| Foreword |
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iii | |
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| Preface |
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v | |
| Contributors |
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xvii | |
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Acid-Base Chemistry and Buffering |
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1 | (24) |
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1 | (5) |
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6 | (11) |
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17 | (3) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (4) |
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Intracellular Acid-Base Homeostasis |
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25 | (22) |
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25 | (1) |
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Assessment of Intracellular pH |
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26 | (2) |
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Nonequilibrium Distribution of H+ |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (6) |
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35 | (1) |
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Effect of Changes in ECF pH on Cell pH |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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pH in Intracellular Organelles |
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37 | (4) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (6) |
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Determinants of Carbon Dioxide Tension |
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47 | (32) |
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47 | (1) |
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Why Is PaCO2 40 mmHg in Man? |
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47 | (1) |
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The Imidazole α-Stat Hypothesis |
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48 | (1) |
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Quantitative Components of Ventilation |
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49 | (4) |
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Pathophysiology of Alterations in PaCO2 |
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53 | (1) |
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Normal Control of Breathing |
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54 | (8) |
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Overview of Mechanisms Causing Changes in PaCO2 |
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62 | (2) |
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Changes in PaCO2 in Metabolic Acid--Base Disturbances |
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64 | (3) |
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Changes in PaCO2 in Cardiopulmonary Disorders |
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67 | (3) |
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Hypercapnia in Neuromuscular Disorders |
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70 | (1) |
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Obesity--Hypoventilation Syndrome |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (6) |
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Renal Regulation of Hydrogen Ion Balance |
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79 | (40) |
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Introduction and Overview |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (17) |
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98 | (3) |
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101 | (18) |
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Molecular Biology of Renal Acid-Base Transporters |
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119 | (58) |
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119 | (1) |
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Acid-Base Transporters in Renal Epithelia: Overview |
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120 | (29) |
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Other Acid-Base Transporters |
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149 | (4) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (24) |
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Regulation of Acid-Base Balance: Overview |
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177 | (32) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (3) |
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181 | (5) |
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Renal HCO3 Reabsorption and Acid Excretion |
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186 | (2) |
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Factors Influencing HCO3 Reabsorption and Acid Excretion |
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188 | (13) |
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201 | (8) |
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Gastrointestinal Influences on Hydrogen Ion Balance |
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209 | (32) |
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209 | (1) |
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The Intestine Is Not a Kidney |
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210 | (1) |
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Bioavailability of Oral Intake |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (3) |
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216 | (2) |
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Cellular Transport Pathways of H+ and HCO-3 |
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218 | (6) |
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Gastrointestinal Causes of Acid/Base Disorders |
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224 | (7) |
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231 | (3) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (7) |
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An Evolutionary Perspective on the Acid-Base Effects of Diet |
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241 | (52) |
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241 | (2) |
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Definitions of Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis |
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243 | (1) |
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Determinants of the Set-Point at which Blood Acidity and Plasma [ HCO-3] Regulate in ``Normal'' Subjects |
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244 | (7) |
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Acidosis vs. Acid Retention |
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251 | (4) |
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Pathophysiological Consequences of Diet-Induced, Age-Amplified Metabolic Acidosis in Humans |
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255 | (15) |
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Diet-Induced Potassium-Replete Chloride-Sufficient Chronic Low-Grade Metabolic Alkalosis as the Naturally Selected Optimal Systemic Acid-Base State of Humans |
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270 | (8) |
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Summary and Implications for Further Research |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (13) |
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Metabolic Acidosis: General Considerations |
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293 | (20) |
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293 | (1) |
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Secondary Respiratory Response to Metabolic Acidosis |
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293 | (3) |
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Plasma Electrolyte Profile and Differential Diagnosis |
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296 | (1) |
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Use of Anion Gap in Metabolic Acidosis |
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296 | (4) |
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Plasma Potassium Concentration in Metabolic Acidosis |
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300 | (2) |
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Clinical Manifestations of Metabolic Acidosis |
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302 | (4) |
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Effects of Metabolic Acidosis on the Kidney |
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306 | (2) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (4) |
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Diabetic and Other Forms of Ketoacidosis |
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313 | (38) |
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313 | (1) |
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Pathophysiology--General Considerations |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (22) |
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336 | (5) |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (2) |
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344 | (7) |
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351 | (32) |
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351 | (1) |
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Physiology and Pathophysiology |
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351 | (6) |
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Metabolic Consequences of Lactic Acid Accumulation |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (9) |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (6) |
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375 | (8) |
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Toxin-Induced Metabolic Acidosis |
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383 | (34) |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (18) |
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Toxins Leading to the Production of Lactic Acid |
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402 | (2) |
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404 | (3) |
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407 | (10) |
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417 | (52) |
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417 | (1) |
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Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis |
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418 | (8) |
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Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis (Distal RTA) |
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426 | (13) |
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Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis with Hyperkalemia |
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439 | (8) |
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Diagnostic Evaluation of Distal RTA |
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447 | (6) |
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453 | (1) |
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454 | (15) |
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Metabolic Acidosis in Chronic Renal Insufficiency |
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469 | (18) |
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469 | (1) |
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Normal Regulation of Acid-Base Homeostasis |
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469 | (2) |
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Pathophysiology of Metabolic Acidosis in Renal Insufficiency |
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471 | (3) |
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Summary of Pathophysiology |
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474 | (1) |
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Acid Balance in Chronic Renal Insufficiency |
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474 | (3) |
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Clinical Characteristics of Renal Insufficiency--Associated Metabolic Acidosis |
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477 | (2) |
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Deleterious Effects of Metabolic Acidosis |
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479 | (1) |
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480 | (2) |
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482 | (1) |
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482 | (5) |
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Hyperchloremic Metabolic Acidosis Due to Intestinal Losses and Other Nonrenal Causes |
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487 | (14) |
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487 | (1) |
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488 | (1) |
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Pathophysiology of Metabolic Acidosis in Diarrhea |
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489 | (4) |
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Management of HCMA Due to Diarrhea |
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493 | (1) |
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Pancreatic and Biliary Losses |
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494 | (1) |
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495 | (1) |
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Strong Acid Ingestion or Administration |
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495 | (1) |
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496 | (1) |
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497 | (4) |
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Metabolic Alkalosis: General Considerations |
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501 | (18) |
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501 | (1) |
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501 | (1) |
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502 | (1) |
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503 | (1) |
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504 | (3) |
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507 | (3) |
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510 | (4) |
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514 | (1) |
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514 | (5) |
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Chloride-Depletion Alkalosis |
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519 | (34) |
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519 | (1) |
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519 | (1) |
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520 | (4) |
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524 | (2) |
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526 | (11) |
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537 | (4) |
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541 | (12) |
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Potassium-Depletion Metabolic Alkalosis |
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553 | (32) |
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553 | (1) |
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553 | (1) |
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554 | (1) |
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555 | (5) |
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Effect of K+ Depletion and Hypokalemia on Bicarbonate Reabsorption in Nephron Segments |
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560 | (7) |
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567 | (4) |
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571 | (1) |
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572 | (2) |
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574 | (11) |
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Metabolic Alkalosis: Miscellaneous Causes |
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585 | (12) |
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585 | (1) |
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585 | (3) |
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588 | (3) |
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591 | (1) |
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592 | (5) |
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597 | (44) |
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Introduction and Definitions |
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597 | (1) |
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597 | (8) |
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Secondary Physiologic Adjustments |
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605 | (10) |
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Clinical Manifestations of Respiratory Acidosis |
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615 | (3) |
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Causes of Respiratory Acidosis |
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618 | (2) |
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620 | (1) |
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621 | (8) |
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629 | (12) |
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641 | (40) |
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Introduction and Definitions |
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641 | (1) |
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Pathophysiology of Respiratory Alkalosis |
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642 | (8) |
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Effects of Hypocapnia on Extracellular Volume and Electrolyte Balance |
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650 | (4) |
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Systemic and Clinical Consequences of Respiratory Alkalosis |
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654 | (5) |
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Causes of Acute and Chronic Respiratory Alkalosis |
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659 | (9) |
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668 | (1) |
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669 | (1) |
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669 | (12) |
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Mixed Acid--Base Disorders |
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681 | (16) |
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681 | (1) |
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Approach to the Patient with a Mixed Acid--Base Disorder |
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682 | (1) |
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Tools for Diagnosing Mixed Acid-Base Disorders |
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683 | (2) |
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Classification of Mixed Acid-Base Disorders |
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685 | (2) |
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Examples of Mixed Disorders: Diagnosis and Management |
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687 | (8) |
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695 | (2) |
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Effect of Renal Replacement Therapy on Acid--Base Homeostasis |
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697 | (20) |
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697 | (1) |
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Nature of the Acid-Base Equilibrium Engendered by Renal Replacement Therapy |
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698 | (13) |
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711 | (1) |
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712 | (5) |
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Acid-Base Disorders in Dialysis Patients |
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717 | (14) |
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717 | (1) |
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Identifying an Acid-Base Disorder |
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717 | (2) |
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Diagnosis of Specific Disorders |
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719 | (1) |
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Evaluation of the Secondary Response |
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720 | (1) |
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720 | (7) |
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Mixed Acid-Base Disorders |
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727 | (1) |
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728 | (1) |
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729 | (2) |
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Acid-Base Considerations in Infants and Children |
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731 | (44) |
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731 | (1) |
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Maturation of Acid-Base Homeostasis |
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732 | (1) |
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Overview of Acid-Base Handling by the Neonatal Kidney |
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733 | (3) |
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Sites of Acid-Base Transport Along the Developing Nephron |
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736 | (8) |
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Specific Acid-Base Problems of Infants and Children |
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744 | (21) |
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765 | (10) |
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Measurement of Acid-Base Status |
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775 | (14) |
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775 | (1) |
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775 | (12) |
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787 | (2) |
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789 | (12) |
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789 | (1) |
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Scales of Acidity: pH vs. Hydrogen Ion Concentration |
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789 | (3) |
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The Range of Normal Values |
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792 | (6) |
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798 | (3) |
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Tools for Clinical Assessment |
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801 | (16) |
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801 | (1) |
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801 | (1) |
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Simple Acid-Base Disorders |
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802 | (1) |
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803 | (1) |
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Mixed Acid-Base Disorders |
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803 | (1) |
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Systematic Approach to Acid-Base Diagnosis |
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804 | (1) |
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Assessment of the Accuracy of the Acid-Base Measurements and the Reliability of Blood Sampling |
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805 | (1) |
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Role of Clinical Information to Identify the Acid-Base Disorder |
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806 | (2) |
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Identification of the Primary or Dominant Acid-Base Disorder |
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808 | (1) |
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Assess the Expected Secondary Response to Determine Whether a Simple or Mixed Acid--Base Disorder is Present |
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808 | (1) |
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Establish the Cause of the Acid-Base Disorder by Evaluating Other Laboratory Parameters |
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809 | (4) |
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Measurement of Urine Electrolytes, pH, and Calculation of Urine Anion Gap |
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813 | (2) |
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815 | (2) |
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817 | (32) |
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817 | (1) |
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817 | (3) |
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820 | (1) |
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821 | (2) |
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823 | (3) |
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826 | (2) |
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828 | (2) |
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830 | (1) |
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831 | (2) |
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833 | (2) |
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835 | (2) |
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837 | (2) |
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839 | (1) |
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840 | (2) |
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842 | (1) |
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843 | (2) |
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845 | (2) |
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847 | (2) |
| Index |
|
849 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta