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E-book: Technology Innovation in Underground Construction

Edited by (Graz University of Technology, Austria)
  • Format: 528 pages
  • Pub. Date: 16-Oct-2009
  • Publisher: CRC Press
  • Language: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040076125
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Technology Innovation in Underground ConstructionLarger Image
  • Format: 528 pages
  • Pub. Date: 16-Oct-2009
  • Publisher: CRC Press
  • Language: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040076125
Other books in subject:

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For students, engineers, consultants, contractors, operators, researchers, manufacturers, suppliers, and clients in the underground engineering business, Beer (Institute for Structural Analysis, Graz U. of Technology, Graz, Austria) compiles 24 chapters that provide an overview of the European research project Technology Innovation in Underground Construction (TUNCONSTRUCT), which brings together recent technological innovations in underground engineering design, construction, and operation. Individuals involved in the project, who work in construction, engineering, geophysics, and other areas, present achievements in terms of technology for ground improvement, simulation, process integration, safety, monitoring, environmental impact, equipment, maintenance and repair, boring and cutting, personnel training, materials, and robotics. No index is provided. Annotation ©2010 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

This richly-illustrated reference guide presents innovative techniques focused on reducing time, cost and risk in the construction and maintenance of underground facilities:

A primary focus of the technological development in underground engineering is to ease the practical execution and to reduce time, cost and risk in the construction and maintenance of underground facilities such as tunnels and caverns. This can be realized by new design tools for designers, by instant data access for engineers, by virtual prototyping and training for manufacturers, and by robotic devices for maintenance and repair for operators and many more advances.

This volume presents the latest technological innovations in underground design, construction, and operation, and comprehensively discusses developments in ground improvement, simulation, process integration, safety, monitoring, environmental impact, equipment, boring and cutting, personnel training, materials, robotics and more. These new features are the result of a big research project on underground engineering, which has involved many players in the discipline.

Written in an accessible style and with a focus on applied engineering, this book is aimed at a readership of engineers, consultants, contractors, operators, researchers, manufacturers, suppliers and clients in the underground engineering business. It may moreover be used as educational material for advanced courses in tunnelling and underground construction.

Reviews

"[ ] The large spectrum and depth of topics covered, and their impact on the tunnel design and construction, makes this book of particular interest for practicing engineers and for applied researchers." Prof. Giancarlo Gioda, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

"[ ...] the project will certainly result in a breakthrough in activities ranging from planning to maintenance. Contributions cover the whole spectrum of underground construction activities with an integrated approach." Tarcisio B. Celestino, University of Sao Paulo

"[ ...] the publication [ ...] is a major contribution to knowledge on advanced tunnelling techniques, and should also be noted by those in positions of power that still think that tunnelling is a nasty, dirty, low-tech pursuit." Maurice Jones, Tunnels & Tunnelling International August 2010 This book contains the results of one of the largest research projects on tunnels and underground openings carried out in the European Community and aims at introducing innovative design tools and new technical procedures in tunnelling engineering. Edited by Prof. Gernot Beer, one the leading authorities in the development and application of computer oriented methods in rock/soil engineering, it presents 24 contributions of leading experts in the field. Contributions span from new information systems and computer supported methods for tunnel design, to the visual representation of the progress of excavation; from software for the numerical simulation of mechanized and conventional tunnelling methods, and for monitoring of the displacements induced by tunnelling, to software for controlling the advancing process of tunnel boring machines. Other chapters concern technological problems, such as the use ofshotcrete and of low pressure injections, the optimization of rock cutting tools, the robotic inspection of tunnels, etc. The large spectrum and depth of topics covered, and their impact on the tunnel design and construction, makes this book of particular interest for practicing engineers and for applied researchers. Giancarlo Gioda, Professor of Geotechnical Engineering, Dept. of Structural Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

"[ ...] the project will certainly result in a breakthrough in activities ranging from planning to maintenance. Contributions cover the whole spectrum of underground construction activities with an integrated approach." Tarcisio B. Celestino, University of Sao Paulo

Editorials xxi
Preface xxiii
Introduction
1(8)
Motivation
1(1)
Problems
2(2)
Vision
4(3)
Design
4(1)
Processes
5(2)
Equipment and materials
7(1)
Maintenance and repair
7(1)
Contents of the book
7(2)
UCIS - Underground Construction Information System
9(22)
Introduction
9(1)
UCIS - Underground Construction Information System
10(4)
Objectives
10(1)
Architecture
10(1)
Design and development
11(2)
Data model
13(1)
3D ground model
14(3)
Introduction
14(1)
Contribution to the overall project
14(1)
Workflow
15(1)
Geometrical data: Software implementation
15(1)
Geological & geomechanical attributes: Classification
16(1)
Geological & geotechnical database
16(1)
Data link geometrical data - geological/geotechnical objects
16(1)
Subsurface models
16(1)
UCIS-Applications
17(13)
KRONOS - tunnel information system
17(4)
KRONOS-WEB - monitoring data reporting and alarming system
21(1)
Decision support system for cyclic tunnelling
21(3)
Web-based information system on underground construction projects
24(4)
Virtual reality visualisation system
28(2)
Summary
30(1)
Computer-support for the design of underground structures
31(20)
Introduction
31(1)
State-of-the-art in tunnel design
32(1)
The applied design concept
33(1)
Design method
33(1)
Analysis of the possible degree of automation
33(1)
Automation concept
34(1)
Rule base for tunnel pre-design
34(9)
Determination of the ground behaviour
36(1)
Determination of suitable excavation methods and support measures
37(4)
General workflow embedded in the rule base
41(1)
Determination of time and costs
41(2)
Integrated optimization platform for underground construction
43(6)
Realization/implementation
44(4)
Background information and software technology
48(1)
Summary
49(2)
A virtual reality visualisation system for underground construction
51(12)
Introduction
51(3)
Virtual reality
52(1)
Augmented reality
52(2)
Mixed reality
54(1)
Capacity of today's VR-, AR- and MR-systems
54(1)
A virtual reality visualisation system for underground construction
54(6)
Objective
54(1)
Input data
55(3)
VR software
58(1)
VR hardware
58(1)
Application example
59(1)
Summary
60(1)
Outlook, augmented reality in tunnelling
61(2)
From laboratory, geological and TBM data to input parameters for simulation models
63(24)
Introduction
63(1)
A hierarchical, relational and web-driven rock mechanics database
64(7)
Introduction
64(1)
Test data reduction methodology
65(1)
A failure criterion for rocks
65(1)
Example calibration of lab test rock parameters to model parameters of the HMC constitutive model (Level-B of analysis)
66(1)
Structure of the rock mechanics database
67(4)
Geometrical and geostatistical discretization of geological solids
71(4)
Introduction
71(1)
Solid modeling
72(1)
Geostatistical modeling
73(2)
A special upscaling theory of rock mass parameters
75(4)
Introduction
75(1)
A special upscaling theory for rock masses
75(3)
Illustrative upscaling example
78(1)
Back-analysis of TBM logged data
79(4)
Introduction
79(1)
Basic relationships
80(2)
An example of backward analysis
82(1)
Conclusion
83(4)
Process-oriented numerical simulation of mechanised tunnelling
87(42)
Introduction
88(4)
Requirements for computational models for mechanised tunnel construction
88(1)
Novel computational framework for process-oriented simulations in mechanised tunnelling as part of an Integrated Decision Support System
89(3)
Three-phase model for partially saturated soil
92(5)
Theory of porous media
93(1)
Governing balance equations
94(1)
Constitutive relations for hydraulic behaviour
94(2)
Stress-strain behaviour of soil skeleton
96(1)
Finite element formulation of the multiphase model for soft soils
97(3)
Spatial and temporal discretization
97(2)
Object-oriented implementation
99(1)
Selection of soil models and parameters
100(4)
Saturated soil model
102(1)
Unsaturated soil model
103(1)
Cemented soil model
103(1)
Double hardening soil model
103(1)
Verification of the three-phase model for soft soils
104(2)
Consolidation test
104(1)
Drying test
105(1)
Components of the finite element model for mechanised tunnelling
106(4)
Heading face support
107(2)
Frictional contact between TBM and soil
109(1)
Tail void grouting
109(1)
Shield machine, hydraulic jacks, lining and backup trailer
110(1)
Model generation and simulation procedure
110(3)
Automatic model generation
110(1)
Mesh adaption for TBM advance and steering of shield machine
111(1)
Interface to IOPT
112(1)
Parallelisation concept
112(1)
Sensitivity analysis and parameter identification
113(7)
Numerical approximation of sensitivity terms
113(1)
Analytical sensitivities derived by the direct differentiation method
114(1)
Adjoint method for deriving analytical sensitivities
115(1)
Implementation of analytical sensitivity methods
116(1)
Optimisation of process parameters
117(1)
Inverse analyses for estimation of unknown parameters
118(1)
Current state and outlook for further developments in sensitivity analyses
119(1)
Selected applications of the simulation model for mechanised tunnelling
120(4)
Numerical simulation of compressed air support
120(2)
Numerical simulation of changing pressure conditions at the heading face
122(1)
Numerical simulation of the Mas Blau section of L9 of Metro Barcelona
123(1)
Conclusion
124(5)
Computer simulation of conventional construction
129(34)
Introduction
129(1)
A new simulation paradigm
130(1)
Preprocessor
131(2)
The boundary element method
133(21)
Sequential excavation
134(3)
Non-linear material behavior
137(4)
Heterogeneous ground and ground improvement methods
141(4)
Rock bolts
145(7)
Shotcrete and steel arches
152(2)
Optimization of code and adaptation to special hardware
154(4)
Computational complexity
154(1)
Iterative solvers
155(1)
Fast methods
156(1)
Modern hardware and parallelization
156(2)
Practical application
158(5)
The Koralm tunnel
158(5)
Optical fiber sensing cable for underground settlement monitoring during tunneling
163(26)
Introduction
163(4)
Tunnel construction with tunnel boring machines
163(1)
Risk associated to tunneling in urban areas
164(1)
State of the art
164(1)
Research frame
165(1)
Settlement to be measured
165(1)
Developed solutions
166(1)
Sensors based on deformation of optical fibres
167(6)
General principles
167(1)
Brillouin technology
167(1)
Fiber embedded at the periphery of a cable or a tube
168(2)
Cable environment
170(1)
Development of an industrial process
170(3)
Sensors based on slope measurement
173(1)
Sensor validation
174(14)
Geometric validation in open air
174(3)
Geometric validation in buried material - Cairo tests
177(11)
Conclusion
188(1)
Tunnel seismic exploration and its validation based on data from TBM control and observed geology
189(14)
Introduction
189(1)
Seismic exploration during tunneling
190(6)
Challenges
190(1)
Finite-difference simulations of seismic data
191(3)
Short outline of seismic data processing
194(2)
Use of TBM data and geology for seismic data validation
196(4)
Conclusion
200(3)
Advances in the steering of tunnel boring machines
203(22)
Introduction
203(2)
Motivation
204(1)
Solution concept
204(1)
Analysis of relevant steering parameters
205(5)
TBM control and monitoring systems - state of the art
205(2)
Shield drive induced surface deformations and control parameters
207(2)
Expert rules for subsidence control
209(1)
Steering system
210(7)
Requirements
211(1)
Solution concept and system architecture
211(1)
Fuzzy logic expert system and reasoning
212(3)
Software system developed
215(1)
Verification and validation
216(1)
Incident management system
217(5)
General
217(1)
Causes for incidents
218(1)
Development of the incident catalogue
219(2)
Description of the incident management system
221(1)
Showcase example in detail
221(1)
Automated detection of incidents
222(1)
Conclusion
222(3)
Real-time geological mapping of the front face
225(14)
Introduction
225(2)
State of the art
227(1)
Technological solution
228(4)
Objectives
228(1)
Specifications
228(1)
Technological choices
229(3)
Mobydic monitoring
232(2)
Applications
234(2)
Lock Ma Chau tunnel
234(1)
A41
234(2)
Conclusion
236(3)
Reducing the environmental impact of tunnel boring (OSCAR)
239(22)
Introduction
240(1)
State of the art
240(2)
Historical context
240(1)
Tunnel construction with Tunnel Boring Machine
241(1)
Soil conditioning for EPB machine
242(1)
Research project description
242(2)
Objective
242(2)
OSCAR reactor
244(4)
OSCAR general view
244(1)
The reactor
245(1)
Screw conveyor
246(1)
Baroid water loss filter (Garcia, IFP)
247(1)
Direct output
247(1)
Foam production (Fig. 12.11)
247(1)
Test results
248(8)
Soil
248(2)
Additives
250(6)
Proposed draft standard
256(2)
Ground sampling
256(1)
Cutter head sealant
256(1)
Soil conditioning test
257(1)
Conclusion
258(3)
Safety assessment during construction of shotcrete tunnel shells using micromechanical material models
261(22)
Introduction
262(1)
Modeling cementitious materials in the framework of continuum micromechanics
263(4)
Fundamentals of micromechanics - Representative volume element (RVE)
263(1)
Micromechanical representation of cementitious materials
264(1)
Elasticity and strength of cementitious materials
265(2)
Experimental validation of micromechanics-based material models
267(3)
Mixture-dependent shotcrete composition
267(1)
Experimental validation on cement paste level
268(1)
Experimental validation on shotcrete level
269(1)
Micromechanics-based characterization of shotcrete: influence of water-cement and aggregate-cement ratios on elasticity and strength evolutions
270(1)
Continuum micromechanics-based safety assessment of NATM tunnel shells
271(7)
Water-cement ratio-dependence of structural safety
272(1)
Aggregate-cement ratio-dependence of structural safety
272(6)
Conclusion
278(5)
Observed segment behaviour during tunnel advance
283(16)
Introduction
283(1)
Organization of the chapter
284(1)
Forces on the EPB machine
285(3)
Excavation mode
285(2)
Ring mounting mode
287(1)
Eccentricity of the jack's total thrust
288(1)
Backfill mortar injection pressures
289(1)
Study of several cases
290(6)
Collection and treatment of data
290(1)
Geological considerations
291(1)
Comparison between theoretical and EPB machine registered thrusts
291(2)
Registered eccentricities
293(2)
Tests to measure the pressure on the segments using pressure sensors
295(1)
Conclusions
296(3)
Definition of the forces acting on the EPB machine. Conditions for the advance
296(1)
Effects of the eccentricity of the resultant of thrusting forces
297(1)
Distribution of the backfill mortar pressures
297(2)
Optimizing rock cutting through computer simulation
299(16)
Introduction
299(2)
Tool-rock interaction
301(1)
Wear of rock cutting tools
302(1)
Thermo mechanical model of rock cutting
303(3)
Wear model
306(1)
Determination of rock model parameters
307(1)
Simulation of rock cutting laboratory test
308(1)
Simulation of rock cutting with wear evaluation
309(1)
3D simulation of the laboratory test of rock cutting
310(2)
Simulation of the linear cutting test
312(1)
Conclusion
313(2)
Innovative roadheader technology for safe and economic tunnelling
315(20)
Roadheaders - state of the art
315(14)
Tunneling with roadheaders
315(1)
The principle of roadheader operation
316(3)
Roadheader components
319(2)
Roadheader application
321(1)
Roadheader selection
321(4)
Application Example: Mont Cenis Tunnel / France - Italy
325(1)
Application Example: Metro Montreal Project, Lot C04 / Canada
326(3)
The New Roadheader Generation - features and benefits
329(4)
New technology
329(1)
Integrated guidance system
329(2)
Improved SANDVIK cutting technology
331(2)
Outlook
333(2)
Tube-a-manchette installation using horizontal directional drilling for soil grouting
335(12)
Introduction
335(1)
Development of an articulated double packer
336(2)
Development of a blocking system for the sealing grout
338(1)
Design of the test
338(2)
Test development
340(5)
Phase 1: Initial works
340(1)
Phase 2: Horizontal directional drilling
340(3)
Phase 3: Steel casing installation
343(1)
Phase 4: Steel casing extraction
343(1)
Phase 5: Injection of the grout bag
343(1)
Phase 6: Annular sheath grouting
344(1)
Phase v: Ground injection
345(1)
Summary
345(2)
TBM technology for large to very large tunnel profiles
347(26)
Introduction
347(1)
Two mixshields for the railway tunnel access route to the Brenner base tunnel
348(2)
Two double shielded hard rock TBMs for the Brisbane North South Bypass Tunnel (NSBT)
350(2)
Trend of very large diameter tunnel profiles
352(1)
Largest earth pressure balance shield (Ø 15.2 M) used for the M30 Road Tunnel Project in Madrid
352(3)
Largest Mixshield (Ø 15.4 m) used for the Changjiang Under River Tunnel Project in Shanghai
355(3)
Tunconstruct activities
358(13)
Determination of the cutting wheel torque
360(11)
Outlook
371(2)
Real-time monitoring of the shotcreting process
373(16)
Introduction
373(3)
Monitoring the shotcreting process
376(11)
Pumping variables
377(3)
Spraying variables
380(7)
Final remarks
387(2)
Environmentally friendly, customised sprayed concrete
389(16)
Introduction
389(2)
Performance-based approach
391(3)
Indicators chosen and their meanings
394(5)
Constituent materials and mix proportions
395(2)
Full scale sample preparation and tests conducted
397(2)
Advantages of the approach: selected results
399(3)
Final remarks and conclusions
402(3)
Innovations in shotcrete mixes
405(18)
Introduction
405(2)
Innovations
407(7)
New components materials - PB criterion
407(1)
New special superplasticizer and nozzle accelerator
408(2)
New SM automation of shotcrete machine
410(1)
New admixture dosing unit
411(3)
Shotcrete simplified mix design rules program
414(7)
MDR (mix design rules)
414(1)
SMD (shotcrete mix design)
415(3)
RER Validation factor
418(3)
Summary
421(2)
High performance and ultra high performance concrete segments - development and testing
423(22)
Introduction
424(1)
Development and laboratory testing
424(6)
Basic recipe development
424(1)
Derivation of design parameters and re-calculation
425(1)
Comparative calculations
426(1)
Checking of fire resistant behavior
427(2)
Testing of industrial segment production
429(1)
Real scale tests
430(10)
General
430(1)
Segment load bearing test
431(3)
Diaphragm load test
434(4)
Torsional rigidity test
438(2)
First test results
440(3)
Summary
443(2)
Robotic tunnel inspection and repair
445(16)
Introduction
445(1)
Dragarita robot for fast inspection
446(5)
IRIS: Integrated Robotic Inspection and Maintenance System
451(8)
Maintenance operations
451(1)
Integrated process automation
452(6)
Laboratory and field tests
458(1)
Conclusions
459(2)
An innovative geotechnical characterization method for deep exploration
461(12)
Introduction
461(1)
Background
462(1)
Rock mass characterization with the stackable logging tools
463(8)
Field tests
470(1)
Rock quality estimation and borehole geophysical logging
470(1)
Summary and conclusion
471(2)
Contributors 473(16)
Color plates 489
Short professional biographies of all contributors are included in the back of the volume.

The editor, Gernot Beer (Graz University of Technology, Austria), is currently the head of the Institute for Structural Analysis at the University Technology, Graz Austria. His main expertise is numerical simulation and he heads a group of researchers that is developing the next generation software for the simulation of underground excavations. He has conducted research and has consulted on this topic for three decades and authored and co-authored four textbooks on this subject. Prior to coordinating the project TUNCONSTRUCT he was the coordinator of a national research initiative Simulation in Tunneling (SiTu) and of another European project (Virtual fire emergency simulation, VITRUALFIRES). The project SiTu resulted in a book Numerical Simulation in Tunneling published by Springer for which he was the editor. As part of his consulting activities he served, together with Prof. E.T. Brown, on a panel of experts for the investigation of the Masjed-e-Soleiman underground Hydroelectric Power Plant in Iran.
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