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E-raamat: Active Knowledge Modeling of Enterprises

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Sep-2008
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783540794165
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Active Knowledge Modeling of EnterprisesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Sep-2008
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783540794165
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Enterprise Modeling has been defined as the art of externalizing enterprise knowledge, i.e., representing the core knowledge of the enterprise. Although useful in product design and systems development, for modeling and model-based approaches to have a more profound effect, a shift in modeling approaches and methodologies is necessary. Modeling should become as natural as drawing, sketching and scribbling, and should provide powerful services for capturing work-centric, work-supporting and generative knowledge, for preserving context and ensuring reuse. A solution is the application of Active Knowledge Modeling (AKM).









The AKM technology is about discovering, externalizing, expressing, representing, sharing, exploring, configuring, activating, growing and managing enterprise knowledge. An AKM solution is about exploiting the Web as a knowledge engineering medium, and developing knowledge-model-based families of platforms, model-configured workplaces and services.









This book was written by the inventors of AKM arising out of their cooperation with both scientists and industrial practitioners over a long period of time, and the authors give examples, directions, methods and services to enable new ways of working, exploiting the AKM approach to enable effective c-business, enterprise design and development, and lifecycle management. Industry managers and design engineers will become aware of the manifold possibilities of, and added values in, IT-supported distributed design processes, and researchers for collaborative design environments will find lots of stimulation and many examples for future developments.

Arvustused

"Peter Drucker once noted that the IT industry produced great help for clerks in its first 50 years and hoped it will help management in the future. Eventually, here it is. Now enterprises of any size can make sense of business process management, architecture, knowledge management, agility, teamwork, and innovation. Years of research, invention and application testing have produced this book full of valuable information". - Jack Ring, Fellow, International Council on Systems Engineering



"Developed in cooperation of scientists and industrial practitioners, Active Knowledge Modelling (AKM) facilitates both life cycle management and the operation of knowledge representations. The AKM inventors have created a comprehensive reference for anyone coping with the demands and challenges of IT supported enterprise management in the knowledge economy." - Martin Zelm, Co-founder CIMOSA Association



"I cant see how the global industry is able to meet the future without active knowledge modeling. To ensure to be prepared for the next generation of PLM and true border-free global and local collaboration, read this book." - Per Högberg, President Collaborative Business AB and Vice Chairman SAP User Group Executive Network

1 What is Active Knowledge Modeling Technology?
1
1.1 Definition of Active Knowledge Modeling
4
1.2 State-of-the-art Overview
7
1.3 Discoveries and Core Concepts
9
1.4 State-of-Practice – An Example
10
1.5 The AKM Products
14
1.6 Enterprise Knowledge Spaces
14
1.7 Active Knowledge Architectures
16
1.7.1 How to Represent Enterprise Knowledge
17
1.7.2 Model-Generated Workplaces (MGWP)
19
1.7.3 Model-Based Holistic Design
20
1.7.4 Model-Based Systems Engineering
21
1.8 The Core Modeling Languages
21
1.9 Towards Enterprise Visual Scenes
22
1.9.1 Visual Scenes and Collaboration Spaces
23
1.9.2 The Powers of Visual Scenes
24
1.10 Implications and Impacts
25
2 Customer Challenges and Demands
27
2.1 Background
27
2.1.1 Structure of
Chapter
27
2.1.2 The Evolution of Challenges and Demands
30
2.2 Society and Community Cooperation
30
2.2.1 Developing Digital Libraries
31
2.2.2 Enterprise-Enhanced Learning
33
2.2.3 Developing Operational Enterprise Architectures
34
2.3 Collaborative Business Networking
40
2.3.1 Business Models
41
2.3.2 Reference Models
43
2.4 Interoperable Enterprise Collaboration
47
2.4.1 Virtual Enterprises: Collaboration Spaces
47
2.4.2 Process Structures: Emergence and Evolution
48
2.4.3 Knowledge, Communication and Learning
49
2.4.4 Intelligent Infrastructures: Integration and Customization
50
2.4.5 Enterprise Interoperability
51
2.4.6 System Engineering Approaches
51
2.4.7 Embedded Systems Engineering
52
2.5 Innovation and Holistic Design
55
2.5.1 Industrial Customer Delivery
56
2.5.2 Industrial Innovation
57
2.5.3 Service-team Organization
59
2.5.4 Concurrent Platform Engineering
59
2.6 Knowledge and Data Representation
60
2.7 Personal Workplaces and Interaction
61
2.7.1 Innovation and Knowledge Repositories
62
2.8 Summary
63
3 Industrial Evolutions
65
3.1 History of AKM Development
65
3.2 Experiences from EXTERNAL
67
3.2.1 The ICT Layer
67
3.2.2 The Knowledge Representation Layer
69
3.2.3 The Work Performance and Management Layer
70
3.2.4 Case 1: The EXTERNAL Project
72
3.2.5 Case 2: The Business Consulting Project Cycle
78
3.2.6 Case 3: IT Consulting in an SME Network
80
3.2.7 Final Evaluation Results
82
3.3 Experiences from ATHENA
82
3.3.1 Telecom Pilot
83
3.3.2 Conclusions
89
3.4 Summary
90
4 State of the Art of Enterprise Modeling
91
4.1 Industrial Diversity of Meaning and Usage
91
4.2 International EM Markets
93
4.2.1 The Enterprise Architecture Market
93
4.2.2 The Business Process Management Market
94
4.3 Application Domains
94
4.3.1 Enterprise Engineering and Reengineering Activities
95
4.3.2 Product Life Cycle Management
99
4.3.3 Choice and Implementation of IT Systems and Solution
100
4.3.4 General Enterprise Architecture and Operations Support
101
4.4 Enterprise Modeling Frameworks and Architectures
101
4.4.1 The Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture
102
4.4.2 GERAM
104
4.4.3 GRAI Framework
109
4.4.4 ARTS (Architecture of Integrated Information Systems)
112
4.4.5 CIMOSA
115
4.4.6 The DoDAF Architecture Methodology
117
4.4.7 TOGAF Architecture Methodology
118
4.4.8 The TEAF Methodology from US Department of Commerce
119
4.4.9 ISO 15745: Framework for Application Integration
120
4.4.10 MISSION
122
4.5 Conclusions on Enterprise Architecture Frameworks
125
5 Enterprise Knowledge Architecture (EKA)
129
5.1 Knowledge Architectures
129
5.2 Principles for Active Knowledge Modeling (AKM)
131
5.3 EKA (Enterprise Knowledge Architecture)
133
5.3.1 Aspects and Multiple Dimensions
135
5.3.2 Reflection and Metamodeling
136
5.3.3 Inheritance
136
5.3.4 Expressiveness
136
5.3.5 Simplicity
137
5.3.6 Degrees of Ambiguity, Formality and Uncertainty
137
5.3.7 Complex Relationships, Roles and Boundary Management
138
5.3.8 Identification Schemes and Resolution
139
5.3.9 Model Management
140
5.3.10 Versioning, Variants and Configurations
140
5.4 AKM Execution: Interactive Behavior
141
5.4.1 Interactive Execution and Evolution
141
5.4.2 Basic Modeling Services
142
5.4.3 Task Definition and Execution
144
5.4.4 The Execution Context of a Task
147
5.5 Summary
150
6 Approaches to Enterprise Solutions
153
6.1 Product-Oriented Business Interoperability Profiles
154
6.1.1 Product Document Exchange and Management
155
6.1.2 Product Data Exchange through Mapping
155
6.1.3 Product Data Exchange Based on Reference Models and Semantic Mediation
156
6.1.4 Shared Product Information Repository
157
6.1.5 Federated Product Knowledge Repository
158
6.2 State of the Art and Requirements for Enterprise Solutions
159
6.2.1 Product Design and Life Cycle Management
159
6.2.2 Life Cycle Knowledge Integration
160
6.2.3 State of the Art in Product Design
161
6.3 Product-Based Interoperability Approaches
164
6.3.1 XML
166
6.3.2 Web Services
167
6.3.3 BPMI
168
6.3.4 WfMC
168
6.3.5 OAGIS GIS
171
6.3.6 OASIS BPEL
172
6.3.7 UN/CEFACT BCF
172
6.3.8 RosettaNet
173
6.3.9 OMG
175
6.3.10 ISO/IEC 15414: Open Distributed Processing Reference Model – Enterprise Language
177
6.3.11 W3C
178
6.3.12 Base Ontology Technologies
180
6.3.13 Semantic Web Services: OWL-S and WSMO
186
6.3.14 WEB 2.0
189
6.4 Summary
190
7 Introducing Active Knowledge Modeling in Industry
193
7.1 Major Industrial Computing Challenges Revisited
193
7.2 The Customer Delivery Process
194
7.2.1 Description of Methodology Steps
195
7.3 Each C3S3P Step
196
7.3.1 Concept Testing
197
7.3.2 Scaffolding
198
7.3.3 Scenarios Modeling
200
7.3.4 Solutions Modeling
203
7.3.5 Platform Configuration
209
7.3.6 Platform Delivery and Practicing
210
7.3.7 Performance Improvement and Operations
211
7.4 Service Teams
212
7.5 Integrated Product and Services Platforms
213
7.6 AKM Approach to Customer Projects
214
7.6.1 IRTV in Action
217
7.6.2 Current Context
222
7.6.3 The IRTV Methodology
223
7.7 Summary
225
8 Families of Platforms and Architectures
227
8.1 The MAPPER Architecture
229
8.2 Component Descriptions
231
8.2.1 Metis Enterprise Portal and Repository
231
8.2.2 Workflow Engine – TRMS Client
235
8.2.3 CURE
238
8.2.4 Concert Chat
241
8.3 Task Patterns
243
8.3.1 Modeling Task Patterns
244
8.4 Task Management
250
8.4.1 Creating and Starting a Task Pattern
250
8.4.2 Task User Interfaces
251
8.4.3 Allocating Persons to Roles
253
8.4.4 Task Execution Rules
256
8.5 Summary
257
9 Enterprise Design and Development
259
9.1 The CPPD Project Context
261
9.1.1 Integrating Life-Cycles
261
9.1.2 Nature of Work-Generative Knowledge
262
9.1.3 The Active Knowledge Architecture
263
9.2 Addressing Industrial Demands
265
9.2.1 Industrial Use of the CPPD Methodology
265
9.2.2 Customer and CPPD Requirements
266
9.2.3 Support for Early Design
267
9.2.4 CPPD Roles and Responsibilities
268
9.3 The AKM Approach to Product Design
269
9.3.1 CPPD Development
270
9.3.2 The Voice of the Customers
272
9.3.3 The Voice of Business
272
9.3.4 The Voice of Technology
273
9.3.5 Component Development
275
9.3.6 The CPPD Architecture
275
9.4 The CPPD Components
276
9.4.1 Configurable Product Components (CPC)
279
9.4.2 Configurable Visual Workplaces (CVW)
280
9.4.3 Configurable Work Processes (CWP)
281
9.4.4 Configurable Properties and Parameter Sets (CPP)
282
9.4.5 Configurable Product Structure (CPS)
284
9.4.6 Configurable Function Deployment (CFD)
285
9.4.7 Configurable Design Language (CDL)
285
9.4.8 Configurable Idea Bank (CIB)
286
9.5 Example of CVW
286
9.5.1 Current Workplaces
288
9.6 Summary
299
10 Realizing the Knowledge Economy 301
10.1 Background
302
10.2 Networked Business Theories
304
10.2.1 Value Chain Analysis
305
10.2.2 Schumpeterian Innovation
307
10.2.3 Network Economics
308
10.2.4 Transaction Cost Economics
313
10.3 Realization Approaches
314
10.4 EU Research
316
10.4.1 Business Requirements
317
10.4.2 Assessment of Networked Organizations and Value Models
317
10.5 AKM Contributions
318
10.5.1 Industrial Communities
319
10.5.2 From Paper to Models and Knowledge Architectures
320
10.5.3 From Process Flows to Workspaces
320
10.5.4 One Integrated Product Model
321
10.5.5 Collaborative Holistic Design
322
10.5.6 Data and Knowledge Management
323
10.5.7 Project Design
324
10.5.8 Changes in Management
325
10.6 Building Industrial Platforms
325
10.7 Impacts and Consequences
327
10.7.1 Industrial Communities
328
10.7.2 Business Economics
328
10.7.3 Industrial Research
329
10.7.4 Scientific Research
329
10.7.5 Education and Training
329
10.7.6 Future Directions
330
10.8 Outlook
331
11 Towards Enterprise Visual Scenes 333
11.1 Main Principles for Enterprise Visual Scenes
333
11.1.1 The Powers of Visual Scenes
334
11.2 Three-Dimensional Model Applications in Industry
335
11.2.1 Early Virtual Reality Experiments
336
11.2.2 BIM Models
336
11.2.3 NASA Concurrent Design
342
11.2.4 Maritime Applications
343
11.3 Nonindustrial Applications
344
11.3.1 Virtual Environments
344
11.4 Real Virtuality and Augmented Reality
348
11.4.1 Metal and Plastic Printing
350
11.4.2 Augmented Reality
350
11.5 New Modeling and Visualization Techniques
353
11.5.1 Three-Dimensional Modeling
353
11.5.2 Annotated Maps
354
11.6 Future Solutions
356
11.6.1 Croquet: An Example Environment
357
11.7 Summary
358
12 Scientific Foundations of AKM Technology 359
12.1 Epistemology
359
12.2 Human Learning, Pedagogy and Psychology
363
12.3 Natural Language, Linguistics and Semiotics
371
12.4 Process Design and Engineering
376
12.4.1 Transformational PMLs
377
12.4.2 Conversational Process Modeling
377
12.4.3 Declarative and Constraint-Based Process Modeling
378
12.4.4 Roles and Their Interaction
378
12.4.5 System Dynamics
379
12.4.6 Object-Oriented Process Modeling
380
12.4.7 Other Explicit Process Representations
380
12.5 Organizational Development and Learning
380
12.6 Product Design and Engineering
383
12.7 Systems Engineering
384
12.8 Summary
386
13 Enterprise Knowledge Spaces 387
13.1 Enterprise Knowledge Spaces Revisited
387
13.2 Modeling of Enterprise Knowledge Spaces
388
13.2.1 Personal Workspace
388
13.2.2 Innovation Space
390
13.2.3 Business Networking Space
391
13.2.4 Community Space
391
13.2.5 Overview
392
13.2.6 Knowledge Architectures
393
13.2.7 Reflection Across Knowledge Spaces
395
13.3 Summary
397
14 Summary and Directions 399
14.1 Core Principles and Solutions
400
14.2 Addressing the Main Challenges
405
14.3 Industrial Exploitation
407
14.4 The Way Ahead
409
References 411
Terminology and Abbreviations 425
Index 433
Frank Lillehagen is President and CEO of Active Knowledge Modeling AS, the third company he has co-founded. From 1974 to 1985, he pioneered computer graphics and CAD in many Scandinavian industry sectors, and co-founded Eurographics in 1980. Overall, Frank developed four commercial CAD systems and the Metis modeling tools (now owned by Troux Technologies) and received many awards for his contributions to industrial innovation.









John Krogstie is Professor in Information Systems at IDI, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, and also a senior advisor at SINTEF. Prior to that, he was employed as a manager with Accenture. John is the Norwegian Representative for IFIP TC8 and vice-chair of IFIP WG 8.1 on information systems design and evaluation.
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