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E-raamat: Activated Sludge Separation Problems: Theory, Control Measures, Practical Experiences

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Sep-2017
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  • ISBN-13: 9781780408644
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Activated Sludge Separation Problems: Theory, Control Measures, Practical ExperiencesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Sep-2017
  • Kirjastus: IWA Publishing
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781780408644
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Activated Sludge Separation Problems: Theory, Control Measures, Practical Experiences, Second Edition, describes the most common activated sludge separation problems and explains the main reasons for the growth of the different filamentous microorganisms in activated sludge. The book summarizes the identification techniques for important groups of activated sludge microorganisms both based on conventional microscopic analysis and using the biological molecular tools available today (FISH and PCR).

This new edition, with 70% new and updated material, also provides explanation of basic activated sludge process principles and of parameters necessary for process control and operation. The theory of secondary clarifies is described to the extent necessary for understanding the construction and operation of secondary clarifiers. The activated sludge reactor and secondary clarifies are treated as one system and the interactions are explained. The wide range of experiences around the world is documented and the methods to avoid the proliferation of these organisms are presented and critically reviewed.

Activated Sludge Separation Problems consists of six chapters, presenting up-to-date technical and scientific aspects of these processes. The new edition also features an extended list of literature references for further reading.

The book will be a valuable help for students of environmental engineering, wastewater specialists, plant operators and designers of activated sludge plants. It is also useful for specialists in wastewater operation laboratories, especially for those studying activated sludge separation properties.
Abbreviations xiii
List of Contributors xvii
Preface xxi
Chapter 1 Wastewater characterization 1(20)
M.C. Tomei
D. Mosca Angelucci
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Gross Parameters
2(2)
1.3 Physical Properties
4(1)
1.4 Organic Matter
5(2)
1.5 Inorganic Matter
7(1)
1.6 Micropollutants
8(3)
1.7 Biodegradability
11(6)
1.7.1 COD, Nitrogen and phosphorus fractionation
11(3)
1.7.2 Evaluation methods
14(3)
References
17(4)
Chapter 2 The microbiology of the activated sludge process 21(32)
S. Rossetti
C. Levantesi
V. Tandoi
2.1 Introduction
21(1)
2.2 Microorganisms in Activated Sludge
22(2)
2.2.1 Bacteria: cell structure
22(2)
2.2.2 Inclusions
24(1)
2.3 The Identification of Bacteria
24(4)
2.3.1 Conventional taxonomy
25(1)
2.3.2 Molecular taxonomy
26(1)
2.3.3 Molecular characterization of mixed biomass
26(2)
2.4 Filamentous Bacteria
28(8)
2.5 Microthrix parvicella
36(3)
2.5.1 Identification of M. parvicella
38(1)
2.5.2 Physiology of 'Candidatus M. parvicella'
38(1)
2.6 Thiothrix
39(1)
2.7 Nostocoida limicola
40(1)
2.8 Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms (PAO)
40(1)
2.9 Glycogen Accumulating Organisms (GAO)
41(1)
2.10 Nitrifiers
42(1)
2.11 Denitrifiers
42(1)
References
43(10)
Chapter 3 Activated sludge separation problems 53(14)
J. Wanner
3.1 Introduction
53(1)
3.2 'Well-settling' Activated Sludge
54(3)
3.2.1 Requirements
54(3)
3.2.2 Microscopic features of well settling activated sludge
57(1)
3.3 Activated Sludge Separation Problems
57(8)
3.3.1 Poor floc microstructure
58(3)
3.3.2 Poor floc macrostructure
61(3)
3.3.3 Other reasons
64(1)
3.4 Summary
65(1)
Acknowledgment
65(1)
References
65(2)
Chapter 4 Aeration tank and secondary clarifier as one system 67(32)
J. Wanner
M. Torregrossa
4.1 Introduction
67(1)
4.2 Aeration Tank and Secondary Clarifier Interactions
68(9)
4.2.1 Activated sludge process
68(1)
4.2.2 Secondary clarifier
69(7)
4.2.3 Separation function
76(1)
4.2.4 BOD5
76(1)
4.2.5 COD
77(1)
4.2.6 Nitrogen and phosphorus
77(1)
4.3 The Impact of Aeration Basin Equipment and Operation on the Performance of Secondary Clarifiers
77(3)
4.3.1 Mechanical vs. diffused-air aeration
77(1)
4.3.2 Mixed liquor mixing
78(1)
4.3.3 Degasification and reflocculation in aeration tanks
79(1)
4.4 Features of Secondary Clarifier Construction
80(7)
4.4.1 Inlet structure with a flocculation zone
81(3)
4.4.2 Outlet structure
84(2)
4.4.3 Scum baffles
86(1)
4.5 Efficient Scum Removal from the Surface of Secondary Clarifiers
87(3)
4.5.1 Conventional scum boxes
87(1)
4.5.2 'Travelling' scum boxes
88(1)
4.5.3 Pneumatic systems
88(2)
4.6 Removal of Settled and Thickened Sludge
90(1)
4.6.1 Effect on the final effluent quality
90(1)
4.6.2 Mechanical scrapers
90(1)
4.6.3 Vacuum sludge removal
91(1)
4.7 Operation of Aeration Tank - Secondary Clarifier System for Bulking and Foaming Control
91(5)
4.7.1 Use of chemicals in activated sludge process
92(3)
4.7.2 Operation of secondary clarifiers
95(1)
References
96(3)
Chapter 5 Bulking and foaming control methods 99(40)
V. Tandoi
M. Majone
S. Rossetti
5.1 Introduction
99(6)
5.1.1 Microscopic characterization of the activated sludge
100(1)
5.1.2 Biological foam
101(2)
5.1.3 Bulking
103(1)
5.1.4 The problem of excess sludge production and its disposal
103(2)
5.2 Specific Control Methods
105(17)
5.2.1 Bulking due to low (F/M) ratio
105(12)
5.2.2 Bulking due to low dissolved oxygen concentrations
117(1)
5.2.3 Bulking due to low nutrient concentration
118(2)
5.2.4 Bulking due to fatty acids in the influent stream: control methods for Microthrix parvicella
120(1)
5.2.5 Microbial and enzymatic preparations
121(1)
5.3 Non-specific Control Methods
122(5)
5.3.1 Oxidizing agents
122(4)
5.3.2 Weighting or flocculating agents
126(1)
5.3.3 Specific biocide
127(1)
5.4 Control of Non-Filamentous Bulking ('Viscous Bulking')
127(1)
5.5 Avoiding Poor Settling Properties: Alternative Separations of Activated Sludge
128(1)
References
129(10)
Chapter 6 Experiences in various countries 139(154)
6.1 Introduction
139(1)
6.2 Australia
140(11)
H. Stratton
M. Christie
P. Griffiths
R.J. Seviour
6.2.1 General situation
140(2)
6.2.2 What do we know of these filamentous bacteria?
142(1)
6.2.3 Bulking and foaming filamentous bacteria in Australian activated-sludge plants
143(4)
6.2.4 Do filamentous bacteria populations in the same treatment plant change over time and can we control them?
147(4)
6.2.5 The future
151(1)
6.3 Austria
151(14)
N. Kreuzinger
N. Matsche
6.3.1 Intention of the investigation
151(1)
6.3.2 Organization of the assessment
152(3)
6.3.3 Methodology
155(2)
6.3.4 Results
157(7)
6.3.5 Summary and conclusion
164(1)
6.4 Belgium
165(9)
A. Fenu
J. Deurinck
S. Van Damme
6.4.1 General situation
165(1)
6.4.2 The M. parvicella problem
166(2)
6.4.3 Polyaluminium chloride to tackle M. parvicella
168(3)
6.4.4 Microthrix parvicella monitoring: a revised methodology
171(3)
6.4.5 Conclusion
174(1)
6.5 China
174(6)
M. Yang
R. Qi
J. Wang
6.5.1 Introduction
174(2)
6.5.2 Distribution of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge
176(1)
6.5.3 Studies on sludge bulking processes and control strategy
177(3)
6.6 Czech Republic
180(17)
I. Ruzickova
O. Krhutkova
J. Wanner
6.6.1 Separation problems - situation up to the 1980s
180(1)
6.6.2 Separation problems - situation up to the mid-1990s
181(1)
6.6.3 WWTPs screening - 1995-2000
181(1)
6.6.4 Results of separation problems and filamentous microorganisms screening
182(2)
6.6.5 Development of filamentous population in Czech activated sludge plants between 1997 and 1998
184(3)
6.6.6 Screening of eight nutrient removal plants in 2000
187(2)
6.6.7 Foam control strategies
189(4)
6.6.8 Development in the last decade
193(4)
6.7 Denmark
197(12)
M. Nierychlo
P.H. Nielsen
6.7.1 General situation
197(1)
6.7.2 MiDAS: large-scale survey of the microbiology of Danish WWTPs
198(1)
6.7.3 Wastewater and WWTP characteristics
199(1)
6.7.4 Settling properties in Danish nutrient removal plants
199(3)
6.7.5 Filamentous community composition
202(6)
6.7.6 The future: surveillance and control by DNA analyses
208(1)
6.8 France
209(9)
N. Durban
L. Juzan
Y. Fayolle
S. Gillot
6.8.1 General situation
209(2)
6.8.2 Current settling and foaming problems and control measures (2012 survey)
211(4)
6.8.3 A case study: metallic salt addition in an industrial size pilot-plant subject to M. parvicella bulking and foaming
215(2)
6.8.4 Conclusions
217(1)
6.8.5 Acknowledgments
218(1)
6.9 Greece
218(7)
A. Andreadakis
D. Mamais
C. Noutsopoulos
6.9.1 General situation
218(1)
6.9.2 Reason for dysfunctions and filamentous bacteria identified
218(3)
6.9.3 Solution adopted
221(1)
6.9.4 A Greek case study
222(3)
6.10 Italy
225(8)
S. Badoer
C. Davoli
V. Tandoi
6.10.1 General situation
225(1)
6.10.2 Characterizing the activated sludge and the qualification circuit
225(1)
6.10.3 Filament surveys
226(1)
6.10.4 Control methods
227(6)
6.11 Malaysia
233(6)
N. Syamimi Zaidi
K. Muda
J. Sohaili
M. Sillanpaa
6.11.1 General situation
233(2)
6.11.2 Causes of plant dysfunction
235(2)
6.11.3 Implemented control strategies of filamentous sludge bulking in Malaysia
237(1)
6.11.4 Future scenario of sludge bulking occurrences in Malaysia
238(1)
6.12 South Africa
239(9)
N. Deepnarain
S. Kumari
F. Bux
6.12.1 General situation
239(2)
6.12.2 Overview of filamentous bulking and foaming in South African wastewater treatment works
241(1)
6.12.3 Case study
241(6)
6.12.4 Remedial methods to control filamentous bulking and foaming in South Africa
247(1)
6.13 Spain
248(15)
F. Estevez
E. Rodriguez
E. Reina
6.13.1 General situation
248(4)
6.13.2 Separation problems and control methods applied
252(5)
6.13.3 Spain case study
257(6)
6.13.4 Acknowledgement
263(1)
6.14 USA
263(12)
T.G. Daigger
D. Jenkins
6.14.1 General situations
263(1)
6.14.2 Control of filaments in activated sludge systems
264(6)
6.14.3 Other solid separation problems
270(1)
6.14.4 Foaming
270(1)
6.14.5 Viscous bulking and dispersed growth
271(4)
6.14.6 Conclusions
275(1)
References
275(18)
Index 293
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