax

121

(1)

SQL-89 syntax

122

(1)

Inner join safety

123

(1)

More join examples

124

(4)

Composite joins

124

(1)

Non-equi joins

125

(2)

Multi-join queries

127

(1)

Outer joins

128

(9)

Outer joins, described

128

(2)

Including missing values

130

(2)

Filtering attributes from the nonpreserved side of an outer join

132

(1)

Using outer joins in a multi-join query

133

(3)

Using the COUNT aggregate with outer joins

136

(1)

Conclusion

137

(1)

Exercises

137

(5)

Exercise 1-1

137

(1)

Exercise 1-2

138

(1)

Exercise 2

139

(1)

Exercise 3

140

(1)

Exercise 4

140

(1)

Exercise 5

141

(1)

Exercise 6

141

(1)

Exercise 7

141

(1)

Exercise 8

142

(1)

Exercise 9

142

(7)

Solutions

143

(1)

Exercise 1-1

143

(1)

Exercise 1-2

143

(1)

Exercise 2

144

(1)

Exercise 3

144

(1)

Exercise 4

145

(1)

Exercise 5

145

(1)

Exercise 6

145

(1)

Exercise 7

146

(1)

Exercise 8

146

(1)

Exercise 9

147

(2)

Chapter 4 Subqueries

149

(28)

Self-contained subqueries

149

(6)

Self-contained scalar subquery examples

149

(2)

Self-contained multivalued subquery examples

151

(4)

Correlated subqueries

155

(4)

The EXISTS predicate

158

(1)

Returning previous or next values

159

(1)

Using running aggregates

160

(1)

Dealing with misbehaving subqueries

161

(5)

NULL trouble

161

(2)

Substitution errors in subquery column names

163

(3)

Conclusion

166

(1)

Exercises

166

(4)

Exercise 1

166

(1)

Exercise 2

166

(1)

Exercise 3

167

(1)

Exercise 4

168

(1)

Exercise 5

168

(1)

Exercise 6

168

(1)

Exercise 7

169

(1)

Exercise 8

169

(1)

Exercise 9

170

(1)

Exercise 10

170

(1)

Solutions

170

(7)

Exercise 1

170

(1)

Exercise 2

170

(1)

Exercise 3

171

(1)

Exercise 4

171

(1)

Exercise 5

172

(1)

Exercise 6

172

(1)

Exercise 7

172

(1)

Exercise 8

173

(1)

Exercise 9

173

(1)

Exercise 10

174

(3)

Chapter 5 Table expressions

177

(34)

Derived tables

177

(6)

Assigning column aliases

179

(2)

Using arguments

181

(1)

Nesting

181

(1)

Multiple references

182

(1)

Common table expressions

183

(5)

Assigning column aliases in CTEs

184

(1)

Using arguments in CTEs

185

(1)

Defining multiple CTEs

185

(1)

Multiple references in CTEs

186

(1)

Recursive CTEs

186

(2)

Views

188

(2)

Views and the ORDER BY clause

190

(2)

View options

192

(4)

Inline table-valued functions

196

(1)

The APPLY operator

197

(3)

Conclusion

200

(1)

Exercises

201

(5)

Exercise 1

201

(1)

Exercise 2-1

201

(1)

Exercise 2-2

202

(1)

Exercise 3-1

202

(1)

Exercise 3-2

203

(1)

Exercise 4

203

(1)

Exercise 5-1

203

(1)

Exercise 5-2

204

(1)

Exercise 6-1

205

(1)

Exercise 6-2

205

(1)

Solutions

206

(5)

Exercise 1

206

(1)

Exercise 2-1

206

(1)

Exercise 2-2

206

(1)

Exercise 3-1

207

(1)

Exercise 3-2

207

(1)

Exercise 4

207

(1)

Exercise 5-1

208

(1)

Exercise 5-2

208

(1)

Exercise 6-1

209

(1)

Exercise 6-2

209

(2)

Chapter 6 Set operators

211

(20)

The Union operator

212

(2)

The Union All operator

213

(1)

The Union (Distinct) operator

213

(1)

The Intersect operator

214

(3)

The Intersect (Distinct) operator

215

(1)

The Intersect ALL operator

215

(2)

The Except operator

217

(3)

The Except (Distinct) operator

218

(1)

The Except All operator

219

(1)

Precedence

220

(1)

Circumventing unsupported logical phases

221

(2)

Conclusion

223

(1)

Exercises

223

(4)

Exercise 1

223

(1)

Exercise 2

223

(1)

Exercise 3

224

(1)

Exercise 4

225

(1)

Exercise 5

225

(1)

Exercise 6

226

(1)

Solutions

227

(4)

Exercise 1

227

(1)

Exercise 2

227

(1)

Exercise 3

228

(1)

Exercise 4

228

(1)

Exercise 5

229

(1)

Exercise 6

230

(1)

Chapter 7 T-SQL for data analysis

231

(62)

Window functions

231

(15)

Ranking window functions

234

(3)

Offset window functions

237

(5)

Aggregate window functions

242

(2)

The WINDOW clause

244

(2)

Pivoting data

246

(5)

Pivoting with a grouped query

248

(1)

Pivoting with the P/VOf operator

249

(2)

Unpivoting data

251

(5)

Unpivoting with the APPLY operator

253

(2)

Unpivoting with the UNPIVO Toperator

255

(1)

Grouping sets

256

(6)

The GROUPING SETS subclause

258

(1)

The CUBE subclause

258

(1)

The ROLLUP subclause

258

(2)

The GROUPING and GROUPINGJD functions

260

(2)

Time series

262

(18)

Sample data

263

(3)

The DATE_BUCKET function

266

(2)

Custom computation of start of containing bucket

268

(2)

Applying bucket logic to sample data

270

(5)

Gap filling

275

(5)

Conclusion

280

(1)

Exercises

280

(5)

Exercise 1

280

(1)

Exercise 2

281

(1)

Exercise 3

282

(1)

Exercise 4

282

(1)

Exercise 5

282

(1)

Exercise 6

283

(1)

Exercise 7

284

(1)

Exercise 8

285

(1)

Solutions

285

(8)

Exercise 1

285

(1)

Exercise 2

286

(1)

Exercise 3

286

(1)

Exercise 4

286

(1)

Exercise 5

287

(1)

Exercise 6

288

(1)

Exercise 7

289

(1)

Exercise 8

290

(3)

Chapter 8 Data modification

293

(50)

Inserting data

293

(14)

The INSERT VALUES statement

293

(2)

The INSERT SELECT statement

295

(1)

The INSERT EXEC statement

296

(1)

The SELECT INTO statement

297

(1)

The BULK INSERT statement

298

(1)

The identity property and the sequence object

298

(9)

Deleting data

307

(4)

The DELETE statement

308

(1)

The TRUNCATE statement

309

(1)

DELETE based on a Join

310

(1)

Updating data

311

(6)

The UPDATE statement

313

(1)

UPDATE based on a join

314

(2)

Assignment UPDATE

316

(1)

Merging data

317

(4)

Modifying data through table expressions

321

(3)

Modifications with TOP and OFFSET-FETCH

324

(2)

The OUTPUT clause

326

(7)

INSERT with OUTPUT

326

(2)

DELETE with OUTPUT

328

(1)

UPDATE with OUTPUT

329

(1)

MERGE with OUTPUT

330

(1)

Nested DML

331

(2)

Conclusion

333

(1)

Exercises

333

(4)

Exercise 1

333

(1)

Exercise 2

334

(1)

Exercise 3

334

(1)

Exercise 4

334

(2)

Exercise 5

336

(1)

Exercise 6

336

(1)

Solutions

337

(6)

Exercise 1

337

(1)

Exercise 2

338

(1)

Exercise 3

339

(1)

Exercise 4

340

(1)

Exercise 5

340

(1)

Exercise 6

341

(2)

Chapter 9 Temporal tables

343

(24)

Creating tables

344

(4)

Modifying data

348

(5)

Querying data

353

(7)

Conclusion

360

(1)

Exercises

360

(2)

Exercise 1

360

(1)

Exercise 2

360

(1)

Exercise 3

361

(1)

Exercise 4

362

(1)

Solutions

362

(5)

Exercise 1

362

(2)

Exercise 2

364

(1)

Exercise 3

365

(1)

Exercise 4

366

(1)

Chapter 10 Transactions and concurrency

367

(42)

Transactions

367

(3)

Locks and blocking

370

(10)

Locks

371

(2)

Troubleshooting blocking

373

(7)

Isolation levels

380

(14)

The READ UNCOMMITTED isolation level

381

(1)

The READ COMMITTED isolation level

382

(2)

The REPEATABLE READ isolation level

384

(2)

The SERIALIZABLE isolation level

386

(1)

Isolation levels based on row versioning

387

(7)

Summary of isolation levels

394

(1)

Deadlocks

394

(3)

Conclusion

397

(1)

Exercises

397

(12)

Exercise 1

397

(3)

Exercise 2

400

(7)

Exercise 3

407

(2)

Chapter 11 SQL Graph

409

(82)

Creating tables

410

(28)

Traditional modeling

411

(6)

Graph modeling

417

(21)

Querying data

438

(36)

Using the MATCH clause

438

(12)

Recursive queries

450

(4)

Using the SHORTESTPATH option

454

(17)

SQL Graph querying features that are still missing

471

(3)

Data modification considerations

474

(6)

Deleting and updating data

474

(3)

Merging data

477

(3)

Conclusion

480

(1)

Exercises

481

(3)

Exercise 1

481

(1)

Exercise 2

482

(1)

Exercise 3

483

(1)

Exercise 4

483

(1)

Solutions

484

(6)

Exercise 1

484

(1)

Exercise 2

485

(2)

Exercise 3

487

(1)

Exercise 4

488

(2)

Cleanup

490

(1)

Chapter 12 Programmable objects

491

(36)

Variables

491

(3)

Batches

494

(3)

A batch as a unit of parsing

494

(1)

Batches and variables

495

(1)

Statements that cannot be combined in the same batch

495

(1)

A batch as a unit of resolution

496

(1)

The GO n option

496

(1)

Flow elements

497

(3)

The IF... ELSE flow element

497

(1)

The WHILE flow element

498

(2)

Cursors

500

(5)

Temporary tables

505

(5)

Local temporary tables

505

(2)

Global temporary tables

507

(1)

Table variables

508

(1)

Table types

509

(1)

Dynamic SQL

510

(3)

The EXEC command

511

(1)

The sp_executesql stored procedure

511

(1)

Using PIVOT with Dynamic SQL

512

(1)

Routines

513

(8)

User-defined functions

514

(1)

Stored procedures

515

(2)

Triggers

517

(4)

Error handling

521

(4)

Conclusion

525

(2)

Appendix: Getting started

527

(20)

Index

547

Itzik Ben-Gan is a mentor with and co-founder of SolidQ. A Microsoft Data Platform MVP since 1999, Itzik has taught numerous training events around the world focused on T-SQL querying, query tuning, and programming. Itzik is the author of several books about T-SQL. He has written many articles for SQL Server Pro as well as articles and white papers for MSDN and The SolidQ Journal. Itzik's speaking engagements include Tech-Ed, SQL PASS, SQL Server Connections, presentations to various SQL Server user groups, and SolidQ events.

Itzik is a subject-matter expert within SolidQ for its T-SQL related activities. He authored SolidQ's Advanced T-SQL and T-SQL Fundamentals courses and delivers them regularly worldwide. You can learn more about Itzik at http://tsql.solidq.com/.

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