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E-book: Emerging Areas in Bioengineering

Series edited by (KAIST,Daejon,Republik Korea), Series edited by (Chalmers University,Göteborg, S), Edited by , Series edited by (Massachusetts Institute of Technologie, USA)
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  • Series: Advanced Biotechnology
  • Pub. Date: 20-Dec-2017
  • Publisher: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • Language: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783527803309
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Emerging Areas in BioengineeringLarger Image
  • Format: EPUB+DRM
  • Series: Advanced Biotechnology
  • Pub. Date: 20-Dec-2017
  • Publisher: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • Language: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783527803309
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With more than 40 contributions from expert authors, this is an extensive overview of all important research topics in the field of bioengineering, including metabolic engineering, biotransformations and biomedical applications. Alongside several chapters dealing with biotransformations and biocatalysis, a whole section is devoted to biofuels and the utilization of biomass. Current perspectives on synthetic biology and metabolic engineering approaches are presented, involving such example organisms as Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum, while a further section covers topics in biomedical engineering including drug delivery systems and biopharmaceuticals. The book concludes with chapters on computer-aided bioprocess engineering and systems biology. This is a part of the Advanced Biotechnology book series, covering all pertinent aspects of the field with each volume prepared by eminent scientists who are experts on the topic in question. Invaluable reading for biotechnologists and bioengineers, as well as those working in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

Advanced Biotechnology Biotechnology is a broad, interdisciplinary field of science, combining biological sciences and relevant engineering disciplines, that is becoming increasingly important as it benefits the environment and society as a whole. Recent years have seen substantial advances in all areas of biotechnology, resulting in the emergence of brand new fields. To reflect this progress, Sang-Yup Lee (KAIST, South Korea), Jens Nielsen (Chalmers University, Sweden), and Gregory Stephanopoulos (MIT, USA) have joined forces as the editors of a new Wiley-VCH book series. Advanced Biotechnology will cover all pertinent aspects of the field and each volume will be prepared by eminent scientists who are experts on the topic in question.
Volume 1
List of Contributors
xvii
About the Series Editors
xxxiii
Part I Biocatalysis
1(124)
1 Introduction to Emerging Areas in Bioengineering
3(18)
Ho Nam Chang
1.1 Biotechnology
3(1)
1.1.1 Short Histories
3(1)
1.1.2 Application Areas
4(1)
1.1.3 Markets and Industries
5(1)
1.1.4 Scope of Biotechnology
6(1)
1.2 Bioengineering
6(1)
1.2.1 History of Engineering
6(1)
1.2.2 Two Different Bioengineering
7(1)
1.2.3 Chemical Engineering
7(1)
1.2.3.1 The First Chemical Engineer
8(1)
1.2.4 Biochemical Engineering (1945-1978)
8(1)
1.2.4.1 Penicillin Production
8(1)
1.2.4.2 Mass Production of Penicillin
9(1)
1.2.5 Biochemical Engineering Education
10(1)
1.2.6 Biomedical Medical Engineering Activities (before 1970)
11(1)
1.3 Emerging Areas
12(1)
1.3.1 Evolvement (Birth)
12(1)
1.3.2 Biological Engineering
12(1)
1.3.3 Bioengineering/Biological Engineering in Chemical Engineering Department
13(1)
1.3.4 Biomaterials
14(1)
1.3.5 Marine Biotechnology
14(1)
1.3.5.1 Marine Biotechnology
15(1)
1.3.6 Environmental Biotechnology
15(1)
1.3.7 Biomedical Engineering
15(1)
1.3.8 Multidisciplinary (OMICS) Approach
17(1)
1.3.8.1 Biomusical Engineering
17(1)
1.3.8.2 Journal of Bioterrorism and Defense
17(1)
1.4 Current Volume
17(1)
Acknowledgments
18(1)
References
19(2)
2 Over-Expression of Functionally Active Inclusion Bodies of Enzymes in Recombinant Escherichia coli
21(14)
Wen-Chien Lee
Shao-Yen Hsu
2.1 Introduction
21(1)
2.2 Formation and Composition of IBs
21(3)
2.3 Enhancement of Protein Quality and Enzymatic Activity in IBs
24(1)
2.4 Applications of Enzyme-Based IBs
25(1)
2.5 An Example of IBs: N-acetyl-D-neuraminic Acid Aldolase
26(3)
2.6 Concluding Remarks
29(1)
Acknowledgments
30(1)
References
30(5)
3 Enzymatic Reactions in Ionic Liquids
35(32)
Ngoc Lan Mai
Yoon-Mo Koo
3.1 Introduction
35(2)
3.2 Enzymatic Reactions in Ionic Liquids
37(1)
3.2.1 Hydrolytic Enzymes in Ionic Liquids
39(1)
3.2.2 Nonhydrolytic Enzymes in Ionic Liquids
44(1)
3.2.2.1 Oxidoreductases in Ionic Liquids
44(1)
3.2.2.2 Other Enzymes in Ionic Liquids
46(1)
3.2.3 Whole Cell-Catalyzed Reactions in Ionic Liquids
47(1)
3.3 Factors Affecting Enzymatic Reactions in Ionic Liquids
47(2)
3.4 Methods to Improve Enzyme Activity and Stability in Ionic Liquids
49(1)
3.4.1 Modification of Enzymes
50(1)
3.4.2 Modification of Solvents
51(1)
3.4.3 Designing Enzyme-Compatible Ionic Liquids
52(1)
3.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
52(1)
Abbreviations of Ionic Liquids
53(1)
Cations
53(1)
Anions
53(1)
References
54(13)
4 Enzyme Immobilization on Nanoparticles: Recent Applications
67(14)
Cheng-Kang Lee
Ai-Nhan Au-Duong
4.1 Introduction
67(1)
4.2 Preparation of Enzyme-Immobilized Nanoparticles
68(1)
4.2.1 Physical Adsorption
68(1)
4.2.2 Encapsulation/Entrapment
69(1)
4.2.3 Covalent Attachments
70(1)
4.2.4 Cross-Linking
70(1)
4.2.5 Bioaffinity Interactions and Other Methods
71(1)
4.3 Application of Enzyme Nanoparticles
71(1)
4.3.1 EnNP for Biomedical Application
71(1)
4.3.1.1 EnNP for Thrombolytic Therapy
72(1)
4.3.1.2 EnNP for Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Therapy
72(1)
4.3.1.3 EnNP for Antibacterial Treatment
73(1)
4.3.2 EnNP for Biosensor Applications
73(1)
4.3.3 EnNP for Biofuel Production
75(1)
4.4 Conclusion and Perspectives
75(1)
References
76(5)
5 Whole Cell Biocatalysts Using Enzymes Displayed on Yeast Cell Surface
81(12)
Kentaro Inokuma
Tomohisa Hasunuma
Akihiko Kondo
Concise Definition of Subject
81(1)
5.1 Introduction
81(1)
5.2 GPI-Anchoring System
82(1)
5.3 C-Terminus Free Display Systems
83(1)
5.4 Applications of the Yeast Cell Surface Display System for Biocatalysts
84(1)
5.5 Improvement of Catalytic Activity on the Yeast Cell Surface
85(1)
5.5.1 Improvement of Gene Cassettes for Cell Surface Display
86(1)
5.5.2 Gene Deletion of Host Cells
87(1)
5.5.3 Ratio Optimization of Displaying Enzymes
87(1)
5.6 Conclusions
88(2)
References
90(3)
6 Design of Artificial Supramolecular Protein Assemblies by Enzymatic Bioconjugation for Biocatalytic Reactions
93(12)
Geisa A.L.G. Budinova
Yutaro Mori
Noriho Kamiya
Concise Definition of Subject
93(1)
6.1 Introduction
93(1)
6.2 Protein Assembly on a Template with Specific Interaction/Reaction Sites
94(1)
6.2.1 Non-covalent Alignment on a Template
94(1)
6.2.2 Covalent Attachment to a Template
95(1)
6.2.2.1 Enzymes for Site-Specific Covalent Cross-linking of Proteins
95(1)
6.2.2.2 Site-Specific Covalent Cross-linking of Enzymes on Nucleic Acid Scaffolds
96(1)
6.3 Protein Assembly without a Template: Self-Assembly of Protein Units
97(1)
6.3.1 Non-covalent Assembly
97(1)
6.3.1.1 Self-Assembly by Peptide Assemblies
97(1)
6.3.1.2 Site-Specific Ligand- Receptor Interactions
98(1)
6.3.2 Covalent Assembly
98(1)
6.3.2.1 Site-Specific Tyrosyl Radical Formation by Horseradish Peroxidase
98(2)
6.4 Future Prospects
100(1)
Acknowledgment
101(1)
Conflict of Interest
101(1)
References
101(4)
7 Production of Valuable Phenolic Compounds from Lignin by Biocatalysis: State-of-the-Art Perspective
105(20)
Somchart Maenpuen
Ruchanok Tinikul
Pirom Chenprakhon
Pimchai Chaiyen
7.1 Lignin and Its Composition
105(1)
7.1.1 Composition of Lignin
105(1)
7.1.2 Process to Convert Lignin into Aromatic Monomers
105(1)
7.1.2.1 Extraction of Lignin from Lignocellulose
105(1)
7.1.2.2 Deconstruction of Lignin Using Physicochemical Processes
107(1)
7.1.2.3 Deconstruction of Lignin Using Biological Processes
107(5)
7.2 Phenol Derivatives Derived from Lignin Deconstruction
112(1)
7.3 Biocatalysis to Increase the Value of Lignin-Derived Phenolic Compounds
112(1)
7.3.1 Addition of an Extra Moiety
113(1)
7.3.1.1 Esterification
113(1)
7.3.1.2 Glycosylation
113(1)
7.3.2 Modification of Aromatic Ring Substituent
114(1)
7.3.2.1 Hydroxylation/Monooxygenation
115(1)
7.3.2.2 Methylation
116(1)
7.3.2.3 Demethylation
116(1)
7.3.2.4 Decarboxylation/Carboxylation
117(1)
7.4 Outlook and Future Perspectives
118(1)
Acknowledgments
118(1)
References
118(7)
Part II Biofuels and Renewable Energy from Biomass
125(180)
8 Biofuels, Bio-Power, and Bio-Products from Sustainable Biomass: Coupling Energy Crops and Organic Waste with Clean Energy Technologies
127(36)
Serpil Guran
Foster A. Agblevor
Margaret Brennan-Tonetta
8.1 Introduction
127(1)
8.2 Sustainable Biomass for Sustainable Development
127(1)
8.2.1 Food-Energy-Water (FEW) Nexus Concept:
128(1)
8.2.1.1 Sustainable Biomass
128(1)
8.2.1.2 Determining Biomass Sustainability
129(2)
8.3 Biorefineries and Bioenergy Conversion Pathways
131(1)
8.3.1 Biorefineries
131(1)
8.3.2 Biomass-to-Bioenergy and Bio-products Conversion Pathways
132(1)
8.3.2.1 Biochemical Conversion Processes
132(1)
8.3.2.2 Thermochemical Conversion Processes of Biomass
142(12)
8.4 Conclusions
154(1)
References
154(6)
Further Reading/Resources
160(3)
9 Potential Lignocellulosic Biomass Resources in ASEAN Countries
163(10)
Shankar Ramanathan
Madihah Md Salleh
Adibah Yahya
Huszalina Hussin
Wan R.Z. Wan Dagang
Shaza E. Mohamad
Zaharah Ibrahim
Rohaya Mohd Noor
Nursyifaaiyah Abdul Aziz
Zulkefflizan Jamaludin
Syariffah Nuratiqah Syed Yaacob
9.1 Introduction and Characterization of Lignocellulosic Biomass in ASEAN Countries
163(2)
9.2 Forest Residues in ASEAN Countries
165(1)
9.3 Herbaceous Plants Residues in ASEAN Countries
165(3)
9.4 Agriculture Residue in ASEAN Countries
168(1)
9.5 ASEAN Government Programs and Policies on Natural Biomass
169(1)
References
170(3)
10 Volatile Fatty Acid Platform: Concept and Application
173(18)
Nag-Jong Kim
Seong-Jin Lim
Ho Nam Chang
10.1 Concept of Volatile Fatty Acid Platform
173(1)
10.1.1 Platforms for Biofuel Production
173(1)
10.1.1.1 Sugar Platform
173(1)
10.1.1.2 Syngas Platform
174(1)
10.1.2 Development of Volatile Fatty Acid Platform
175(1)
10.1.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion Process
175(1)
10.1.2.2 Mixed VFAs Fermentation
176(1)
10.1.2.3 VFA Platform Development
177(1)
10.1.3 Comparison of Biofuel Production Platforms
177(1)
10.1.3.1 Theoretical Comparison of Major Platforms for Ethanol Production
177(1)
10.1.3.2 Biomass Properties Needed for Each Platform
178(1)
10.1.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Three Major Platforms
178(1)
10.2 Application of VFA Platform
179(1)
10.2.1 Pure and Mixed Acids as Chemicals
179(1)
10.2.2 VFA Conversion to Value-Added Products
180(1)
10.2.2.1 Mixed Alcohols, Esters, and Ketones
182(1)
10.2.2.2 Microbial Lipids and Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
182(2)
10.2.3 VFA Use as a Carbon Source of Denitrification Process
184(1)
10.2.4 Cost Analysis of Mixed Alcohol Produced from Various Raw Materials
185(1)
10.3 Tasks for Commercialization
186(1)
10.3.1 Technical Bottlenecks in Industrialization of the VFA Platform
186(1)
10.3.2 Commercialization Activities of VFA Platform
187(1)
References
188(3)
11 Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Volatile Fatty Acid Production
191(12)
Suraini Abd-Aziz
Mohamad F. Ibrahim
Mohd A. Jenol
11.1 Introduction
191(2)
11.2 Pretreatments to Improve VFA Production
193(1)
11.2.1 Physical Pretreatment
193(1)
11.2.2 Chemical Pretreatment
194(1)
11.2.3 Biological Pretreatment
194(1)
11.2.3.1 Microbial Pretreatment
194(1)
11.2.3.2 Enzymatic Pretreatment
195(1)
11.2.4 Combination Pretreatments
195(3)
11.3 Future Prospect and Recent Technology Development
198(1)
References
198(5)
12 Microbial Lipid Production from Volatile Fatty Acids by Oleaginous Yeast
203(12)
Gwon W. Park
Nag-Jong Kim
Ho Nam Chang
12.1 Introduction
203(1)
12.1.1 Background
203(1)
12.1.2 Oleaginous Yeast
204(1)
12.1.2.1 History
204(1)
12.1.2.2 Metabolic Pathway
204(1)
12.1.3 Biofuel Platforms
205(2)
12.2 VFAs as a Carbon Source
207(2)
12.3 Quality of Yeast Lipid
209(1)
12.3.1 Cetane Number
209(1)
12.3.2 Oleic Acid Component
209(1)
12.3.3 Microbial Lipid Cost Assessment
210(1)
12.3.4 Comparison with Oleaginous Yeast and Other Microorganisms
210(1)
12.4 Conclusion
210(1)
Acknowledgments
211(1)
References
211(4)
13 Gasification Technologies for Lignocellulosic Biomass
215(40)
Su J. Jeon
Soo H. Jeong
Beom J. Kim
Uen D. Lee
13.1 Introduction
215(1)
13.2 Gasification of Lignocellulosic Biomass
215(2)
13.3 Overview of Gasification Technologies of Lignocellulosic Biomass
217(1)
13.4 Classification of Gasification Technologies
218(1)
13.5 Types of Gasification Systems
219(1)
13.5.1 Direct or Autothermal Gasifiers
219(1)
13.5.1.1 Auger-Type Gasifiers
221(1)
13.5.1.2 Fixed (Moving) Bed Gasifiers
221(1)
13.5.1.3 Entrained Flow Gasifiers
221(1)
13.5.1.4 Fluidized Bed Gasifiers
223(1)
13.5.2 Indirect or Allo-Thermal Gasifiers
224(1)
13.5.2.1 Plasma or Plasma-Assisted Gasifiers
224(1)
13.5.2.2 Dual fluidized Bed Gasifiers
226(1)
13.5.2.3 Heat Pipe Gasifiers
228(1)
13.5.3 Advanced Gasifiers
229(1)
13.6 Performance Evaluation of Biomass Gasifiers
230(1)
13.6.1 Fixed (Moving) Bed Gasifiers
233(1)
13.6.2 Bubbling Fluidized Bed (BFB) Gasifiers
234(1)
13.6.3 Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) Gasifier
239(1)
13.6.4 Dual Fluidized Bed (DFB) Gasifiers
241(4)
13.7 Industrial Biomass Gasification Plants
245(3)
13.8 Conclusion
248(1)
References
248(7)
14 Separation of Butanol, Acetone, and Ethanol
255(32)
Di Cai
Song Hu
Peiyong Qin
Tianwei Tan
14.1 Gas Stripping
256(4)
14.2 Liquid-Liquid Extraction
260(2)
14.3 Adsorption
262(4)
14.4 Pervaporation
266(5)
14.5 Distillation
271(7)
14.6 Conclusion
278(1)
References
278(9)
15 Overview of Microalgae-Based Carbon Capture and Utilization
287(8)
Ye Sol Shin
Jaoon Y.H. Kim
Sang Jun Sim
15.1 Introduction
287(1)
15.2 Capturing of Inorganic Carbon Using Photosynthesis
287(2)
15.3 Microalgal Biofuel Production
289(1)
15.3.1 Upstream Process: Strain Selection and Cultivation of the Selected Strain
289(1)
15.3.1.1 Strain Selection
289(1)
15.3.1.2 Cultivation Condition
290(1)
15.3.2 Downstream Process: Harvesting, Dewatering, Disruption, Extraction, and Transesterification
291(1)
15.4 Application of Microalgal By-Products
291(1)
15.4.1 Bioproducts
291(1)
15.5 Conclusion
292(1)
References
292(3)
16 Bioengineering of Microbial Fuel Cells: From Extracellular Electron Transfer Pathway to Electroactive Biofilm
295(10)
Yang-Yang Yu
Dan-Dan Zhai
Yang-Chun Yong
16.1 Microbial Fuel Cells: General Concept and Extracellular Electron Transfer
295(2)
16.2 Electroactive Biofilm Meets with Biocompatible Materials
297(1)
16.3 Bioengineering of Electroactive Biofilm: From Bacteria to Ecosystem
298(1)
16.3.1 Engineering EET Pathways for Improved Electron Transfer
298(1)
16.3.2 Engineering of Electroactive Biofilm in Microbial Fuel Cells
299(1)
16.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
300(1)
Acknowledgments
301(1)
References
301(4)
Part III Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering
305(68)
17 Genome Editing Tools for Escherichia coli and Their Application in Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Biology
307(14)
Chandran Sathesh-Prabu
Sung K. Lee
17.1 Introduction
307(1)
17.2 Homologous Recombination-Mediated Tools
308(1)
17.2.1 Antibiotic Resistance-Based Methods
308(1)
17.2.2 Double-Stranded DNA Break Repair System-Based Methods
309(1)
17.2.2.1 ZFNs/TALENs-Based Methods
310(1)
17.2.2.2 CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Engineering
310(2)
17.3 Single-Strand DNA-Mediated Recombination
312(1)
17.3.1 Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering (MAGE)
312(1)
17.3.2 Modified MAGE
313(1)
17.4 Conclusion
314(1)
References
314(7)
18 Synthetic Biology for Corynebacterium glutamicum: An Industrial Host for White Biotechnology
321(10)
Han Min Woo
18.1 Introduction
321(2)
18.2 Synthetic Elements of Synthetic Biology for C. glutamicum
323(1)
18.2.1 DNA Parts and Plasmids of Synthetic Biology for C. glutamicum
323(1)
18.2.1.1 DNA Parts for C. glutamicum
323(1)
18.2.1.2 Synthetic Platform of Plasmids for C. glutamicum
324(1)
18.2.2 Devices and Genetic Biosensors of Synthetic Biology for C. glutamicum
324(1)
18.2.3 Synthetic Biology of a Chassis for C. glutamicum
326(1)
18.3 Conclusion and Outlook
326(1)
References
327(4)
19 Metabolic Engineering of Solventogenic Clostridia for Butanol Production
331(18)
Sang-Hyun Lee
Kyoung Heon Kim
19.1 Introduction
331(1)
19.1.1 History of Solventogenic Clostridia
331(1)
19.1.2 Challenges for ABE Production by Fermentation
332(1)
19.2 Biomass and Its Metabolism
333(1)
19.2.1 General Characteristics of Sugar Metabolism
333(1)
19.2.2 Lignocellulose
334(1)
19.2.3 Glycerol
334(1)
19.2.4 Marine Macroalgae
335(1)
19.2.5 Syngas
335(1)
19.2.6 Protein Waste
336(1)
19.3 Metabolic Engineering of Clostridia
336(1)
19.3.1 Genetic Tools for Clostridia
336(1)
19.3.2 Improvement of Butanol Titer, Yield, Productivity, and Selectivity
337(1)
19.3.3 Improvement of Pentose Utilization
339(1)
19.3.4 Sporulation and Solvent Production by Clostridia
339(1)
19.3.5 Metbolomics as a Tool for Engineering Clostridia
341(1)
19.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
341(1)
References
341(8)
20 Metabolic Engineering of Microorganisms for the Production of Lactate-Containing Polyesters
349(10)
Yokimiko David
Sang Yup Lee
Si Jae Park
Acknowledgments
355(1)
References
355(4)
21 Microbial Metabolic Engineering for Production of Food Ingredients
359(14)
Eun J. Oh
Yong-Su Jin
Jin-Ho Seo
21.1 Metabolic Engineering
359(1)
21.1.1 Rational Approaches for Metabolic Engineering
359(1)
21.1.2 Combinatorial Approaches for Metabolic Engineering
360(1)
21.2 Biological Production of Functional Food Materials
361(1)
21.2.1 Microbial Metabolic Engineering to Produce Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs)
361(1)
21.2.1.1 2-Fucosyllactose (2-FL)
361(1)
21.2.1.2 Lacto-N-oligosaccharide Derivatives
365(1)
21.2.2 Microbial Metabolic Engineering to Produce Sugar Alcohols
365(1)
21.2.2.1 Xylitol
366(1)
21.2.2.2 Sorbitol
367(1)
21.2.3 Microbial Metabolic Engineering to Produce Vitamins
367(1)
21.2.3.1 Riboflavin
368(1)
21.2.3.2 Folate
368(1)
21.3 Future Prospects
369(1)
References
369(4)
Volume 2
List of Contributors
xix
About the Series Editors
xxxv
Part IV Products
373(90)
22 Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria for Food Biotechnology
375(24)
Ling Li
Nam Soo Han
Concise Definition of Subject and Its Importance
375(1)
22.1 Lactic Acid Bacteria
375(1)
22.2 Expression Systems in LAB
376(1)
22.2.1 Constitutive Expression System
376(1)
22.2.2 Inducible Gene Expression System
378(1)
22.2.3 Secretion System
380(1)
22.2.4 Food-Grade Gene Expression System
381(1)
22.2.4.1 Dominant Selection Markers
381(1)
22.2.4.2 Complementation Selection Markers
381(1)
22.3 In silico Metabolic Pathway Model for LAB
382(1)
22.3.1 Lactic Acid Production
384(1)
22.3.2 Diacetyl Production
384(1)
22.3.3 L-Alanine Production
385(1)
22.3.4 Acetaldehyde Production
385(1)
22.3.5 Mannitol Production
386(1)
22.3.6 Folate Production
386(1)
22.3.7 Production of Polysaccharides
387(1)
22.4 The Prospect: Lactic Acid Bacteria as an Edible Therapeutic Probiotics
387(3)
References
390(9)
23 Biopolymers Based on Raw Materials from Biomass
399(30)
Jonggeon Jegal
23.1 Introduction
399(1)
23.2 Poly(butylene succinate)
400(1)
23.2.1 Synthesis
400(1)
23.2.2 Physical Properties
402(1)
23.2.2.1 Thermal Properties
402(1)
23.2.2.2 Mechanical Properties
402(1)
23.2.2.3 Hydrophilicity
404(1)
23.2.3 Biodegradability
405(1)
23.2.3.1 Biodegradation in Compost
405(2)
23.2.4 Modification of PBS
407(1)
23.2.4.1 Modification with Inorganic Fillers
407(1)
23.2.4.2 Modification with Natural Fibers
413(6)
23.3 Conclusion
419(1)
References
420(9)
24 Bacterial Biofertilizers: High Density Cultivation
429(12)
S. Mutturi
Virendra S. Bisaria
24.1 Introduction
429(1)
24.2 Cultivation Strategies for a Few Important Bacterial Inoculants
430(1)
24.2.1 Azospirillum sp.
430(1)
24.2.2 Azotobacter spp.
431(1)
24.2.3 Bacillus spp.
432(1)
24.2.4 Pseudomonas spp.
434(1)
24.2.5 Rhizobia spp.
435(1)
Conflict of Interest
436(1)
References
436(5)
25 Current Research in Korean Herbal Cosmetics
441(22)
Jun S. Park
Ga Y. Cho
Sung-Il Park
25.1 Introduction
441(1)
25.2 Korean Herbal Medicine and Bioscience
442(1)
25.2.1 Characteristics of Korean Herbal Cosmetics
442(1)
25.2.2 The Dermatological Effects of Medicinal Herbs
442(1)
25.2.3 Processing Methods to Strengthen Efficacy
443(1)
25.2.4 Traditional Korean Medical Principles in Cosmetics and Recent Research
445(1)
25.3 Bioprocessing of Natural Compounds in Traditional Herbal Medicine
446(1)
25.3.1 Enzymatic Deglycosylation of Green Tea Seed Flavonol Glycoside
446(1)
25.3.1.1 Purification and Identification of Compounds in Green Tea Seed
447(1)
25.3.1.2 Kaempferol Production from GTSE Using Glycolytic Enzymes
448(1)
25.3.1.3 DPPH Scavenging Activities of Two Tea Seed Flavonoids and Kaempferol
449(1)
25.3.2 Microbial Hydroxylation of Isoflavone in Soybean
450(1)
25.3.2.1 Purification and Identification of Compounds in KFS
451(1)
25.3.2.2 In Vitro Study of Anti-Melanogenesis Effect
453(1)
25.4 Skin Delivery Systems in Cosmetics
454(1)
25.4.1 Liposomes as Drug Carriers
455(1)
25.4.2 Polymer Micelles and Polymersomes
456(1)
25.4.3 Surface Modification of Liposomes Using Polymers
457(1)
25.4.4 Cosmetic Applications for Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
458(1)
25.5 Conclusions
458(1)
References
459(4)
Part V Biosensing and Nanobiotechnology
463(128)
26 Advanced Genetic Engineering of Microbial Cells for Biosensing Applications
465(12)
Do Hyun Kim
Byung Jo Yu
Moon Il Kim
26.1 Introduction
465(1)
26.2 Genetic Engineering of Microbial Reporter Cells
466(2)
26.3 Methods to Immobilize Cells and Maintain Cell Viability
468(1)
26.4 Microbial Biosensors Based on Transducers
469(1)
26.4.1 Optical Microbial Biosensors
469(1)
26.4.2 Electrochemical Microbial Biosensors
471(1)
26.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
472(1)
Acknowledgments
473(1)
References
473(4)
27 Bioelectronic Nose
477(20)
Hwi Jin Ko
Eun Hoe Oh
Tai Hyun Park
27.1 Introduction
477(1)
27.2 Concept of Bioelectronic Nose
478(1)
27.2.1 Primary Transducer
478(1)
27.2.2 Secondary Transducer
479(1)
27.3 Primary Transducer for Bioelectronic Nose
479(1)
27.3.1 Olfactory Receptor Protein
479(1)
27.3.2 Nanovesicle Containing Olfactory Receptor
479(1)
27.3.3 Peptide Derived from Olfactory Receptor Protein
483(2)
27.4 Secondary Transducer for Bioelectronic Nose
485(1)
27.4.1 Quartz Crystal Microbalance
485(1)
27.4.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance
486(1)
27.4.3 Field Effect Transistor
486(1)
27.5 Applications
487(1)
27.5.1 Medical Applications
488(1)
27.5.2 Food Quality
490(1)
27.5.3 Environmental Monitoring
490(1)
27.5.4 Other Applications
492(1)
27.6 Conclusion
492(1)
Acknowledgment
493(1)
References
494(3)
28 Noninvasive Optical Imaging Techniques in Clinical Application
497(12)
Uk Kang
Soo-Jin Bae
28.1 Fluorescence Diagnosis of Skin or Mucosa
498(1)
28.1.1 Skin Disease
498(1)
28.1.2 Cervical Cancer
499(2)
28.2 Fluorescence Endoscopic Surgery
501(1)
28.2.1 Bladder Cancer
501(1)
28.2.2 Sentinel Lymph Node
502(1)
28.3 Fluorescence Image-Guided Intraoperative Open Surgery
503(2)
28.4 Conclusion
505(2)
Acknowledgments
507(1)
References
507(2)
29 Advanced Short Tandem Repeat Genotyping for Forensic Human Identification
509(22)
Yong T. Kim
Hyun Y. Heo
Tae S. Seo
29.1 DNA Sample Sources and Collection
510(1)
29.2 DNA Extraction from Biological Sources
511(1)
29.2.1 Off-Chip-Based DNA Extraction
511(1)
29.2.2 On-Chip-Based DNA Extraction
512(1)
29.2.3 DNA Quantification
514(1)
29.3 Short Tandem Repeat Markers and Commercial Kits
515(1)
29.3.1 STR Markers Used in Forensic DNA Testing
515(1)
29.3.2 Commercial Autosomal and Y-STR STR Kits
516(1)
29.4 Amplification of STR Loci
517(1)
29.4.1 Off-Chip-Based STR Amplification
517(1)
29.4.2 On-Chip-Based STR Amplification
518(1)
29.5 Capillary Electrophoretic Separation of STR Amplicons
519(1)
29.5.1 Off-Chip-Based Capillary Electrophoretic Separation of STR Amplicons
519(1)
29.5.2 On-Chip-Based Capillary Electrophoretic Separation of STR Amplicons
521(2)
29.6 Total Integrated Forensic STR Typing System
523(1)
29.6.1 Commercialized Total STR Analysis System
523(1)
29.6.2 A Fully Integrated Microdevice for STR Typing
524(1)
29.7 Conclusion
525(1)
References
526(5)
30 DNA Microarray-Based Technologies to Genotype Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
531(26)
Jung H. Park
Ye L. Jung
Kyungmee Lee
Changyeol Lee
Batule Bhagwan
Hyun G. Park
30.1 Allele-Specific Oligonucleotide Competitive Hybridization (ASOCH)
532(1)
30.1.1 Basic Principles
532(1)
30.1.2 Applications
532(1)
30.1.3 Key Issues and Limitations
533(1)
30.2 Zip-Code Microarray
534(1)
30.2.1 Basic Principles
534(1)
30.2.2 Ligation-Based Method
536(1)
30.2.3 SBE-Based Method
538(1)
30.2.4 SSS Cleavage Reaction-Based Method
540(2)
30.3 Universal Amplification-Based Technology
542(1)
30.3.1 MIP Technology
542(1)
30.3.2 GoldenGate Assay
545(1)
30.3.3 ASLP Technology
546(1)
30.3.4 Discussion
548(1)
30.4 Bead Array Platform-Based SNP Genotyping
549(1)
30.4.1 Basic Principles
549(1)
30.4.2 Assay Platforms
550(1)
30.5 Conclusion
551(1)
References
552(5)
31 Advanced Applications of Nanoscale Measuring System for Biosensors
557(22)
Jong M. Kim
Sang-Mok Chang
Chapter Outline
557(1)
31.1 Nanoscale Gravimetric Measuring System for Chiral Recognition
558(1)
31.1.1 Principle of Quartz Crystal Microbalance
559(1)
31.1.2 Measuring Setup for Nanogram Order Chirality Detection
560(1)
31.1.3 Immobilization of Chiral Selector on QCM Surface
560(1)
31.1.4 Results
561(1)
31.1.4.1 Chiral Recognition by the L-Phe-Modified QCM in the Gas Phase
561(1)
31.1.4.2 Chiral Recognition by L-MA Derivative-Modified QCM Sensor in the Liquid Phase
562(1)
31.1.4.3 Chiral Recognition Analysis Using F-R Diagram Model
563(1)
31.1.4.4 Affinity Force Analysis by L-Phe-Modified Probe Tip
563(1)
31.2 Nanoscale Measuring System Using Two-Photon-Adsorbed Photopolymerization for Biosensors
564(1)
31.2.1 Principle of TPAP and its Application as an AFM Imaging Tool
564(1)
31.2.2 Results
565(1)
31.2.2.1 Hydrophobic Polymeric Tips for Imaging
565(2)
31.3 Nanoscale Measuring Systems Using AFM for Biosensors
567(1)
31.3.1 Principle of AFM
568(1)
31.3.2 Experimental Scheme and Procedure
568(1)
31.3.2.1 Measuring Cu Ion-Binding Force between Histidine Molecules
568(1)
31.3.2.2 Utilizing Peptide Probes for Measuring Protein-Protein Interaction Force
569(1)
31.3.2.3 Actin Antibody-Modified Microsphere Probe
570(1)
31.3.3 Results
570(1)
31.3.3.1 Evaluation of Interaction between Histidine-Binding Cu2+ Ion and Histidine by AFM
570(1)
31.3.3.2 Comparison of the Force Curve between the Peptide Probe and Cofilin Protein to Actin
571(1)
31.3.3.3 Interaction Force in the Large Area between Actin-Modified Surface and Actin Antibody-Modified Microsphere Probe
572(1)
31.4 Nanoscale Measuring Systems with Nanoscale Motion Detection
573(1)
31.4.1 Principles of AC Electric Field
573(1)
31.4.2 Novel AC Microelectrophoresis in a Microflow Channel
574(1)
31.4.3 Preparation of Biofunctional Microspheres
574(1)
31.4.3.1 Preparation of IgG- and Biotin-IgG-Modified Microspheres
574(1)
31.4.3.2 Preparation of Profilin-Modified Microspheres with or Without Actin
575(1)
31.4.3.3 Preparation of Biotin-IgG and IgG Beads Mixed Samples With or Without Say
575(1)
31.4.4 Result
576(1)
31.4.4.1 Affinity Evaluation of Proteins to Protein-Modified Microspheres
576(1)
References
577(2)
32 Biosynthesis and Applications of Silver Nanoparticles
579(12)
Bipinchandra K. Salunke
Beom Soo Kim
Concise Definition of Subject
579(1)
32.1 Introduction
579(3)
32.2 Silver Nanoparticles
582(1)
32.3 Plants in Nanoparticle Synthesis
582(1)
32.4 Parameters Affecting Synthesis of AgNPs
583(1)
32.4.1 Effect of pH
583(1)
32.4.2 Reaction Time, Precursor to Plant Extract Ratio, and Reaction Rate
583(1)
32.4.3 Effect of Temperature
584(1)
32.5 Mechanism of AgNP Synthesis
584(1)
32.6 Applications of AgNPs
585(1)
32.7 Conclusion
585(1)
References
586(5)
Part VI Biomedical Engineering and Biopharmaceuticals
591(122)
33 Smart Drug Delivery Devices and Implants
593(14)
Ki Su Kim
Ho Sang Jung
Hyunsik Choi
Songeun Beack
Hyemin Kim
Jong Hwan Mun
Myeong Hwan Shin
Do Hee Keum
Heebeom Koo
Seok Hyun Yun
Sei Kwang Hahn
33.1 Introduction
593(1)
33.2 External Drug Delivery Devices
594(1)
33.2.1 Microneedle Drug Delivery Devices
594(1)
33.2.2 Drug-Eluting Contact Lenses
595(1)
33.2.3 Wearable Drug Delivery Devices
595(2)
33.3 Internal Drug Delivery Implants
597(1)
33.3.1 Drug-Eluting Stent
597(1)
33.3.2 Programmable Drug Delivery Implants
598(1)
33.3.3 Intelligent Drug Delivery Implant
599(1)
33.4 Image-Guided Drug Delivery Systems
600(2)
33.5 Summary and Perspectives
602(1)
Acknowledgments
602(1)
References
603(4)
34 Controlled Delivery Systems of Protein and Peptide Therapeutics
607(10)
Hwiwon Lee
Minsoo Cho
Jeong Ho Lee
Jong Hwan Mun
Byung Woo Hwang
Hyemin Kim
Sei Kwang Hahn
34.1 Introduction
607(1)
34.2 Drug Delivery Systems for Protein and Peptide Therapeutics
608(1)
34.2.1 Polymer-Conjugated Drug Delivery Systems
609(1)
34.2.1.1 PEGylated System
609(1)
34.2.1.2 Hyaluronate-Conjugated System
609(1)
34.2.2 Drug Depot Systems
609(1)
34.2.2.1 Polymeric Micro/Nanoparticle Depot System
609(1)
34.2.2.2 Hydrogel Depot System
610(1)
34.2.3 Nanoparticle-Based Systems
611(1)
34.2.3.1 Gold Nanoparticle System
611(1)
34.2.3.2 Magnetic Nanoparticle System
612(1)
34.2.4 Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
612(1)
34.2.4.1 Antibody-Based Target-Specific Drug Delivery
612(1)
34.2.4.2 Peptide-Based Target-Specific Drug Delivery
613(1)
34.3 Clinical Development of Protein and Peptide Delivery Systems
613(1)
34.4 Summary and Perspectives
614(1)
References
615(2)
35 Cell Delivery Systems Using Biomaterials
617(14)
Youngro Byun
Jee-Heon Jeong
35.1 Introduction to Cell-Based Therapeutics
617(1)
35.2 Biomaterials as Cell Delivery Vehicles
617(1)
35.3 Cell Delivery Strategies
618(1)
35.3.1 Surface Modification
618(1)
35.3.1.1 Camouflage of Surface Antigens
618(1)
35.3.1.2 Prevention of Immediate Blood-Mediated Inflammatory Reaction
619(1)
35.3.1.3 Protection of Cells against Physical Stress
620(1)
35.3.1.4 Mimicking the Cell Microenvironment
620(1)
35.3.2 Scaffold-Based Cell Delivery
620(1)
35.3.2.1 Scaffold in Pancreatic Islets Delivery
621(1)
35.3.2.2 Scaffold in Stem Cell Delivery
622(1)
35.3.3 Hydrogel-Based Cell Delivery
623(1)
35.3.3.1 Hydrogel in Pancreatic Islets Delivery
623(1)
35.3.3.2 Hydrogel in Stem Cells Delivery
625(1)
35.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective
626(1)
References
626(5)
36 Bioengineered Cell-Derived Vesicles as Drug Delivery Carriers
631(14)
Vipul Gujrati
Sangyong Jon
36.1 Introduction
631(1)
36.2 Prokaryotic Cell-Derived Nanocarriers
632(1)
36.2.1 Bacterial Minicells as Drug Carrier
632(1)
36.2.2 Bioengineered Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles for Cancer Targeting and Drug Delivery
632(1)
36.3 Eukaryotic Cell-Derived Nanocarriers
633(1)
36.3.1 Bioengineered Yeast for Development of Nanocarriers
633(1)
36.3.2 Bioengineered Extracellular Vesicles for the Development of a Drug Delivery Platform
634(4)
36.4 Cell Membrane-Camouflaged Nanoparticles
638(1)
36.4.1 Erythrocyte Membrane-Coated Nanocarriers
638(1)
36.4.2 Leukocyte Membrane-Camouflaged Nanoparticles
639(1)
36.4.3 Platelet Membrane-Camouflaged Nanoparticles
639(1)
36.4.4 Cancer Cell Membrane-Camouflaged Nanoparticles
640(1)
36.5 Conclusions
641(1)
Acknowledgments
641(1)
References
641(4)
37 Advanced Genetic Fusion Techniques for Improving the Pharmacokinetic Properties of Biologics
645(10)
Seung R. Hwang
Jin W. Park
Concise Definition of the Subject
645(1)
37.1 Background
645(2)
37.2 Fc-Fusion Technology
647(1)
37.3 Albumin Fusion Technology
648(2)
37.4 Transferrin Fusion Technology
650(1)
37.5 CTP Fusion Technology
651(1)
37.6 Summary
652(1)
References
652(3)
38 Mussel-Mimetic Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications
655(24)
Yun Kee Jo
Hyo Jeong Kim
Eun Yeong Jeon
Bong-Hyuk Choi
Hyung Joon Cha
38.1 Introduction
655(1)
38.2 Synthetic and Natural Polymer-Based Mussel-Mimetic Biomaterials
656(1)
38.3 Tissue Adhesives
657(1)
38.3.1 Soft Tissue Adhesives
657(1)
38.3.2 Hard Tissue Adhesives
661(3)
38.4 Biomolecule Immobilization and Drug Delivery
664(5)
38.5 Concluding Remarks
669(1)
Acknowledgments
670(1)
References
670(9)
39 Mass Production of Full-Length IgG Monoclonal Antibodies from Mammalian, Yeast, and Bacterial Hosts
679(18)
Sang T. Jung
Dong-Il Kim
39.1 Mass Production of Biosimilar Monoclonal Antibodies in Mammalian Cells
680(1)
39.1.1 Manufacturing
680(1)
39.1.1.1 Process Development
681(1)
39.1.1.2 Large-Scale Cell Culture
682(1)
39.1.1.3 Large-Scale Purification
682(1)
39.1.1.4 Formulation and Filling Processes
683(1)
39.1.1.5 Physicochemical and Functional Analyses
683(1)
39.1.1.6 Preclinical and Clinical Evaluations
686(1)
39.2 Mass Production of Monoclonal Antibodies in Yeast
686(1)
39.3 Mass Production of Monoclonal Antibodies in Escherichia coli
687(1)
39.3.1 Expression of Full-Length IgG Antibodies in E. coli
687(1)
39.3.2 Aglycosylated Full-Length IgG Antibodies under Clinical Trials
688(1)
39.3.3 Engineering Aglycosylated Fc Domain for Effector Functional Antibodies in E. coli
689(2)
39.4 Conclusion
691(2)
References
693(4)
40 Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Methods for Discovery of Protein Biomarkers for Complex Human Diseases
697(16)
Sangchul Rho
Hyobin Jeong
Sehyun Chae
Hee-Jung Jung
Sanghyun Ahn
Yun-Hwa Kim
Ju-Young Lee
Soyoung Choi
Daehee Hwang
Concise Definition of Subject
697(1)
40.1 Introduction
697(1)
40.2 MS-Based Proteomic Analysis Pipeline for Discovery of Protein Biomarkers
698(1)
40.3 Discovery of Protein Biomarkers Using LC-MS/MS Analysis
699(1)
40.3.1 Reduction of Sample Complexity by Depletion and Enrichment Methods
700(1)
40.3.2 Improvement of Proteome Size by Sample Fractionation Methods
702(1)
40.4 Analysis of Proteomic Data for the Biomarker Discovery
703(1)
40.4.1 Functional Enrichment and Network Analyses of the DEPs
704(1)
40.4.2 Integrative Analysis of the DEPs with Relevant Global Datasets
705(1)
40.5 Verification and Validation of Biomarker Candidates
706(2)
References
708(5)
Part VII Computer-Aided Bioprocess Design and Systems Biology
713(90)
41 Overview on Bioprocess Simulation
715(8)
Shin Je Lee
Dae Shik Kim
Jong Min Lee
Chonghun Han
41.1 Introduction
715(1)
41.2 Modeling and Design of Bioprocess
715(1)
41.3 Monitoring of Bioprocess
716(2)
41.4 Control of Bioprocess
718(1)
41.5 Computational Fluid Dynamics in Bioprocess Simulation
718(2)
References
720(3)
42 Bioprocess Simulation and Scheduling
723(38)
Doug Carmichael
Charles Siletti
Alexandros Koulouris
Demetri Petrides
42.1 The Purpose of Bioprocess Simulation
723(2)
42.2 Detailed Modeling of Single Batch Bioprocesses
725(1)
42.2.1 Monoclonal Antibody Example Overview
726(1)
42.2.2 Process Description
729(1)
42.2.2.1 Upstream
729(1)
42.2.2.2 Downstream
729(1)
42.2.3 Material Balances
730(1)
42.2.4 Scheduling and Cycle Time Reduction
731(1)
42.2.5 Economic Evaluation
733(1)
42.2.6 Sensitivity Analysis
736(3)
42.3 Design and Operation of Multiproduct Facilities
739(1)
42.3.1 Applications of Multiproduct Plant Modeling
740(1)
42.3.1.1 Capacity Analysis and Strategic Planning
740(1)
42.3.1.2 Production Scheduling
741(1)
42.3.1.3 Facility Design and Debottlenecking
741(1)
42.3.2 Approaches to Modeling of Multiproduct Batch Plants
742(1)
42.3.2.1 Spreadsheet Tools
742(1)
42.3.2.2 Batch Process Simulation Tools
742(1)
42.3.2.3 Discrete-Event Simulation Tools
742(1)
42.3.2.4 Mathematical Optimization Tools
743(1)
42.3.2.5 Recipe-Based Scheduling Tools
743(1)
42.3.3 Capacity Analysis and Strategic Planning
744(1)
42.3.4 Production Scheduling
745(1)
42.3.4.1 Recipe Overview and Schedule Generation
745(1)
42.3.4.2 Accounting for Buffer Preparation and Holding
749(1)
42.3.4.3 Considering Labor Constraints
751(1)
42.3.4.4 Production Tracking and Rescheduling
752(2)
42.3.5 Facility Design and Debottlenecking
754(1)
42.3.5.1 Sizing of Utility Systems
755(1)
42.3.5.2 Estimating Floor Space for Mobile Units
757(1)
42.4 Conclusion
758(1)
Abbreviations
758(1)
References
759(2)
43 Metabolism-Combined Growth Model Construction and Its Application to Optimal Bioreactor Operation
761(10)
Dong H. Jeong
Jung H. Kim
Jong M. Lee
43.1 Introduction
761(1)
43.2 Growth Model Construction and a Diversity of Modification Methods
762(3)
43.3 Optimal Decision-Making System
765(1)
43.4 Case Study
765(3)
43.5 Summary
768(1)
Acknowledgments
768(1)
References
768(3)
44 Software Applications for Phenotype Analysis and Strain Design of Cellular Systems
771(22)
Meiyappan Lakshmanan
Lokanand Koduru
Dong-Yup Lee
44.1 Introduction
771(1)
44.2 COBRA Framework
772(1)
44.3 COBRA Software Applications
772(1)
44.3.1 Model Reconstruction
774(1)
44.3.1.1 Draft Reconstruction
777(1)
44.3.1.2 Manual Refinement
777(1)
44.3.1.3 Gap Filling
777(1)
44.3.2 Phenotype Analysis
777(1)
44.3.2.1 Elucidating the Optimal Metabolic State
778(1)
44.3.2.2 Characterizing the Global Solution Space
778(1)
44.3.2.3 Modeling Genetic Perturbations
778(1)
44.3.2.4 Integrating Regulatory Information with CBM Models
781(1)
44.3.3 In Silico Strain Design
781(1)
44.3.4 Miscellaneous Features
782(1)
44.4 Utilizing the Potential of COBRA Software Applications Suite: A Practical Case Study
782(1)
44.4.1 OptKnock
785(1)
44.4.2 OptGene
786(1)
44.4.3 GDBB
786(1)
44.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
787(1)
References
788(5)
45 Metabolic Network Modeling for Computer-Aided Design of Microbial Interactions
793(10)
Hyun-Seob Song
William C. Nelson
Joon-Yong Lee
Ronald C. Taylor
Christopher S. Henry
Alexander S. Beliaev
Doraiswami Ramkrishna
Hans C. Bernstein
45.1 Biological Computer-Aided Design of Interactions
793(2)
45.2 Community Metabolic Network Reconstruction
795(1)
45.3 Prediction of Interactions Using Metabolic Networks
796(1)
45.3.1 Interspecies Interaction Scoring
796(1)
45.3.2 Steady-State Flux Modeling
797(1)
45.3.3 Modeling Dynamic Interactions
798(1)
45.4 Conclusions
798(1)
Acknowledgments
798(1)
Conflicts of Interest
799(1)
References
799(4)
Index
803
Ho Nam Chang is Professor Emeritus at the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST). He studied at Seoul National University (South Korea) and received his Master and Ph.D. degrees from Stanford University (USA) in 1971 and 1975. After this time, he returned to Korea and became Professor at KAIST, a position he hold until his retirement in 2010. In 1990, he was elected Director of the Bioprocess Engineering Research Center at KAIST. During his scientific career, Ho Nam Chang became a Humboldt Fellow at the University of Erlangen (Germany, 1980 to 1981), President of the Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (1994 to 1995), Member of the Presidential Council on Science and Technology of Korea (1995 to 1997) and Honorary Professor at Nanjng University of Technology (China).

Jens Nielsen has a PhD degree (1989) in Biochemical Engineering from the Danish Technical University (DTU), and after that established his independent research group and was appointed full Professor there in 1998. He was Fulbright visiting professor at MIT in 1995-1996. At DTU he founded and directed the Center for Microbial Biotechnology. In 2008 he was recruited as Professor and Director to Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. Jens Nielsen has received numerous Danish and international awards including the Nature Mentor Award, and is member of several academies, including the National Academy of Engineering in USA and the Royal Swedish Academy of Science. He is a founding president of the International Metabolic Engineering Society.

Professor Gregory Stephanopoulos is the W. H. Dow Professor of Chemical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, USA) and Director of the MIT Metabolic Engineering Laboratory. He is also Instructor of Bioengineering at Harvard Medical School (since 1997). He has been recognized by numerous awards from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) (Wilhelm, Walker and Founders awards), American Chemical Society (ACS), Society of industrial Microbiology (SIM), BIO (Washington Carver Award), the John Fritz Medal of the American Association of Engineering Societies, and others. In 2003 he was elected member of the National Academy of Engineering (USA) and in 2014 President of AIChE.
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