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E-book: Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements

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(Clemson University), (Clemson University)
  • Format: EPUB+DRM
  • Pub. Date: 10-May-2019
  • Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Language: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119475651
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Theory and Design for Mechanical MeasurementsLarger Image
  • Format: EPUB+DRM
  • Pub. Date: 10-May-2019
  • Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Language: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119475651
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Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements merges time-tested pedagogy with current technology to deliver an immersive, accessible resource for both students and practicing engineers. Emphasizing statistics and uncertainty analysis with topical integration throughout, this book establishes a strong foundation in measurement theory while leveraging the e-book format to increase student engagement with interactive problems, electronic data sets, and more. This new Seventh edition has been updated with new practice problems, electronically accessible solutions, and dedicated Instructor Problems that ease course planning and assessment.

Extensive coverage of device selection, test procedures, measurement system performance, and result reporting and analysis sets the field for generalized understanding, while practical discussion of data acquisition hardware, infrared imaging, and other current technologies demonstrate real-world methods and techniques. Designed to align with a variety of undergraduate course structures, this unique text offers a highly flexible pedagogical framework while remaining rigorous enough for use in graduate studies, independent study, or professional reference. 

Preface v
1 Basic Concepts Of Measurement Methods
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 General Measurement System
2(3)
Sensor and Transducer
2(1)
Signal-Conditioning Stage
3(1)
Output Stage
4(1)
General Template for a Measurement System
4(1)
1.3 Experimental Test Plan
5(9)
Variables
6(2)
Noise and Interference
8(1)
Randomization
9(4)
Replication and Repetition
13(1)
Concomitant Methods
14(1)
1.4 Calibration
14(8)
Static Calibration
14(1)
Dynamic Calibration
14(1)
Static Sensitivity
15(1)
Range and Span
15(1)
Resolution
16(1)
Accuracy and Error
16(1)
Random and Systematic Errors and Uncertainty
16(3)
Sequential Test
19(1)
Hysteresis
19(1)
Random Test
19(1)
Linearity Error
19(2)
Sensitivity and Zero Errors
21(1)
Instrument Repeatability
21(1)
Reproducibility
21(1)
Instrument Precision
21(1)
Overall Instrument Error and Instrument Uncertainty
22(1)
Verification and Validation
22(1)
1.5 Standards
22(8)
Primary Unit Standards
22(1)
Base Dimensions and Their Units
23(2)
Derived Units
25(3)
Hierarchy of Standards
28(1)
Test Standards and Codes
29(1)
1.6 Presenting Data
30(3)
Rectangular Coordinate Format
30(1)
Semilog Coordinate Format
30(1)
Full-Log Coordinate Format
30(1)
Significant Digits
30(3)
Summary
33(1)
Nomenclature
34(1)
References
34(1)
2 Static And Dynamic Characteristics Of Signals 35(29)
2.1 Introduction
35(1)
2.2 Input/Output Signal Concepts
35(4)
Generalized Behavior
36(1)
Classification of Waveforms
36(2)
Signal Waveforms
38(1)
2.3 Signal Analysis
39(3)
Signal Root-Mean-Square Value
40(1)
Discrete Time or Digital Signals
40(1)
Direct Current Offset
41(1)
2.4 Signal Amplitude and Frequency
42(13)
Periodic Signals
43(2)
Frequency Analysis
45(3)
Fourier Series and Coefficients
48(1)
Fourier Coefficients
48(1)
Special Case: Functions with T = 27r
49(1)
Even and Odd Functions
49(6)
2.5 Fourier Transform and the Frequency Spectrum
55(7)
Discrete Fourier Transform
56(4)
Analysis of Signals in Frequency Space
60(2)
Summary
62(1)
References
63(1)
Suggested Reading
63(1)
Nomenclature
63(1)
3 Measurement System Behavior 64(33)
3.1 Introduction
64(1)
3.2 General Model for a Measurement System
64(4)
Dynamic Measurements
65(1)
Measurement System Model
66(2)
3.3 Special Cases of the General System Model
68(20)
Zero-Order Systems
68(1)
First-Order Systems
69(10)
Second-Order Systems
79(9)
3.4 Transfer Functions
88(2)
3.5 Phase Linearity
90(1)
3.6 Multiple-Function Inputs
91(2)
3.7 Coupled Systems
93(2)
3.8 Summary
95(1)
References
95(1)
Nomenclature
96(1)
Subscripts
96(1)
4 Probability And Statistics 97(36)
4.1 Introduction
97(1)
4.2 Statistical Measurement Theory
98(5)
Probability Density Functions
98(5)
4.3 Describing the Behavior of a Population
103(4)
4.4 Statistics of Finite-Sized Data Sets
107(7)
Standard Deviation of the Means
110(3)
Repeated Tests and Pooled Data
113(1)
4.5 Hypothesis Testing
114(3)
4.6 Chi-Squared Distribution
117(4)
Precision Interval in a Sample Variance
118(1)
Goodness-of-Fit Test
119(2)
4.7 Regression Analysis
121(5)
Least-Squares Regression Analysis
121(3)
Linear Polynomials
124(2)
4.8 Data Outlier Detection
126(1)
4.9 Number of Measurements Required
127(2)
4.10 Monte Carlo Simulations
129(2)
Summary
131(1)
References
132(1)
Nomenclature
132(1)
5 Uncertainty Analysis 133(41)
5.1 Introduction
133(1)
5.2 Measurement Errors
134(2)
5.3 Design-Stage Uncertainty Analysis
136(4)
Combining Elemental Errors: RSS Method
137(1)
Design-Stage Uncertainty
137(3)
5.4 Identifying Error Sources
140(2)
Calibration Errors
141(1)
Data-Acquisition Errors
141(1)
Data-Reduction Errors
142(1)
5.5 Systematic and Random Errors and Standard Uncertainties
142(2)
Systematic Error
142(1)
Random Error
143(1)
Other Ways Used to Classify Error and Uncertainty
144(1)
5.6 Uncertainty Analysis: Multi-Variable Error Propagation
144(7)
Propagation of Error
145(1)
Approximating a Sensitivity Index
146(3)
Sequential Perturbation
149(2)
Monte Carlo Method
151(1)
5.7 Advanced-Stage Uncertainty Analysis
151(6)
Zero-Order Uncertainty
152(1)
Higher-Order Uncertainty
152(1)
Nth-Order Uncertainty
152(5)
5.8 Multiple-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis
157(11)
Propagation of Elemental Errors
157(6)
Propagation of Uncertainty to a Result
163(5)
5.9 Correction for Correlated Errors
168(2)
5.10 Nonsymmetrical Systematic Uncertainty Interval
170(2)
Summary
172(1)
References
172(1)
Nomenclature
172(2)
6 Analog Electrical Devices And Measurements 174(41)
6.1 Introduction
174(1)
6.2 Analog Devices: Current Measurements
174(5)
Direct Current
174(4)
Alternating Current
178(1)
6.3 Analog Devices: Voltage Measurements
179(3)
Analog Voltage Meters
179(1)
Oscilloscope
179(2)
Potentiometer
181(1)
6.4 Analog Devices: Resistance Measurements
182(6)
Ohmmeter Circuits
182(1)
Bridge Circuits
182(2)
Null Method
184(1)
Deflection Method
185(3)
6.5 Loading Errors and Impedance Matching
188(5)
Loading Errors for Voltage-Dividing Circuit
189(1)
Interstage Loading Errors
190(3)
6.6 Analog Signal Conditioning: Amplifiers
193(3)
6.7 Analog Signal Conditioning: Special-Purpose Circuits
196(5)
Analog Voltage Comparator
196(1)
Sample-and-Hold Circuit
197(1)
Charge Amplifier
197(2)
4-20 mA Current Loop
199(1)
Multivibrator and Flip-Flop Circuits
199(2)
6.8 Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters
201(10)
Butterworth Filter Design
202(1)
Improved Butterworth Filter Designs
203(5)
Bessel Filter Design
208(1)
Active Filters
209(2)
6.9 Grounds, Shielding, and Connecting Wires
211(2)
Ground and Ground Loops
211(1)
Shields
212(1)
Connecting Wires
213(1)
Summary
213(1)
References
214(1)
Nomenclature
214(1)
7 Sampling, Digital Devices, And Data Acquisition 215(43)
7.1 Introduction
215(1)
7.2 Sampling Concepts
216(7)
Sample Rate
216(2)
Alias Frequencies
218(3)
Amplitude Ambiguity
221(1)
Leakage
221(2)
Waveform Fidelity
223(1)
7.3 Digital Devices: Bits and Words
223(3)
7.4 Transmitting Digital Numbers: High and Low Signals
226(1)
7.5 Voltage Measurements
227(10)
Digital-to-Analog Converter
227(1)
Analog-to-Digital Converter
228(4)
Successive Approximation Converters
232(5)
7.6 Data Acquisition Systems
237(1)
7.7 Data Acquisition System Components
238(4)
Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters and Amplification
238(3)
Components for Acquiring Data
241(1)
7.8 Analog Input-Output Communication
242(4)
Data Acquisition Modules
242(4)
7.9 Digital Input-Output Communication
246(6)
Data Transmission
247(1)
Universal Serial Bus
248(1)
Bluetooth Communications
248(1)
Other Serial Communications: RS-232C
249(1)
Parallel Communications
249(3)
7.10 Digital Image Acquisition and Processing
252(4)
Image Acquisition
252(1)
Image Processing
253(3)
Summary
256(1)
References
256(1)
Nomenclature
256(2)
8 Temperature Measurements 258(57)
8.1 Introduction
258(1)
Historical Background
258(1)
8.2 Temperature Standards and Definition
259(2)
Fixed Point Temperatures and Interpolation
259(1)
Temperature Scales and Standards
260(1)
8.3 Thermometry Based on Thermal Expansion
261(2)
Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
262(1)
Bimetallic Thermometers
262(1)
8.4 Electrical Resistance Thermometry
263(13)
Resistance Temperature Detectors
264(7)
Thermistors
271(5)
8.5 Thermoelectric Temperature Measurement
276(21)
Seebeck Effect
276(1)
Peltier Effect
277(1)
Thomson Effect
277(1)
Fundamental Thermocouple Laws
278(1)
Basic Temperature Measurement with Thermocouples
279(1)
Thermocouple Standards
280(7)
Thermocouple Voltage Measurement
287(2)
Multiple-Junction Thermocouple Circuits
289(2)
Applications for Thermoelectric Temperature Measurement: Heat Flux
291(3)
Data Acquisition Considerations
294(3)
8.6 Radiative Temperature Measurements
297(7)
Radiation Fundamentals
297(2)
Radiation Detectors
299(1)
Radiometer
299(1)
Pyrometry
300(1)
Optical Fiber Thermometers
301(1)
Narrow-Band Infrared Temperature Measurement
302(1)
Fundamental Principles
302(1)
Two-Color Thermometry
303(1)
Full-Field IR Imaging
303(1)
8.7 Physical Errors in Temperature Measurement
304(9)
Insertion Errors
305(1)
Conduction Errors
306(2)
Radiation Errors
308(2)
Radiation Shielding
310(1)
Recovery Errors in Temperature Measurement
311(2)
Summary
313(1)
References
313(1)
Suggested Reading
313(1)
Nomenclature
314(1)
9 Pressure And Velocity Measurements 315(42)
9.1 Introduction
315(1)
9.2 Pressure Concepts
315(3)
9.3 Pressure Reference Instruments, McLeod Gauge
318(7)
Barometer
319(1)
Manometer
320(4)
Deadweight Testers
324(1)
9.4 Pressure Transducers
325(6)
Bourdon Tube
326(1)
Bellows and Capsule Elements
326(1)
Diaphragms
327(3)
Piezoelectric Crystal Elements
330(1)
9.5 Pressure Transducer Calibration
331(2)
Static Calibration
331(1)
Dynamic Calibration
331(2)
9.6 Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids
333(3)
Total Pressure Measurement
334(1)
Static Pressure Measurement
335(1)
9.7 Modeling Pressure-Fluid Systems
336(1)
9.8 Design and Installation: Transmission Effects
337(4)
Liquids
338(1)
Gases
339(1)
Heavily Damped Systems
340(1)
9.9 Acoustical Measurements
341(4)
Signal Weighting
341(1)
Microphones
342(3)
9.10 Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems
345(9)
Pitot-Static Pressure Probe
346(2)
Thermal Anemometry
348(2)
Doppler Anemometry
350(2)
Particle Image Velocimetry
352(1)
Selection of Velocity Measuring Methods
353(1)
Summary
354(1)
References
354(1)
Nomenclature
355(2)
10 Flow Measurements 357(38)
10.1 Introduction
357(1)
10.2 Historical Background
357(1)
10.3 Flow Rate Concepts
358(1)
10.4 Volume Flow Rate through Velocity Determination
359(2)
10.5 Pressure Differential Meters
361(16)
Obstruction Meters
361(3)
Orifice Meter
364(2)
Venturi Meter
366(2)
Flow Nozzles
368(5)
Sonic Nozzles
373(1)
Obstruction Meter Selection
374(2)
Laminar Flow Elements
376(1)
10.6 Insertion Volume Flow Meters
377(9)
Electromagnetic Flow Meters
377(2)
Vortex Shedding Meters
379(2)
Rotameters
381(1)
Turbine Meters
382(1)
Transit Time and Doppler (Ultrasonic) Flow Meters
383(1)
Positive Displacement Meters
384(2)
10.7 Mass Flow Meters
386(5)
Thermal Flow Meter
386(1)
Coriolis Flow Meter
387(4)
10.8 Flow Meter Calibration and Standards
391(1)
10.9 Estimating Standard Flow Rate
392(1)
Summary
393(1)
References
393(1)
Nomenclature
393(2)
11 Strain Measurement 395(31)
11.1 Introduction
395(1)
11.2 Stress and Strain
395(3)
Lateral Strains
397(1)
11.3 Resistance Strain Gauges
398(6)
Metallic Gauges
398(2)
Strain Gauge Construction and Bonding
400(3)
Semiconductor Strain Gauges
403(1)
11.4 Strain Gauge Electrical Circuits
404(3)
11.5 Practical Considerations for Strain Measurement
407(2)
The Multiple Gauge Bridge
407(1)
Bridge Constant
408(1)
11.6 Apparent Strain and Temperature Compensation
409(9)
Temperature Compensation
410(2)
Bridge Static Sensitivity
412(1)
Practical Considerations
413(1)
Analysis of Strain Gauge Data
413(3)
Signal Conditioning
416(2)
11.7 Optical Strain Measuring Techniques
418(6)
Basic Characteristics of Light
418(1)
Photoelastic Measurement
419(2)
Moire Methods
421(1)
Fiber Bragg Strain Measurement
422(2)
Summary
424(1)
References
424(1)
Nomenclature
424(2)
12 Mechatronics: Sensors, Actuators, And Controls 426
12.1 Introduction
426(1)
12.2 Sensors
426(24)
Displacement Sensors
426(4)
Measurement of Acceleration and Vibration
430(7)
Velocity Measurements
437(4)
Angular Velocity Measurements
441(3)
Force Measurement
444(3)
Torque Measurements
447(1)
Mechanical Power Measurements
448(2)
12.3 Actuators
450(7)
Linear Actuators
450(2)
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Actuators
452(3)
Rotary Actuators
455(1)
Flow-Control Valves
455(2)
12.4 Controls
457(17)
Dynamic Response
460(1)
Laplace Transforms
460(3)
Block Diagrams
463(1)
Model for Oven Control
464(4)
Proportional-Integral (PI) Control
468(1)
Proportional-Integral-Derivative Control of a Second-Order System
469(5)
Summary
474(1)
References
474(1)
Nomenclature
474
Chapter Homework Problems P-1
A Property Data And Conversion Factors
A-1
B Laplace Transform Basics
A-8
B.1 Final Value Theorem
A-9
B.2 Laplace Transform Pairs
A-9
Reference
A-9
Glossary G-1
Index I-1
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