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E-book: Sustainability Assessment: Pluralism, practice and progress

Edited by (Macquarie University, Australia), Edited by (Murdoch University, Australia), Edited by (University of East Anglia, UK)
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Sustainability Assessment is an increasingly important tool for informing planning and development decisions across the globe. Required by law in some countries, strongly recommended in others, a comprehensive analysis of why Sustainability Assessment is needed and clarification of the value-laden and political nature of assessments is long overdue.

Currently the writing on the subject is limited and comprises, for the most part, guidance documents and completed assessments. This book overcomes these shortcomings by simultaneously providing the knowledge, inspiration and range of assessment tools in decision-making students require to tackle Sustainability Assessment challenges nested within wide-ranging values and sustainability-grounded evidence.

The collection details the current state-of-the art in relation to Sustainability Assessment theory and practice, and considers the pluralistic nature of the tool and the implications for achieving sustainable decision-making. The contributors set out the context for Sustainability Assessment and then outline some contested issues which can affect interpretations of whether the decision tool has been effective. Current practice worldwide is assessed against a consistent framework and then solutions to some of the inherent weaknesses and causes of conflict in relation to the perceived sustainability of outcomes are put forward.

The book is unique in setting out state-of-the-art in terms of Sustainability Assessment practice by focusing on those countries with developing experience. It also covers emerging factors influencing effectiveness of decision-making tools and evaluates how they affect the performance of Sustainability Assessment. Written by authors among the leading university academics teaching impact assessment courses in the most acclaimed universities worldwide operating in this field, it is ideally suited for the growing numbers of courses in impact assessment education and training.
List of illustrations
xi
Preface xiii
The structure of the book
Part 1 Introduction
Part 2 Sustainability assessment: pluralism
Part 3 Sustainability assessment: practice
Part 4 Solutions?
About the editors xx
Part 1 Introduction
1(34)
1 Why sustainability assessment?
3(15)
Introduction
Trends and implications
Transitions and institutions
The evident lessons
Six imperatives for sustainability assessment
References
Environmental assessment and sustainability timeline
2 The changing theory of impact assessment
18(17)
Introduction
Defining scientific theory
Theoretical underpinnings in the early years
The changing nature of IA theory
The changing normative basis for IA theory
Developments in theories of decision making
Causal theory
Theory and pluralism
Conclusions
References
Part 2 Sustainability assessment: pluralism
35(80)
3 Challenges in determining the effectiveness of sustainability assessment
Introduction
Critical debates
Contested meanings of sustainable development
Sustainability and context
Contested time horizons and spatial boundaries
Holism versus reductionism
Process versus outcomes
Measuring effectiveness
Pluralism and effectiveness
Conclusions
Notes
References
4 Contested time horizons
51(17)
Introduction
Time horizon issues
Length of time horizons
Cultural value of resource
Resilience of resource
Who absorbs costs or profits from project impacts?
Cases
Case #1: Solar Calendar in southern Utah
Case #2: Reefs, marine fishermen lifeways in St Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands
Case #3: Hallandsås railway tunnel in Sweden
Discussion
References
5 Contested spatiality: geographical scale in sustainability assessment
68(17)
Introduction
Sustainability across geographical, social and ecological scales
Sustainability in practice: cases studies of scale issues in sustainability assessment
Scoping and scale - assessment processes in Quebec (Canada)
Mining - bioaccumulation of radio nuclides Kakadu (Australia)
Murray-Darling Basin Authority (Australia)
Key ideas for sustainability assessment practice
References
6 Legal pluralism: notions of standing and legal process constraining assessment
85(15)
Introduction
Context of sustainability assessment
Sustainability assessment as part of improved governance: international initiatives
Standing and access to justice in Australia
Challenging Australian environmental decisions
Australian federal approaches to judicial review
New South Wales: state approaches to judicial review
Potential for legal review of sustainability assessment in Australia
Learning from international and national approaches to improving environmental governance
Concluding comments
References
7 Pluralism in practice
100(15)
Introduction
Context
Conceptualisations of sustainability
Values and interests
Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) for sustainability assessment
What's your bottom line?
Process expectations
Embracing pluralism in sustainability assessment
Strategic approaches to sustainability assessment
Deliberation in sustainability assessment
Sustainability assessment as a learning process
Conclusion
References
Part 3 Sustainability assessment: practice
115(82)
8 Framework for comparing and evaluating sustainability assessment practice
117(15)
Introduction
Procedural effectiveness
Substantive effectiveness
Transactive effectiveness
Normative effectiveness
Pluralism
Knowledge and learning
Conclusions
Notes
References
9 Sustainability assessment in England
132(17)
Introduction
Procedural effectiveness
Substantive effectiveness
Transactive effectiveness
Normative effectiveness
Pluralism
Knowledge and learning
Conclusions
Notes
References
10 Learning by doing: sustainability assessment in Western Australia
149(18)
Introduction
The evolution of sustainability assessment in Western Australia
The practice of sustainability assessment in Western Australia
External regulator-led sustainability assessment
Internal proponent-led sustainability assessment
Procedural effectiveness
Substantive effectiveness
Transactive effectiveness
Normative effectiveness
Pluralism
Knowledge and learning
Concluding remarks
References
11 Sustainability assessment in Canada
167(17)
Introduction
Sustainability assessment as public practice
Evaluating formal sustainability assessments in Canada
Seven sustainability assessments
The Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry (1974-1977)
Ontario's class environmental assessment of timber management on crown lands (1987-1994)
Development of an urban growth management strategy for British Columbia's Capital Regional District (1996-2003)
The Voisey's Bay mine and mill environmental assessment (1997-2002)
Whites Point quarry and marine terminal environmental assessment (2004-2007)
Kemess North copper-gold mine environmental assessment (2005-2007)
Mackenzie Gas Project environmental assessment (2004-2009)
Lessons and prospects
References
12 Sustainability assessment in South Africa
184(13)
Introduction
Procedural effectiveness
Substantive effectiveness
Normative effectiveness
Transactive effectiveness
Pluralism
Knowledge and learning
Summary and conclusions
Notes
References
Part 4 Solutions?
197(74)
13 Better engagement
Introduction
Letting many voices be heard: methods for better engagement
Influencing decisions
Making engagement work: embedding solutions in sustainable structures
Conclusions
References
14 Better learning
216(15)
Introduction
Theory and types of learning
Examples of learning from sustainability assessment practice
Learning in proponents
Learning in consultants
Learning in regulators
Learning in the public
Learning in researchers
Better learning
Critical reflection in sustainability assessment
Critical and reflective engagement in sustainability assessment
Facilitating emancipator learning
Conclusions
References
15 Designing an effective sustainability assessment process
231(14)
Introduction
Summary of practice
Procedural effectiveness
Substantive effectiveness
Transactive effectiveness
Normative effectiveness
Pluralism
Knowledge and learning
Some reflections on the theory of effectiveness
Connecting criteria and imperatives
Better process?
References
16 Integrating sustainability assessment into planning: benefits and challenges
245(18)
Introduction
Sustainability in planning
Integrating planning and sustainability assessment contents
Integrating planning and sustainability assessment processes
Methodological challenges
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
17 Conclusions
263(8)
Introduction
The focus on pluralism
A robust evaluation framework
Representing sustainability assessment practice
What key challenges face sustainability assessment?
Are the recommendations made in Part 4 realistic?
References
Index 271
Alan Bond, Angus Morrison-Saunders, Richard Howitt