Contributors |
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xi | |
Preface |
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xv | |
Acknowledgment |
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xvii | |
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1 Introduction to 3D and 4D printing technology: State of the art and recent trends |
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1 | (24) |
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1 | (2) |
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2 Designing perspective and effect of processing parameters in 3D and 4D printing |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (5) |
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4 Classification of materials used in 3D and 4D printing |
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10 | (2) |
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5 3D printer software and hardware |
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12 | (2) |
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6 Evolution of 4D printing technology |
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14 | (4) |
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7 Printers for 4D printing |
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18 | (1) |
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8 Recent trends in 3D printing and 4D printing |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (5) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (4) |
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2 3D and 4D printing of nanomaterials: Processing considerations for reliable printed nanocomposites |
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25 | (20) |
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25 | (2) |
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2 AM and governing physical phenomena |
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27 | (6) |
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3 Nanocomposites effects on processing parameters |
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33 | (5) |
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4 Future outlook and needs for future research |
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38 | (7) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (5) |
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3 Polymer-based conductive composites for 3D and 4D printing of electrical circuits |
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45 | (40) |
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46 | (4) |
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2 Conductive polymer composites with carbon-based fillers |
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50 | (13) |
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3 Conductive polymer composites with metal-based fillers |
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63 | (5) |
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68 | (12) |
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5 Summary and perspective |
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80 | (5) |
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81 | (4) |
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4 3D and 4D printing of pH-responsive and functional polymers and their composites |
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85 | (34) |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (9) |
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3 Functional materials in 3D and 4D printing |
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96 | (14) |
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110 | (9) |
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110 | (9) |
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5 Additive manufacturing (AM) of medical devices and scaffolds for tissue engineering based on 3D and 4D printing |
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119 | (42) |
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119 | (3) |
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2 Scaffolds for tissue engineering |
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122 | (2) |
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3 Biomaterials for tissue engineering and scaffold fabrication |
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124 | (6) |
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4 Direct 3D-printing processes |
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130 | (13) |
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5 Indirect 3D-printing processes |
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143 | (1) |
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6 4D printing for biomedical applications |
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144 | (5) |
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7 Factors affecting 4D printing |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (10) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (9) |
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6 Shape memory polymer blends and composites for 3D and 4D printing applications |
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161 | (30) |
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1 Introduction---Historical overview |
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161 | (1) |
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2 The underlying mechanism of the SME |
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162 | (4) |
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3 Main trends in the use of SMP for 3DP and 4DP |
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166 | (3) |
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4 Technologies of 3DP applied to SMP |
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169 | (2) |
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5 Classification of SMP, blends, and composites used in 3D and 4DP |
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171 | (9) |
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6 Conclusions and outlook |
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180 | (11) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (8) |
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189 | (2) |
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7 Fabrication of 3D and 4D polymer micro- and nanostructures based on electrospinning |
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191 | (40) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (11) |
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3 3D and 4D electrospinning technique |
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203 | (11) |
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214 | (5) |
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219 | (1) |
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6 Challenges and future perspectives |
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220 | (11) |
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221 | (10) |
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8 Multifunctional polymer composites for 3D and 4D printing |
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231 | (28) |
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231 | (1) |
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2 Multifunctional structures |
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232 | (20) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (6) |
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254 | (5) |
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9 Graphene and graphene oxide-reinforced 3D and 4D printable composites |
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259 | (38) |
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259 | (3) |
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2 Feasible techniques for graphene 3DP |
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262 | (16) |
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3 The properties of 3D-printed graphene-based materials |
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278 | (3) |
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4 Applications of 3D-printed graphene |
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281 | (9) |
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290 | (7) |
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290 | (6) |
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296 | (1) |
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10 3D and 4D printing of polymer/CNTs-based conductive composites |
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297 | (28) |
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297 | (2) |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (2) |
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302 | (7) |
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309 | (5) |
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314 | (2) |
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7 Limitations and future research |
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316 | (2) |
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318 | (7) |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (6) |
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324 | (1) |
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11 Medical and biomedical applications of 3D and 4D printed polymer nanocomposites |
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325 | (42) |
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325 | (1) |
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2 3D and 4D printed polymer nanocomposites for biomedical applications |
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326 | (11) |
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337 | (23) |
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4 Challenges and future perspectives |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (6) |
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362 | (4) |
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366 | (1) |
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12 Carbon black-reinforced 3D and 4D printable conductive polymer composites |
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367 | (20) |
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367 | (1) |
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2 Fabrication and characteristic |
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368 | (3) |
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3 Conductive and physical mechanism |
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371 | (2) |
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4 Applications of 3D and 4D printable CB composites |
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373 | (8) |
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5 Challenges and future perspectives |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (5) |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (3) |
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13 Photoactive resin formulations and composites for optical 3D and 4D printing of functional materials and devices |
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387 | (40) |
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387 | (1) |
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2 Photopolymerization-based additive manufacturing (AM) technologies |
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388 | (1) |
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3 Fundamentals of photopolymerization-based AM |
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389 | (15) |
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4 Photoresin formulations |
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404 | (8) |
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412 | (6) |
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418 | (9) |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (8) |
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14 Hydrogels and hydrogel composites for 3D and 4D printing applications |
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427 | (40) |
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427 | (1) |
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2 3D printing of hydrogels and hydrogel composites |
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428 | (2) |
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3 Hydrogels and hydrogel composites for 3D printing |
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430 | (18) |
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4 Applications of 3D printed hydrogel and hydrogel composites |
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448 | (2) |
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5 4D printing of hydrogels and hydrogel composites |
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450 | (8) |
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458 | (9) |
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459 | (6) |
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465 | (2) |
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15 3D and 4D printing of biomaterials and biocomposites, bioinspired composites, and related transformers |
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467 | (38) |
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467 | (1) |
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2 Deposition techniques for 3D printing of biomaterials |
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468 | (9) |
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3 Materials for 3D printing of biomaterials |
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477 | (8) |
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4 Applications of 3D printed biomaterials |
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485 | (5) |
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5 4D printing and its applications for biomaterials |
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490 | (6) |
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6 Conclusions and future perspectives |
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496 | (9) |
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497 | (1) |
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497 | (8) |
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16 3D and 4D printed polymer composites for electronic applications |
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505 | (22) |
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505 | (1) |
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2 Why 3D/4D printing composites for electronic applications? |
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506 | (2) |
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3 3D and 4D printable electrically conductive composites |
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508 | (7) |
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4 3D and 4D printable dielectric composites |
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515 | (7) |
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522 | (5) |
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523 | (2) |
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525 | (2) |
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17 Fundamentals and applications of 3D and 4D printing of polymers: Challenges in polymer processing and prospects of future research |
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527 | (34) |
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527 | (3) |
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2 Fundamentals of 3D printing processes |
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530 | (13) |
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3 Challenges in polymer processing |
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543 | (3) |
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4 Applications of 3D and 4D printing of polymers |
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546 | (1) |
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5 Polymer nanocomposites in 3D and 4D printing |
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546 | (4) |
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6 Prospects of future research |
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550 | (1) |
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551 | (10) |
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552 | (9) |
Index |
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561 | |