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E-book: Agricultural Biocatalysis: Theoretical Studies and Photosynthesis Aspects

Edited by (Bayer AG, Germany), Edited by (Kobe University, Japan)
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Agricultural biocatalysis is of immense scientific interest nowadays owing to its increasing importance in the efforts for more sustainable agriculture while optimizing environmental impacts. Plant compatibility is essential for developing eco-friendly and sustainable microbial products. Therefore, our search for novel technologies ought to be in the foreground, for which a thorough understanding of biochemical processes, applications of agricultural enzymes, traits, and viruses should get the highest priority.

Volumes 8 to 10 in this series compile the recent research on agricultural biocatalysis by interdisciplinary teams from international institutes for chemistry, biochemistry, biotechnology, and materials and chemical engineering, who have been investigating agricultural-biocatalytic topics related to biochemical conversions or bioremediation, and modern biological and chemical applications exemplified by the use of selected and highly innovative agricultural enzymes, traits, and viruses. The editors are prominent researchers in agrochemistry and theoretical biophysical chemistry, and these three volumes are useful references for the students and researchers in the fields of agrochemistry, biochemistry, biology, biophysical chemistry, natural product chemistry, materials, and drug design. Volume 8 covers the research on biosynthesis, biocatalysis, and photosynthesis aspects for use in agrochemistry, including nano-biocatalytic processing, atrazine toxicity, and theoretical studies in biocatalysis and biological processes.
Preface xiii
Section 1 Theoretical Studies and Photosynthesis Aspects
1 Theoretical Studies in Biocatalysis: Some Historical and Methodological Remarks
3(86)
Evgeni B. Starikov
1.1 History and Methodology of Biocatalysis
4(9)
1.2 What Is the Zest of Fajans' Quanticule Theory?
13(2)
1.2.1 The Current Views
13(1)
1.2.2 Scope of the Quanticule Theory of Molecular Structure
14(1)
1.3 What Are the Difficulties in Accepting Fajans' Quanticule Theory?
15(11)
1.4 What Is the Actual Situation in the Current Theoretical Biophysics?
26(1)
1.5 Is the Logics of Quantum Mechanics at Least Somewhat Special Indeed?
27(13)
1.6 Periplanetae Brunneae in General Philosophy and Methodology in Particular
40(7)
1.7 Nadine Dobrovolskai'a-Zavadskaia
47(7)
1.8 A Possible Theoretical Approach to Start Looking for Effective Anti-Viral Medicaments, on the Actual Example of COVID-19
54(5)
1.9 Conclusion: What Is the Zest of Using Thermodynamics in Biophysics?
59(1)
1.10 The Problems of Evolution in the Light of Biology and Thermodynamics
60(29)
2 Temperature Dependence of Biological Processes: Theory and Applications
89(44)
Liyin L. Liang
2.1 Development of Temperature Dependence Functions in Chemical Reactions
90(22)
2.1.1 Collision Theory
95(5)
2.1.2 Transition State Theory
100(3)
2.1.3 Curvature in Temperature Response Curve
103(9)
2.2 Applications to Plant and Soil Respiration
112(12)
2.2.1 Short-Term Temperature Dependence of Plant Leaf Respiration
112(4)
2.2.2 Temperature Dependence of Soil Respiration
116(1)
2.2.2.1 Carbon quality
117(3)
2.2.2.2 Substrate accessibility
120(3)
2.2.2.3 A note on thermal acclimation
123(1)
2.3 Concluding Remarks
124(9)
3 Agricultural Biocatalysis: From Waste Stream to Food and Feed Additives
133(50)
Philipp Cavelius
Selina Engelhart-Straub
Kevin Heieck
Melania Pilz
Felix Melcher
Thomas Brtick
3.1 Introduction
134(2)
3.2 Agricultural Waste Streams
136(11)
3.2.1 Straw
136(1)
3.2.2 Wheat Bran
137(2)
3.2.3 Other Potential Substrates
139(1)
3.2.4 Hydrolysis
139(1)
3.2.4.1 Chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis
140(1)
3.2.5 Hydrolytic Enzymes
140(2)
3.2.5.1 Cellulases
142(2)
3.2.5.2 Hemicellulases
144(1)
3.2.6 Lignin-Degrading Enzymes
145(2)
3.3 Industrial Production of Fungal Enzymes
147(4)
3.3.1 Production of Oxidative Enzymes
148(1)
3.3.2 Industrial Application of Fungal Enzyme Production
148(2)
3.3.2.1 Hydrolysate as a media component
150(1)
3.4 Amino Acids
151(9)
3.4.1 Functions and Applications of L-Cysteine
153(1)
3.4.2 Production Methods of L-Cysteine
154(1)
3.4.2.1 Extraction from keratin hydro lysates
154(2)
3.4.2.2 Enzymatic bioconversion
156(1)
3.4.2.3 Fermentation
157(3)
3.5 Carotenoids
160(9)
3.5.1 Carotenoids in Plants
160(1)
3.5.2 Carotenoids in Animals
161(1)
3.5.3 Isoprenoids as Precursors for Carotenoid Synthesis
161(2)
3.5.4 Carotenoid Biosynthesis
163(1)
3.5.5 Commercial Importance of Carotenoids
163(3)
3.5.5.1 β-Carotene and astaxanthin
166(3)
3.6 Future Perspectives
169(4)
3.6.1 Carotenoid-Based Crop Protection and AOs for Aviation
169(3)
3.6.2 Tailored Enzyme Mixture for More Efficient Hydrolysis of Waste Streams
172(1)
3.7 Summary
173(10)
4 Nanobiocatalytic Processing of Sargassum Seaweed Waste
183(28)
Bidyut R. Mohapatra
4.1 Introduction
184(4)
4.2 Phylogenetic Diversity of Alginate Lyase-Producing Bacteria
188(1)
4.3 Methods for Preparation of Alginate Lyase Nanobiocatalyst
189(2)
4.3.1 Extraction of Alginate Lyase
189(1)
4.3.2 Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticle-Immobilized Alginate Lyase
190(1)
4.3.3 Assay of Alginate Lyase
191(1)
4.4 Methods for Assessment of Characteristics of Alginate Lyase Biocatalyst
191(3)
4.4.1 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
191(1)
4.4.2 Influence of pH on Alginate Lyase Activity and Stability
192(1)
4.4.3 Influence of Temperature on Alginate Lyase Activity and Stability
192(1)
4.4.4 Effect of Sodium Chloride on Alginate Lyase Activity
193(1)
4.4.5 Kinetic Parameters of Free and Immobilized Alginate Lyase
193(1)
4.4.6 Influence of Metal Ions and Inhibitors on Free and Immobilized Alginate Lyase Activity
193(1)
4.4.7 Reusability of Immobilized Alginate Lyase
194(1)
4.5 Characteristics of Alginate Lyase Nanobiocatalyst
194(9)
4.5.1 FTIR Analysis
194(2)
4.5.2 Optimal Range of pH
196(2)
4.5.3 Optimal Range of Temperature and Thermodynamic Parameters of Catalysis
198(1)
4.5.4 Thermal Stability
199(1)
4.5.5 Optimal Range of Sodium Chloride
200(1)
4.5.6 Impact of Metal Ions and Inhibitors
200(2)
4.5.7 Kinetic Parameters
202(1)
4.5.8 Reusability
203(1)
4.6 Conclusions
203(8)
Section 2 Photosynthesis
5 No Alternatives to Photosynthesis: From Molecules to Nanostructures
211(38)
Laszlo Nagy
Melinda Magyar
5.1 Introduction
212(7)
5.2 Chlorophylls Are Optimized for Efficient Light Energy Conversion
219(3)
5.3 Primary Site of Light-Energy Conversion into Chemical Energy Is RC Protein
222(7)
5.3.1 Energetic Requirement of Charge Separation and Stabilization
222(2)
5.3.2 Vectorial Electron Transport in RCs
224(1)
5.3.3 RC Photocycle
225(4)
5.4 Special Membrane Organization Does Couple RC Photochemistry to Metabolic Pathways
229(2)
5.5 Photosynthetic Systems in Bio-Nanotechnology
231(11)
5.5.1 Entire Photosynthetic Organisms in Bio-Nanotechnology
232(1)
5.5.2 Proteoliposomes as Nanosystems Mimicking In vivo Membrane Organizations
233(2)
5.5.3 Nano-Hybrid Systems for Innovative Applications
235(1)
5.5.3.1 Photosynthetic RCs in optoelectronics
236(2)
5.5.3.2 Photocurrent generation by photosynthetic RCs
238(2)
5.5.3.3 RC biosensors
240(2)
5.6 Summary
242(7)
6 Natural and Synthetic Inhibitors of Photosynthesis Light Reactions
249(46)
Luiz Cldudio Almeida Barbosa
Robson Ricardo Teixeira
Junio Gonalves da Silva
6.1 Introduction
250(1)
6.2 A Brief Description of Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
251(4)
6.3 Natural Compounds as Photosynthetic Inhibitors
255(40)
7 Atrazine Toxicity: Modification of Enzymatic Processes and Photosynthesis in Plants
295(20)
Simranjeet Singh
Vijay Kumar
Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
Vaishali Dhaka
Sonali
Joginder Singh
7.1 Introduction
296(2)
7.2 Lethal Concentrations of Atrazine
298(2)
7.3 Modifications of Enzymatic Activities in Plants Due to Atrazine
300(1)
7.4 Physiological Responses in Plants Due to Atrazine
300(3)
7.5 Oxidative Stress due to Atrazine Toxicity
303(2)
7.6 Antioxidant Enzyme Activity due to Atrazine Toxicity
305(2)
7.7 Conclusion
307(8)
Section 3 Biosynthesis
8 Biosynthesis of Glycine Betaine and Dimethylsulfoniopropionate in Photosynthetic Organisms and Their Applications in Agriculture
315(26)
Cattarin Theerawitaya
Suriyan Cha-um
Teruhiro Takabe
8.1 Introduction
316(1)
8.2 Compatible Solutes
317(1)
8.3 General Aspects of Plant Salt Stress
318(2)
8.4 Molecular Properties of GB and DMSP
320(1)
8.5 GB Biosynthesis in Higher Plants
321(3)
8.6 GB Biosynthesis in Cyanobacteria
324(2)
8.7 GB Biosynthesis in Algae
326(3)
8.8 DMSP Biosynthesis in Plants
329(1)
8.9 DMSP Biosynthesis in Algae
330(1)
8.10 Agriculture Application
331(4)
8.10.1 Translocation ofGB in Plants
331(1)
8.10.2 Exogenous Application for Crop Production
332(1)
8.10.3 Genetic Engineering of GB in Plants
333(2)
8.11 Summary and Future Prospects
335(6)
Index 341
Peter Jeschke gained his PhD in organic chemistry at the University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany, after which he moved to Fahlberg-List Company, Germany, to pursue agrochemical research before moving to the Institute of Neurobiology and Brain Research, German Academy of Sciences. In 1989, he joined Bayer AG in animal health research and eight years later took a position in insecticide research, where he was a senior fellow in Research and Development, Pest Control Chemistry, Crop Science Division. Since 2011, he has been honorary professor at the Universität Düsseldorf, Germany. Prof. Jeschke is an associate editor for Pest Management Science (Society of Chemical Industry, UK) and also a member of the editorial advisory board for Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (Wiley-VCH). Retired since 2022, he has authored more than 250 patent applications and publications.

Evgeni B. Starikov is a specialist in theoretical biophysical chemistry with nearly 40 years of professional experience. Currently, he is a freelance researcher at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, and Kobe University, Japan. Prof. Starikov has authored more than 100 articles and a monograph and co-edited two books. His current research interests include applications of thermodynamics.
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