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E-raamat: Accent and Identity in Learner Varieties of English: A Study with German and French University Students in an English as a Lingua Franca Setting

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Accent and Identity in Learner Varieties of English: A Study with German and French University Students in an English as a Lingua Franca SettingSuurem pilt
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This mixed-methods study investigates the link between accent and identity in English as a lingua franca setting. A quantitative speech data analysis of eight phonetic features describes the German and French speakers’ accents, while a qualitative analysis of introspective interview data exhibits how they differ in terms of identity.



This mixed-methods study investigates the link between accent and identity in English as a lingua franca setting. The subjects, German and French university students living in Scandinavia, pursue their study programmes and every-day lives in English. A quantitative speech data analysis of eight phonetic features describes the speakers’ accents, while a qualitative analysis of introspective interview data exhibits how they differ in terms of identity. The results provide an in-depth understanding of individuals using English as a lingua franca. Do the German and French speakers of English alter or keep their foreign accents in order to express identity in the seemingly neutral Scandinavian setting?

Abbreviations 19(2)
Introduction 21(10)
Part I Theory
1 Identity
31(34)
1.1 Conceptualisation
32(5)
1.2 Identity in/through language
37(25)
1.2.1 Language learner identity
47(4)
1.2.2 Identity and accent
51(3)
1.2.3 Attitudes towards accents
54(4)
1.2.4 Attitudes towards German and French accents
58(2)
1.2.5 Identity and personal names
60(2)
1.3 Doing research on identity in learner varieties
62(3)
2 Accents: Phonetic aspects of learner varieties
65(34)
2.1 Defining accent
66(1)
2.2 L2 phonological acquisition
67(13)
2.2.1 Theoretical concepts in linguistics and SLA
68(7)
2.2.2 L2 speech perception
75(3)
2.2.3 Phonological processes
78(2)
2.3 English L1 and L2 phonology
80(19)
2.3.1 Received Pronunciation: Segmental and subsegmental features
81(4)
2.3.2 General American: Segmental and subsegmental features
85(3)
2.3.3 German learner English
88(5)
2.3.4 French learner English
93(3)
2.3.5 Danish learner English
96(1)
2.3.6 Investigation of mutual features of German and French English learner varieties
97(2)
3 English as a lingua franca
99(36)
3.1 Conceptualising, defining and researching English as a lingua franca
100(16)
3.1.1 English as a lingua franca versus English as a foreign language
103(4)
3.1.2 The status of English as a lingua franca
107(6)
3.1.3 English as an academic lingua franca
113(3)
3.2 Identity in English as a lingua franca
116(9)
3.3 Pronunciation in English as a lingua franca
125(10)
Part II The study
4 Methods and methodology
135(16)
4.1 Research interests
135(2)
4.2 Mixed methods approach
137(1)
4.3 Data collection
138(7)
4.3.1 Setting
138(1)
4.3.2 Subjects
139(1)
4.3.3 Questionnaire
140(1)
4.3.4 Interview
141(3)
4.3.5 Speech data
144(1)
4.4 Data analysis
145(6)
4.4.1 Qualitative content analysis
145(1)
4.4.2 Speech data analysis
146(5)
Part III Findings -- analysis and discussion
5 Analysis of speech data
151(40)
5.1 Realisations of the voiced dental fricative
152(4)
5.2 Realisations of the voiceless dental fricative
156(3)
5.3 Self-reporting on <th> vs. realisations
159(3)
5.4 Realisations of the alveolar approximant
162(3)
5.5 Self-reporting on <r> vs. realisations
165(2)
5.6 Summary: The realisations of /o/, /θ/, /r/ and self-reporting
167(2)
5.7 Orientation towards RP or GA
169(19)
5.7.1 Self-reporting on pronunciation influences
169(3)
5.7.2 Rhoticity
172(3)
5.7.3 The BATH vowel
175(3)
5.7.4 The GOAT vowel
178(2)
5.7.5 The LOT vowel
180(3)
5.7.6 Intervocalic /t/
183(2)
5.7.7 Summary: Orientation towards RP or GA
185(3)
5.8 Potential influence of ELF context and Danish learner English
188(3)
6 Qualitative content analysis
191(46)
6.1 Attitudes towards speaking English
192(5)
6.1.1 Positive attitudes towards speaking English
193(2)
6.1.2 Neutral attitudes towards speaking English
195(1)
6.1.3 Negative attitudes towards speaking English
196(1)
6.2 Perception of one's own pronunciation
197(15)
6.2.1 Orientation towards RP or GA
198(4)
6.2.2 Perceived accommodation
202(2)
6.2.3 Reflections on phonology
204(1)
6.2.4 Reports on pronouncing certain sounds in English
205(2)
6.2.5 Evaluation of one's own accent
207(5)
6.3 Attitudes towards L1 accent
212(9)
6.3.1 Positive attitudes towards one's own L1 accent
212(1)
6.3.2 Neutral attitudes towards one's own accent
213(2)
6.3.3 Negative attitudes towards one's own accent
215(1)
6.3.4 Attitudes towards a strong L1 accent produced by someone else
216(5)
6.4 Reported behaviour concerning one's own L1 accent
221(5)
6.4.1 Keeping the L1 accent
221(2)
6.4.2 Showing off the L1 accent
223(2)
6.4.3 Fighting against the L1 accent
225(1)
6.5 Reported behaviour towards English speakers
226(2)
6.5.1 Integration
226(2)
6.5.2 Distancing
228(1)
6.6 Attitudes towards L1, home country, nationality
228(2)
6.7 Perceived effects of one's accent on others
230(2)
6.8 Potential identity conflicts in the pronunciation of first names
232(5)
7 Discussion of results
237(28)
7.1 The accents of GIE and FIE speakers in an ELF setting
237(7)
7.2 The awareness of GIE and FIE speakers in an ELF setting concerning their accents
244(3)
7.3 The perception of GIE and FIE speakers in an ELF setting concerning their accents
247(5)
7.4 The identity of GIE and FIE speakers in an ELF setting
252(5)
7.5 Correlations of the subjects' accents and identity with (learner) biographical data
257(3)
7.5.1 L1
257(1)
7.5.2 Age
258(1)
7.5.3 Gender
259(1)
7.5 A Stays abroad
260(2)
7.5.5 Field of study
261(1)
7.5.6 Summary
262(1)
7.6 Using accents in order to express identity
262(3)
8 Conclusion and prospects for future research
265(6)
8.1 Scope of results
265(1)
8.2 Prospects for future research
266(1)
8.3 Closing remarks
267(4)
List of figures
271(2)
List of tables
273(4)
List of references
277(26)
Appendices
303
I Phonetic transcriptions
303(8)
II Exact values of Fisher's exact and chi-squared tests
311(1)
III Validation of speech data analysis
312(5)
IV Interview guide -- German
317(3)
V Interview guide -- French
320(3)
VI Questionnaire -- German
323(2)
VII Questionnaire -- French
325(2)
VIII Subjects categorised into types with selected additional information
327(2)
IX Native-like percentages of /o/, /θ/, /r/ according to types
329(1)
X L1, nationality and home country -- original quotes
330(2)
XI Reflections on phonology -- original quotes
332(5)
XII Self-reporting vs. realisations per individual subjects
337(3)
XIII Evidence for the categorisation of the subjects into types -- original quotes (selection)
340
Stefanie Rottschäfer is a linguist in the Department of English, American and Celtic Studies at Bonn University. Her main research interests include phonological second language acquisition, accents in English, English as a lingua franca, and sociolinguistics.
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