Editors |
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ix | |
Contributors |
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xi | |
1 Principles And Applications Of Bioprinting |
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1 | (24) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Bioprinting-then and now |
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2 | (8) |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (6) |
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4 | (3) |
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7 | (1) |
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1.2.2.3 Stereolithography and projection patterning |
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8 | (1) |
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1.2.2.4 Laser-induced forward transfer |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.3 Essential components of bioprinting |
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10 | (6) |
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11 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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1.3.1.3 Stem cells and stem cell-derived cells |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (3) |
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1.4 Future hurdles and potential |
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16 | (3) |
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16 | (2) |
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1.4.2 Resolution versus speed |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (6) |
2 Bioinks For 3D Printing |
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25 | (26) |
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25 | (1) |
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2.2 The need for tunable bioinks |
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26 | (1) |
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2.3 Liquid and gel-phase bioinks |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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2.5 Important considerations for bioprinting |
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28 | (5) |
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2.5.1 Bioink biocompatibility |
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30 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Bioink printability |
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30 | (1) |
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2.5.3 Printer and nozzle properties |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (10) |
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2.6.1 Protein-based bioinks |
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33 | (5) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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2.6.1.3 Fibrin/Fibrinogen |
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37 | (1) |
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2.6.2 Polysaccharide-based bioinks |
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38 | (2) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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2.6.2.3 Chitosan and chitin |
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39 | (1) |
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2.6.3 Other natural bioinks |
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40 | (13) |
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40 | (1) |
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2.6.3.2 Decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogels |
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40 | (3) |
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2.6.3.3 Scaffold-free bioprinting |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (6) |
3 Applications Of Extrusion Bioprinting: Past, Present, Future |
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51 | (26) |
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51 | (2) |
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3.2 Major components of extrusion-based bioprinting |
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53 | (3) |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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3.3 The past: Early applications |
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56 | (5) |
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56 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Tubular structures: Vascular and nerve grafts |
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58 | (3) |
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61 | (8) |
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3.4.1 Applications for basic research |
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61 | (6) |
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3.4.2 Applications in pharmaceutics |
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67 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Toward therapeutic applications |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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3.5.1 Toward the elimination of animal trials |
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69 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Mitigating the critical shortage of donor organs |
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70 | (1) |
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3.5.3 Bioprinting in the operating room |
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70 | (1) |
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3.6 The more distant realistic future |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (5) |
4 Laser-Based 3D Bioprinting |
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77 | (22) |
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77 | (4) |
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4.2 Laser printing overview |
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81 | (2) |
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4.3 Laser-based techniques |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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4.4 Turning the precise 2D/2.5D spatial resolution of LDW into 3D tissues |
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84 | (5) |
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4.4.1 Layer-by-layer hydrogel stacking |
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84 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Microscale encapsulation |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (1) |
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4.4.4 Free-form constructs |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (3) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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4.5.3 In situ printing of bone substitute |
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90 | (1) |
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4.5.4 In vitro research models |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (6) |
5 Inkjet-Based 3D Bioprinting |
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99 | (20) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (5) |
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5.2.1 Continuous inkjet printing |
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101 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Drop-on-demand inkjet printer |
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102 | (2) |
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5.2.2.1 Thermal inkjet printers |
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102 | (1) |
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5.2.2.2 Piezoelectric inkjet printing. |
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103 | (1) |
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5.2.2.3 Electrostatic inkjet bioprinters |
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104 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Electrohydrodynamic jet bioprinting |
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104 | (1) |
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5.3 Materials in use and biofunctionality |
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105 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Collagen type I, fibrin and thrombin |
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106 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Methacrylated gelatin |
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106 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Polyethylene glycol |
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106 | (1) |
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5.4 Critical process parameters |
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107 | (3) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (1) |
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5.5 Drawbacks of inkjet bioprinting |
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110 | (2) |
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5.6 Challenges and future directions |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (6) |
6 Rapid Prototyping Of Soft Bioactuators |
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119 | (26) |
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6.1 Background: Bioinspiration in tissue engineering and robotic actuators |
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119 | (5) |
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6.2 Rapid prototyping techniques and applications |
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124 | (1) |
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6.3 Nonliving bioactuators |
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125 | (6) |
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6.3.1 Fluidic elastomer actuators |
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127 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Variable-length tendon actuators and smart materials |
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128 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Electroactive polymer actuators |
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129 | (1) |
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6.3.4 3D-printed molds for fabrication of soft bioactuators |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (3) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Control mechanisms for living bioactuators |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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6.6 Limitations and future directions |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (8) |
7 Bioprinting In Otolaryngology And Airway Reconstruction |
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145 | (14) |
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7.1 Scaffold-based engineering for airway reconstruction |
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145 | (5) |
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7.2 Scaffold-based engineering for facial soft tissue reconstruction |
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150 | (4) |
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7.3 Bioprinting for facial soft tissue reconstruction |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (4) |
8 Bioprinting Of Human Skin: Gaps, Opportunities, And Future Directions |
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159 | (22) |
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8.1 Human skin: A complex integument |
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159 | (4) |
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8.1.1 Diversity of cell populations |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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8.2 Contemporary skin models: Gaps and limitations |
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163 | (4) |
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8.2.1 Engineering grafts for regenerative medicine |
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163 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Developing disease models |
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164 | (2) |
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8.2.3 Efficacy models for drug and formulation screening |
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166 | (1) |
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8.3 3D bioprinting: Advances And Opportunities |
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167 | (3) |
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8.3.1 Incorporating diversity of cell populations |
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167 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Incorporating vasculature |
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168 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Incorporating adnexal structures |
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168 | (2) |
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8.4 Emerging concepts: Optimized bioinks |
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170 | (4) |
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8.4.1 Optimizing bioinks for platforms |
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171 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Optimizing bioinks for scaffolds |
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171 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Incorporation of growth factors in bioinks |
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172 | (2) |
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8.5 Perspectives and future directions |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (7) |
9 Bioprinting Vascular Networks |
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181 | (20) |
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181 | (1) |
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9.2 Bioprinting vascular walls |
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182 | (7) |
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9.3 Bioprinting endothelialized hollow channels within thick matrix |
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189 | (5) |
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9.4 Current issues/challenges and future directions |
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194 | (3) |
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197 | (4) |
10 Bioprinting of living aortic valve |
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201 | (46) |
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201 | (2) |
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10.2 A multiscale overview of the aortic heart valve |
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203 | (3) |
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10.2.1 The aortic heart valve |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Valve leaflet cells |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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10.3 Engineering considerations for TEHV |
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206 | (1) |
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10.4 Overview of current options for aortic valve replacement |
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207 | (3) |
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10.4.1 Mechanical heart valves |
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207 | (2) |
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10.4.2 Bioprosthetic heart valves |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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10.5 Current engineering strategies for whole valve fabrication |
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210 | (18) |
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210 | (10) |
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10.5.2 Polymeric valve molding |
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220 | (3) |
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10.5.3 Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds |
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223 | (5) |
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10.5.4 In vivolin situ engineering of heart valves |
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228 | (1) |
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10.6 3D printing for heart valves |
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228 | (4) |
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10.6.1 Clinical 3D printing of heart valves |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (3) |
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10.7 Conclusion and future remarks |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (14) |
11 3D bioprinting of cardiac muscle tissue |
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247 | (22) |
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247 | (2) |
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11.2 Design criteria for engineering cardiac muscle tissue |
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249 | (5) |
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11.2.1 Lessons from the adult heart |
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249 | (2) |
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11.2.2 Lessons from the embryonic heart |
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251 | (3) |
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11.3 Bioinks designed for cardiac tissue printing |
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254 | (2) |
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11.4 Current progress in 3D bioprinting of cardiac muscle constructs |
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256 | (2) |
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11.5 Toward whole heart engineering |
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258 | (5) |
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11.5.1 Medical imaging to generate patient-specific heart models |
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258 | (1) |
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11.5.2 3D-bioprinting approaches at the organ scale |
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259 | (3) |
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11.5.3 Development of bioreactor systems for organ maintenance and maturation |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (6) |
12 Additive manufacturing in the craniofacial area: Applications in vertical alveolar bone augmentation |
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269 | (24) |
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12.1 The alveolar bone, resorption, and current grafting techniques |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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12.1.2 Alveolar resorption |
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270 | (1) |
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12.1.3 Prevention of alveolar resorption |
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270 | (1) |
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12.1.4 Implant therapy in areas of alveolar resorption |
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271 | (1) |
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12.2 Augmenting resorbed alveolar bone |
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271 | (4) |
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12.2.1 Vertical bone augmentation |
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271 | (4) |
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12.2.1.1 Guided bone regeneration |
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271 | (1) |
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12.2.1.2 Bone grafts and substitutes |
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272 | (1) |
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12.2.1.3 Distraction osteogenesis |
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272 | (2) |
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12.2.1.4 Onlay bone graft |
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274 | (1) |
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12.3 Principles of bone tissue engineering |
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275 | (4) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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12.3.3 Mechanical strength |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (2) |
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12.4 Additive manufacturing for vertical bone augmentation |
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279 | (8) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (6) |
13 Bioprinting of liver |
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293 | (20) |
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13.1 Introduction: Liver-a vital organ |
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293 | (1) |
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13.2 Cell sources for liver bioprinting |
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294 | (4) |
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295 | (2) |
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13.2.2 Nonparenchymal cells |
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297 | (1) |
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13.3 Biomaterials for liver bioprinting |
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298 | (4) |
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298 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Collagen and its derivatives |
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299 | (1) |
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13.3.3 Gelatin and its derivatives |
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300 | (1) |
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13.3.4 Alginate and its derivatives |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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13.3.6 Decellularized liver extracellular matrix |
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301 | (1) |
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13.3.7 Synthetic polymers |
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301 | (1) |
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13.4 Methods of liver bioprinting |
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302 | (2) |
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13.4.1 Inkjet bioprinting |
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302 | (1) |
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13.4.2 Microextrusion bioprinting |
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302 | (2) |
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13.4.3 Laser-assisted bioprinting |
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304 | (1) |
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13.6 Conclusion and future perspectives |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (8) |
14 Bioprinting-enabled technologies for cryopreservation |
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313 | (24) |
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313 | (4) |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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14.1.3 Embryos and embryonic cells |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (2) |
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14.2 Vitrification versus slow freezing method |
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317 | (3) |
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14.3 Theoretical analysis |
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320 | (2) |
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320 | (2) |
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322 | (1) |
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14.4 Droplet-based bioprinting technologies |
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322 | (3) |
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14.5 Droplet-based vitrification |
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325 | (3) |
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14.5.1 Anti-Leidenfrost vitrification |
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325 | (3) |
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14.5.2 Contactless vitrification |
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328 | (1) |
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14.6 Conclusions and future perspective |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (8) |
15 4D bioprinting: Mechanism and applications |
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337 | (22) |
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15.1 Introduction: Evolution from 3D bioprinting to 4D bioprinting |
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338 | (1) |
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15.2 4D bioprinting based on smart materials |
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339 | (8) |
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15.2.1 Deformation due to water absorption |
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340 | (2) |
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15.2.2 Deformation due to thermal stimulation |
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342 | (1) |
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15.2.3 Deformation due to pH value |
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343 | (1) |
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15.2.4 Deformation due to light |
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344 | (1) |
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15.2.5 Deformation due to surface tension |
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345 | (1) |
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15.2.6 Deformation due to cell traction |
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346 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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15.3 4D bioprinting based on the maturation of engineered tissue constructs |
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347 | (2) |
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347 | (1) |
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15.3.2 Cell self-organization |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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15.4 Applications of 4D bioprinting |
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349 | (5) |
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15.4.1 Applications of 4D bioprinting in tissue engineering |
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350 | (2) |
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15.4.2 Applications of 4D bioprinting in drug delivery |
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352 | (2) |
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15.5 Concluding remarks and future outlook |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (4) |
16 Current challenges and future perspectives of bioprinting |
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359 | (16) |
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16.1 Challenges and future directions |
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363 | (1) |
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16.2 Tissue pre-printing stage |
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363 | (3) |
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16.2.1 Bioinks for biofabrication |
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364 | (2) |
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366 | (2) |
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16.4 Post-printing organ or tissue maturation stage |
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368 | (1) |
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16.5 Regulatory requirements on customized work processes |
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368 | (2) |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (4) |
Index |
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375 | |