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E-raamat: 100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage for Everything

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(Stanford University, California)
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Oct-2020
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108846165
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This book covers the science and methods behind a worldwide transition to 100% clean, renewable energy for scientists, engineers, and social scientists. It is accessible to students, general readers, professionals, policymakers, advocates, researchers, and academics alike: anyone concerned about climate change, air pollution, and energy security.

Numerous laws – including the Green New Deal – have been proposed or passed in cities, states, and countries to transition from fossil fuels to 100% clean, renewable energy in order to address climate change, air pollution, and energy insecurity. This textbook lays out the science, technology, economics, policy, and social aspects of such transitions. It discusses the renewable electricity and heat generating technologies needed; the electricity, heat, cold, and hydrogen storage technologies required; how to keep the electric power grid stable; and how to address non-energy sources of emissions. It discusses the history of the 100% Movement, which evolved from a collaboration among scientists, cultural leaders, business people, and community leaders. Finally, it discusses current progress in transitioning to 100% renewables, and the new policies needed to complete the transition. Online course supplements include lecture slides, answers to the end-of-chapter student exercises, and a list of extra resources.

Arvustused

'A great book! Finally a textbook is available that clearly explains all aspects of a full supply of renewable energy. It shows why problems of air pollution and global warming can be solved by using renewable energies. It explains very clearly all aspects of a secure and climate-friendly full supply of renewable energies using comprehensive scientific facts and clear practical examples. It should be used as a standard textbook in all worldwide energy economics lectures worldwide! It is highly relevant not only for students but for all those interested in energy economics in times of unsolved challenges caused by climate change and pollution. A book that everyone should have read!' Professor Claudia Kemfert, German Institute for Economic Research 'Engineering professors of the world: are you teaching a course on climate change, or planning one? If you are, this is the textbook you should be adopting. Civil, mechanical, electrical, materials, chemical engineering aspects of the energy transition are exhaustively addressed. And this book has soul: today's engineering student feels the need to do something about climate change, and this book empowers them.' Anthony R. Ingraffea, Cornell University, New York 'Mark Jacobson's new book, 100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage for Everything, provides the most authoritative look yet at the future of energy beyond fossil fuels. The text is clearly written, authoritative, and thoroughly referenced. This will make a great text book for courses on energy and climate change, but is also a must read for all of us interested in the transition to a renewable future.' Robert W. Howarth, Cornell University, New York 'The world's major crises need radical and comprehensive solutions, with 100% clean renewable energy systems at the core of any health, climate, peace or prosperity plan. Marc Z. Jacobsen shows in a brilliant and scientifically profound way why such a worldwide transformation is necessary and how it can be realized. A powerful work that leaves no more excuses for political inaction.' Hans-Josef Fell, Former German Parliamentarian and founder of German solar tariffs 'Professor Jacobson's work on the possibilities for renewable energy have opened eyes around the globe. Where people once saw barriers, increasingly they see possibilities and openings, and this book consolidates that new understanding.' Bill McKibben, Middlebury College, Vermont 'Mark Jacobson shines a bright light illuminating the path forward, painstakingly detailing - with numbers and facts - how we can decarbonize our energy infrastructure, take action on climate, create a cleaner environment and sustain a healthy, green economy. At a time when there is far too much doom and gloom over our prospects for averting climate catastrophe, read this book, take action and be part of the battle to preserve a healthy, livable planet.' Michael E. Mann, Penn State University

Muu info

Textbook on the science and methods behind a global transition to 100% clean, renewable energy for science, engineering, and social science students.
Preface xiii
1 What Problems Are We Trying to Solve?
1(16)
1.1 The Air Pollution Tragedy
1(1)
1.1.1 Health Risks from Air Pollution
1(1)
1.1.2 Sources of Air Pollution
1(1)
1.1.3 How Transitioning the Energy Infrastructure Can Address the Air Pollution Tragedy
2(1)
1.2 Global Warming
2(9)
1.2.1 The Natural Greenhouse Effect
3(1)
1.2.2 Global Warming
3(1)
1.2.3 Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases
4(1)
1.2.3.1 Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide
4(1)
1.2.3.2 Ozone
5(1)
1.2.3.3 Halogens
5(1)
1.2.3.4 Lifetimes and Global Warming Potentials
6(2)
1.2.3.5 Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Emissions
8(1)
1.2.3.6 Anthropogenic Water Vapor
9(1)
1.2.2 Anthropogenic Absorbing Aerosol Particle Components
9(1)
1.2.3 Anthropogenic Heat Emissions
10(1)
1.2.4 The Urban Heat Island Effect
10(1)
1.2.5 Impacts of Global Warming
10(1)
1.3 Energy Insecurity
11(2)
1.3.1 Energy Insecurity due to Diminishing Availability of Fossil Fuels and Uranium
11(1)
1.3.2 Energy Insecurity due to Reliance on Centralized Power Plants and Oil Refineries
11(1)
1.3.3 Energy Insecurity due to Reliance on Energy from Outside a Country
12(1)
1.3.4 Energy Insecurity due to Fuels That Have Mining, Pollution, Waste, Meltdown, and/or Weapons Risk
13(1)
1.4 Summary
13(1)
Further Reading
13(1)
1.5 Problems and Exercises
14(3)
2 Wind-Water-Solar (WWS) and Storage Solution
17(68)
2.1 WWS Electricity-Generating Technologies
18(10)
2.1.1 Onshore and Offshore Wind
18(1)
2.1.2 Wave
19(1)
2.1.3 Geothermal
20(1)
2.1.4 Hydroelectric
21(4)
2.1.5 Tidal and Ocean Currents
25(1)
2.1.6 Solar Photovoltaics
25(2)
2.1.7 Concentrated Solar Power
27(1)
2.2 WWS Transportation Technologies
28(10)
2.2.1 Battery-Electric Vehicles
28(1)
2.2.2 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
29(2)
2.2.2.1 Mechanisms of Hydrogen Production
31(1)
2.2.2.2 Hydrogen Fuel Cells
32(2)
2.2.2.3 Is Platinum a Limitation If Hydrogen Fuel Cells Are Adopted on a Large Scale?
34(1)
2.2.3 Comparing Masses and Volumes among BE, HFC, and ICE Vehicles
34(4)
2.3 WWS Building Heating and Cooling Technologies
38(4)
2.3.1 District Heating and Cooling
38(1)
2.3.2 Rooftop Solar Water Heaters
39(1)
2.3.3 Heat Pumps
39(3)
2.4 WWS High-Temperature Industrial Heat Technologies
42(6)
2.4.1 Electric Arc Furnaces
42(1)
2.4.2 Induction Furnaces
43(1)
2.4.3 Electric Resistance Furnaces
44(1)
2.4.4 Dielectric Heaters
44(1)
2.4.5 Electron Beam Heaters
44(1)
2.4.6 Steam Production from Heat Pumps and CSP
45(1)
2.4.7 Steel Manufacturing
45(1)
2.4.7.1 Reducing Carbon Emissions with Hydrogen Direct Reduction
46(1)
2.4.7.2 Reducing Carbon Emissions with Molten Oxide Electrolysis
46(1)
2.4.8 Concrete Manufacturing
47(1)
2.4.8.1 A Type of Concrete That Emits No C02
47(1)
2.4.8.2 Sequestering C02 in Concrete
47(1)
2.4.8.3 Concrete Recycling
48(1)
2.5 WWS Electric Substitutes for Fossil-Fuel Appliances and Machines
48(2)
2.5.1 Electric Induction Cookers
48(1)
2.5.2 Electric Fireplaces
48(1)
2.5.3 Electric Leaf Blowers
49(1)
2.5.4 Electric Lawnmowers
49(1)
2.5.5 Other Appliances and Technologies
49(1)
2.6 Reducing Energy Use and Increasing Energy Efficiency
50(1)
2.7 WWS Electricity Storage Technologies
51(8)
2.7.1 Concentrated Solar Power with Storage
51(2)
2.7.2 Hydroelectric Power Dam Storage
53(1)
2.7.3 Pumped Hydropower Storage
53(1)
2.7.4 Stationary Batteries
54(4)
2.7.5 Flywheels
58(1)
2.7.6 Compressed Air Energy Storage
58(1)
2.7.7 Gravitational Storage with Solid Masses
59(1)
2.8 WWS Heat, Cold, and Hydrogen Storage Technologies
59(18)
2.8.1 Heat and Cold Storage in Water Tanks
59(1)
2.8.2 District Heating Systems
60(1)
2.8.3 Underground Thermal Energy Storage
61(1)
2.8.3.1 Borehole Thermal Energy Storage
61(3)
2.8.3.2 Pit Thermal Energy Storage
64(1)
2.8.3.3 Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage
65(2)
2.8.4 Passive Heating and Cooling in Buildings
67(1)
2.8.4.1 Thermal Mass
67(1)
2.8.4.2 Ventilated Facades
68(1)
2.8.4.3 Window Blinds
68(1)
2.8.4.4 Window Film
69(1)
2.8.4.5 Night Ventilation
69(1)
2.8.5 Cold Storage in Ice
69(1)
2.8.6 Hydrogen Storage
69(1)
2.8.7 Stanford University 100 Percent Renewable Electricity, Heat, and Cold Energy System
70(1)
2.8.8 Electrified Home with Battery Storage and Heat Pumps
71(6)
2.9 Controlling Non-Energy Air Pollution and Climate-Relevant Emissions
77(3)
2.9.1 Open Biomass Burning and Waste Burning
77(1)
2.9.2 Methane from Agriculture and Waste
78(1)
2.9.3 Halogen Emissions
79(1)
2.9.4 Nitrous Oxide and Ammonia Emissions from Fertilizers
79(1)
2.10 Summary
80(1)
Further Reading
80(1)
2.11 Problems and Exercises
81(4)
3 Why Some Technologies Are Not Included
85(54)
3.1 Why Not Use Natural Gas as a Bridge Fuel?
86(5)
3.1.1 Climate Impacts of Natural Gas versus Other Fossil Fuels
87(1)
3.1.2 Air Pollution Impacts of Natural Gas versus Coal and Renewables
88(1)
3.1.3 Using Natural Gas for Peaking or Load Following
89(1)
3.1.4 Land Required for Natural Gas Infrastructure
89(2)
3.2 Why Not Use Natural Gas or Coal with Carbon Capture?
91(18)
3.2.1 Air Pollution Increases and Only Modest Lifecycle CO2e Decreases due to Carbon Capture
91(1)
3.2.2 Total CO2e Emissions of Energy Technologies
92(1)
3.2.2.1 Opportunity Cost Emissions
93(1)
3.2.2.2 Anthropogenic Heat Emissions
94(4)
3.2.2.3 Anthropogenic Water Vapor Emissions
98(3)
3.2.2.4 Leaks of CO2 Sequestered Underground
101(1)
3.2.2.5 Emissions from Covering Land or Clearing Vegetation
102(1)
3.2.2.6 Comparison of Coal and Natural Gas with Carbon Capture with Other Energy Technologies
102(1)
3.2.3 Carbon Capture Projects
103(6)
3.3 Why Nuclear Power Represents an Opportunity Cost
109(11)
3.3.1 Risks Affecting the Ability of Nuclear Power to Address Global Warming and Air Pollution
111(1)
3.3.1.1 Delays between Planning and Operation and due to Refurbishing Reactors
112(2)
3.3.1.2 Air Pollution and Global Warming Relevant Emissions from Nuclear
114(1)
3.3.1.3 Nuclear Costs
114(1)
3.3.2 Risks Affecting the Ability of Nuclear Power to Address Energy and Environmental Security
115(1)
3.3.2.1 Weapons Proliferation Risk
115(2)
3.3.2.2 Meltdown Risk
117(1)
3.3.2.3 Radioactive Waste Risks
118(1)
3.3.2.4 Uranium Mining Health Risks and Land Degradation
118(2)
3.4 Why Not Biomass for Electricity or Heat?
120(2)
3.4.1 Biomass without Carbon Capture
120(1)
3.4.2 Biomass with Carbon Capture
121(1)
3.5 Why Not Liquid Biofuels for Transportation?
122(2)
3.6 Why Not Synthetic Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage?
124(7)
3.6.1 Discovery of Chemical Removal of CO2 from the Air
125(2)
3.6.2 Reaction of CO2 with Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides and Hydroxides
127(1)
3.6.3 Reaction of CO2 with Organic-Inorganic Sorbents Consisting of Amines
128(1)
3.6.4 Opportunity Cost of SDACCS/U
128(3)
3.7 Why Not Geoengineering?
131(2)
3.8 Summary
133(1)
Further Reading
133(1)
3.9 Problems and Exercises
134(5)
4 Electricity Basics
139(20)
4.1 Static Electricity, Lightning, and Wired Electricity
139(3)
4.1.1 Static Electricity
139(1)
4.1.2 Lightning
139(1)
4.1.3 Wired Electricity
140(2)
4.2 Voltage and Kirchoff's Laws
142(1)
4.3 Power and Resistance
143(1)
4.4 Resistors in Series and Parallel
144(1)
4.5 Capacitors
145(2)
4.6 Electromagnetism
147(1)
4.7 AC Electricity and Inductors
148(3)
4.8 Single-Phase and Three-Phase AC Electricity and Generators
151(1)
4.9 Real versus Reactive Power
152(1)
4.10 Transmission, Transformers, and the Battle of DC versus AC
153(2)
4.11 Summary
155(1)
Further Reading
155(1)
4.12 Problems and Exercises
156(3)
5 Photovoltaics and Solar Radiation
159(34)
5.1 Solar Photovoltaics
159(16)
5.1.1 Conduction, Forbidden, and Filled Bands
159(2)
5.1.2 Maximum Possible PV Cell Efficiency
161(1)
5.1.3 Creating Electric Fields and Electricity in a PV Cell
161(2)
5.1.4 Types of and Materials in PV Cells
163(1)
5.1.5 PV Panels and Arrays
164(1)
5.1.6 PV Panel Efficiencies
165(2)
5.1.7 Correction of PV Output for Cell Temperature and Other Processes
167(1)
5.1.7.1 Correction for Cell Temperature
167(1)
5.1.7.2 Corrections for Additional Processes
168(1)
5.1.8 Solar Zenith Angles and Fluxes and How They Vary with Tilted or Tracked Solar Panels
169(1)
5.1.8.1 Solar Zenith Angle
170(2)
5.1.8.2 Current Solar Flux to Horizontal Panels
172(1)
5.1.8.3 Current Solar Flux to Tilted or Tracked Panels
173(1)
5.1.8.4 Optimal Tilt Angles
174(1)
5.1.8.5 Impacts of Tilting and Tracking versus Horizontal Panels
175(1)
5.2 Solar Resources
175(2)
5.3 Calculating Direct and Diffuse Fluxes of Solar Radiation
177(12)
5.3.1 Radiation Spectra
177(3)
5.3.2 Solar Radiation Reaching the Top of Earth's Atmosphere
180(2)
5.3.3 Angles on a Sphere
182(1)
5.3.4 Radiance and Irradiance
182(1)
5.3.5 Optical Depth
183(1)
5.3.6 The Radiative Transfer Equation
184(1)
5.3.7 Phase Function and Asymmetry Parameter
185(2)
5.3.8 Solutions to the Radiative Transfer Equation
187(2)
5.4 Summary
189(1)
Further Reading
190(1)
5.5 Problems and Exercises
190(3)
6 Onshore and Offshore Wind Energy
193(56)
6.1 Brief History of Windmills and Wind Turbines
193(1)
6.2 Types of Wind Turbines
194(1)
6.3 Wind Turbine Parts
195(1)
6.4 Wind Turbine Mechanics
196(2)
6.5 Wind Turbine Generators
198(2)
6.6 Power in the Wind and Wind Turbine Power Output
200(18)
6.6.1 Wind Turbine Power Curve
200(1)
6.6.2 Rayleigh and Weibull Frequency Distributions
201(2)
6.6.3 Power in the Wind
203(1)
6.6.3.1 Impacts of the Variation of Day and Night Wind Speed with Altitude on Power in the Wind
203(3)
6.6.3.2 Impacts of the Variation in Air Density and Pressure with Altitude on Power in the Wind
206(2)
6.6.4 Betz Limit
208(1)
6.6.5 Wind Turbine Energy Output and Capacity Factor
209(3)
6.6.6 Factors Reducing Wind Turbine Gross Annual Energy Output
212(1)
6.6.6.1 Transmission and Distribution Losses
212(4)
6.6.6.2 Downtime Losses
216(1)
6.6.6.3 Curtailment Losses
216(1)
6.6.6.4 Array Losses due to Competition among Wind Turbines for Available Kinetic Energy
216(1)
6.6.6.5 Overall Loss of Wind Energy Output
217(1)
6.7 Wind Turbine Footprint and Spacing Areas
218(4)
6.7.1 Defining Wind Farm Spacing Area
218(3)
6.7.2 Estimates of Wind Farm Spacing Areas
221(1)
6.7.3 Application of Spacing Area
221(1)
6.8 Wind Physics and Resources
222(16)
6.8.1 Forces Acting on the Air
223(1)
6.8.1.1 Pressure Gradient Force
223(1)
6.8.1.2 Apparent Coriolis Force
223(1)
6.8.1.3 Friction Force
224(1)
6.8.1.4 Apparent Centrifugal Force
224(1)
6.8.2 How Winds Form
224(1)
6.8.2.1 Geostrophic Wind
224(1)
6.8.2.2 Surface Winds along Straight Isobars
225(1)
6.8.2.3 Gradient Wind
225(1)
6.8.2.4 Surface Winds along Curved Isobars
226(1)
6.8.3 Global Circulation of the Atmosphere
227(1)
6.8.3.1 Equatorial Low-Pressure Belt
227(2)
6.8.3.2 Winds Aloft in the Hadley Cells
229(1)
6.8.3.3 Subtropical High-Pressure Belts
229(1)
6.8.3.4 The Trade Winds
229(1)
6.8.3.5 Subpolar Low-Pressure Belts
229(1)
6.8.3.6 Westerly Winds Aloft at Midlatitudes
230(1)
6.8.3.7 Polar Easterlies
230(1)
6.8.4 Local Winds
230(1)
6.8.4.1 Sea/Land Breezes
230(2)
6.8.4.2 Gap Winds, Valley Breezes, and Mountain Breezes
232(1)
6.8.5 Global and Regional Wind Resources
232(3)
6.8.6 World Saturation Wind Power Potential
235(3)
6.9 Wind Turbine Impacts on Climate, Hurricanes, and Birds
238(7)
6.9.1 Wind Turbine Impacts on Climate
238(2)
6.9.2 Wind Turbine Impacts on Hurricanes
240(4)
6.9.3 Wind Turbine Impacts on Birds and Bats
244(1)
6.10 Summary
245(1)
Further Reading
245(1)
6.11 Problems and Exercises
246(3)
7 Steps in Developing 100 Percent All-Sector WWS and Storage Roadmaps
249(50)
7.1 Projecting End-Use Energy Demand
249(1)
7.2 Transitioning Future Energy to WWS Technologies
250(2)
7.3 Calculating End-Use Energy Reductions due to a Transition
252(6)
7.3.1 Efficiency of Electricity and Electrolytic Hydrogen over Combustion for Transportation
252(1)
7.3.1.1 Efficiency of Battery-Electric Vehicles over Fossil-Fuel Vehicles
252(1)
7.3.1.2 Efficiency of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles over Fossil-Fuel Vehicles
253(4)
7.3.2 Efficiency of Electricity over Combustion for High-Temperature Heat
257(1)
7.3.3 Reducing Energy Use by Moving Heat with Electric Heat Pumps Instead of Creating Heat
257(1)
7.3.4 Eliminating Energy to Mine, Transport, and Process Fossil Fuels, Biofuels, Bioenergy, and Uranium
258(1)
7.3.5 Increasing Energy Efficiency and Reducing Energy Use beyond BAU
258(1)
7.3.6 Overall Reduction in End-Use Demand
258(1)
7.4 Performing a Resource Analysis
258(1)
7.5 Selecting a Mix of WWS Energy Generators to Meet Demand
259(13)
7.6 Estimating Avoided Energy, Air Pollution, and Climate Costs
272(24)
7.6.1 Avoided Energy Costs
272(6)
7.6.2 Avoided Health Costs from Air Pollution
278(16)
7.6.3 Avoided Climate Change Damage Costs
294(1)
7.6.4 Summary of Avoided Energy, Health, and Climate Damage Costs
295(1)
7.7 Summary
296(1)
Further Reading
296(1)
7.8 Problems and Exercises
297(2)
8 Matching Electricity, Heat, Cold, and Hydrogen Demand Continuously with 100 Percent WWS Supply, Storage, and Demand Response
299(48)
8.1 Methods of Meeting Energy Demand Continuously
299(23)
8.1.1 Interconnecting Geographically Dispersed Generators
304(2)
8.1.2 Determining Annual Average Demands and Sizing WWS Generation to Meet Them
306(2)
8.1.3 Sizing Additional Generation, Storage, and Demand Response
308(1)
8.1.3.1 Estimating Heat, Cold, Hydrogen, and Electricity Loads
308(3)
8.1.3.2 Estimating Loads Subject to Storage and Demand Response
311(2)
8.1.3.3 Estimating Daily and Hourly Loads from Annual Loads
313(2)
8.1.3.4 Sizing Storage and Additional Generation
315(2)
8.1.4 Solutions to Instantaneous Over and Under Generation
317(1)
8.1.4.1 Solutions When Instantaneous WWS Electricity or Heat Supply Exceeds Instantaneous Load
317(1)
8.1.4.2 Solutions When Instantaneous Load Exceeds Instantaneous WWS Electricity or Heat Supply
317(1)
8.1.5 Measures Needed When Instantaneous Load Cannot Be Met with Instantaneous Supply or Storage
318(1)
8.1.5.1 Oversizing Wind, Water, and Sunlight Generation to Help Meet Demand
318(1)
8.1.5.2 Oversizing Storage to Help Meet Peaks in Demand
318(1)
8.1.5.3 Increasing Transmission Nameplate Capacity to Help Meet Demand
318(1)
8.1.5.4 Helping to Balance Demand with Vehicle-to-Grid
319(1)
8.1.5.5 Using Weather Forecasts to Plan for and Reduce Backup Requirements
319(1)
8.1.6 Ancillary Services: Load Following, Regulation, Reserves, and Voltage Control
320(1)
8.1.6.1 Load Following
320(1)
8.1.6.2 Regulation
320(1)
8.1.6.3 Frequency Regulation
321(1)
8.1.6.4 Spinning, Supplemental, and Replacement Reserves and Voltage Control
321(1)
8.2 Case Study of Meeting Demand with 100 Percent WWS
322(15)
8.2.1 Previous Studies of Matching Demand with or near 100 Percent WWS
322(2)
8.2.2 Types of Models for Meeting Demand
324(1)
8.2.2.1 Power Flow or Load Flow Models
324(1)
8.2.2.2 Optimization Models
324(1)
8.2.2.3 Trial-and-Error Simulation Models
325(1)
8.2.3 Matching Demand with WWS Supply, Storage, and Demand Response in 24 World Regions
326(11)
8.3 Estimating Footprint and Spacing Areas of WWS Generators
337(1)
8.4 Estimating Jobs Created and Lost as Part of a Transition
338(4)
8.5 Summary
342(1)
Further Reading
343(1)
8.6 Problems and Exercises
343(4)
9 Evolution of the 100 Percent Movement and Policies Needed for a WWS Solution
347(42)
9.1 Personal Journey to 100 Percent WWS
347(28)
9.1.1 First Exposure to Severe Air Pollution
347(1)
9.1.2 Hungry for Knowledge
348(1)
9.1.3 Lessons for Life
349(1)
9.1.4 Building a Coupled Regional Air Pollution-Weather Prediction Computer Model
349(1)
9.1.5 Expanding from the Regional to the Global Scale
350(1)
9.1.6 Black Carbon, the Kyoto Protocol, and Wind versus Coal
351(1)
9.1.7 Wind Energy Analysis and Comparing Impacts of Energy Technologies
352(1)
9.1.8 100 Percent Wind-Water-Solar and the TED Debate
353(1)
9.1.9 The Solutions Project
354(2)
9.1.10 Effects of New York State Roadmap on New York Policies
356(4)
9.1.11 How the California Roadmap Led to Transitioning Towns and Cities
360(1)
9.1.12 The Late Show with David Letterman
361(5)
9.1.13 Impact of the California Roadmap on California Passing a 100 Percent Law
366(2)
9.1.14 50-State and 139-Country Roadmaps, New York Climate March, and Paris Climate Conference
368(1)
9.1.15 Impacts of Roadmaps on U.S. Policies, Public Opinion, and International Business Commitments
369(6)
9.2 Timeline for a Transition
375(4)
9.2.1 Timelines for Individual Technologies to Transition
375(2)
9.2.2 How the Proposed Timeline May Impact Global CO2 Levels into the Future
377(1)
9.2.3 How the Proposed Timeline May Impact Global Temperatures into the Future
377(2)
9.3 Obstacles to Overcome for a Transition
379(3)
9.3.1 Vested Interests in the Current Energy Infrastructure
379(1)
9.3.2 Zoning Issues (NIMBYism)
380(1)
9.3.3 Countries Engaged in Conflict
381(1)
9.3.4 Countries with Substantial Poverty
381(1)
9.3.5 Transitioning Long-Distance Aircraft and Long-Distance Ships
382(1)
9.3.6 Competition among Solutions
382(1)
9.4 Policy Mechanisms
382(3)
9.4.1 Policy Options for a Transition
382(2)
9.4.2 Policy Options by Sector
384(1)
9.4.2.1 Energy Efficiency and Building Energy Measures
384(1)
9.4.2.2 Energy Supply Measures
384(1)
9.4.2.3 Utility Planning and Incentive Structures
384(1)
9.4.2.4 Transportation Measures
385(1)
9.4.2.5 Industrial-Sector Measures
385(1)
9.5 Conclusion: Where Do We Go from Here?
385(2)
Further Reading
386(1)
9.6 Problems and Exercises
387(2)
Glossary of Acronyms 389(2)
Appendix 391(4)
References 395(13)
Index 408
Mark Z. Jacobson is Director of the Atmosphere/Energy Program and Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University. He is also a Senior Fellow of the Woods Institute for the Environment and of the Precourt Institute for Energy. He received a B.S. in Civil Engineering, an A.B. in Economics, and an M.S. in Environmental Engineering from Stanford in 1988. He received an M.S. and PhD in Atmospheric Sciences in 1991 and 1994, respectively, from UCLA and joined the faculty at Stanford in 1994. He has published three textbooks and over 160 peer-reviewed journal articles. He received the 2005 American Meteorological Society Henry G. Houghton Award and the 2013 American Geophysical Union Ascent Award for his work on black carbon climate impacts and the 2013 Global Green Policy Design Award for developing state and country energy plans. In 2015, he received a Cozzarelli Prize from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences for his work on the grid integration of 100% wind, water and solar energy systems. In 2018, he received the Judi Friedman Lifetime Achievement Award For a distinguished career dedicated to finding solutions to large-scale air pollution and climate problems. In 2019, he was selected as one of the world's 100 most influential people in climate policy by Apolitical. He has served on an advisory committee to the U.S. Secretary of Energy, appeared in a TED talk, appeared on the David Letterman Show to discuss converting the world to clean energy, and cofounded The Solutions Project. His work is the scientific basis of the energy portion of the U.S. Green New Deal and laws to go to 100% renewable energy in cities, states, and countries worldwide.
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