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E-raamat: Adulteration in Herbal Drugs: A Burning Issue

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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Oct-2019
  • Kirjastus: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030280345
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Adulteration in Herbal Drugs: A Burning IssueSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Oct-2019
  • Kirjastus: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030280345
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Substitution and adulteration in traded herbal raw material are common practice in the herbal industry due to the extinction of required species, deforestation and incorrect taxonomical identification. Herbalists have adopted methods to create high quality adulteration which cannot be detected without performing microscopic examination or chemical analysis. It is difficult to establish specific quality control standards due to the complex nature and innate unpredictability of the chemical constituents of medicinal herbs.The main parameters for measurement and adulteration prevention in medicinal herbs are morphological and microscopic investigation, chemical profiling and DNA barcoding. The need for highly sensitive and more effective approaches for the authentication of medicinal herbs is necessary in order to promote the acceptance of herbal products. 

Adulteration In Traditional Medicinal Herbs is aimed at promoting awareness of adulteration in traditional herbal medicines for the worldwide scientific community. Parameters are established for the prevention of adulteration through classical and modern scientific tools. Valuable case studies are presented based on ethno-medicinal surveys performed in many herbal markets in Pakistan. Collections of various samples were obtained from these shops then compared with the original plants collected from field. Various phytochemical, organoleptic and DNA barcoding techniques were used in order to detect adulteration in the marketed herbal samples. This book is the first of its kind and is aimed at helping the scientific community to identify particular medicinal plants which are facing adulteration problems in herbal markets and to estimate the extent of adulteration and substitution in commonly used medicinal herbs.

1 Adulteration A Global Issue
1(8)
1.1 Adulteration A Global Issue
1(3)
1.1.1 Adulteration a Legal Term
1(2)
1.1.2 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act
3(1)
1.2 Poisonous or Deleterious Substances
4(1)
1.3 Filth and Foreign Matter of Adulteration
4(2)
1.4 Microbiological Contamination and Adulteration of Food
6(1)
1.5 Adulteration in Herbal Drugs
6(3)
2 Types and Causes of Adulteration: Global Perspectives
9(8)
2.1 Types of Adulteration and Food Items
9(1)
2.1.1 Intentional/Deliberate Adulteration
9(1)
2.1.2 Incidental/Unknown Adulteration
10(1)
2.1.3 Metallic Contamination
10(1)
2.2 Food Items and Adulterants
10(2)
2.3 Food Adulteration Categories
12(1)
2.3.1 Replacement
12(1)
2.3.2 Addition
13(1)
2.3.3 Removal
13(1)
2.4 Other Types of Food Adulteration
13(1)
2.5 Other Types of Common Adulteration
13(1)
2.6 Reason for Food Adulteration
13(1)
2.7 Precautions Against Food Adulteration
14(1)
2.8 Law against Food Adulteration
15(2)
3 Why Study Herbal Plants?
17(18)
3.1 Herbal Plants
17(2)
3.2 Need to Study Herbal Plants
19(2)
3.3 Importance of Medicinal Plants in Healthcare System
21(1)
3.4 Importance of Some Herbs with their Medicinal Values
22(5)
3.5 Adulteration in Medicinal Plants
27(1)
3.6 Reasons of Adulteration
28(2)
3.6.1 Adulteration Caused due to the Similar Morphology
28(1)
3.6.2 Adulteration Caused due to Confusion in Vernacular Names
29(1)
3.6.3 Lack of Elementary Knowledge about the Authentic Plant Source
30(1)
3.7 Significance of Taxonomic Approaches in Resolving Adulteration Issue of Medicinal Plants
30(1)
3.7.1 Morphological Analysis
30(1)
3.7.2 Microscopic Analysis
31(1)
3.7.3 Organoleptic Analysis
31(1)
3.8 Molecular Approaches in Medicinal Plants Identification
31(4)
4 History, Classification, Worldwide Distribution and Significance of Herbal Plants
35(16)
4.1 The History of Medicinal Plants
35(4)
4.1.1 The Oral Tradition
35(1)
4.1.2 The First Written Texts
36(1)
4.1.3 Middle Ages
37(1)
4.1.4 The Contribution of the New World
37(2)
4.2 A Universal Legacy That Must Be Preserved
39(1)
4.3 Classification of Herbal Plants
39(4)
4.3.1 On Basis of Their Growth Habit and Parts Utilized
40(1)
4.3.2 According to the Usage
41(1)
4.3.3 According to Their Active Constituents
42(1)
4.4 Distribution of Medicinal Plants by Families
43(8)
4.4.1 Medicinal Plants of the Compositae Family
43(1)
4.4.2 Medicinal Plants of the Labiatae Family
44(1)
4.4.3 Medicinal Plants of the Umbelliferae Family
44(1)
4.4.4 Medicinal Plants of the Leguminosae Family
45(1)
4.4.5 Medicinal Plants of the Rosaceae Family
45(1)
4.4.6 Medicinal Plants of the Rutaceae
45(1)
4.4.7 Medicinal Plants of the Solanaceae Family
45(1)
4.4.8 Medicinal Plants of the Cruciferae Family
46(1)
4.4.9 Medicinal Plants of the Liliaceae Family
46(1)
4.4.10 Medicinal Plants of the Caryophyllaceae Family
47(1)
4.4.11 Medicinal Plants of the Boraginaceae Family
47(1)
4.4.12 Medicinal Plants of the Ranunculaceae Family
47(1)
4.4.13 Medicinal Plants of the Papaveraceae Family
48(1)
4.4.14 Medicinal Plants of the Malvaceae Family
48(1)
4.4.15 Medicinal Plants of the Cucurbitaceae Family
48(1)
4.4.16 Medicinal Plants of the Verbenaceae Family
48(1)
4.4.17 Medicinal Plants of the Scrophulariaceae Family
48(1)
4.4.18 Medicinal Plants of the Phytolaccaceae Family
49(1)
4.4.19 Medicinal Plants of the Euphorbiaceae Family
49(2)
5 Marketed Herbal Drugs: How Adulteration Affects
51(6)
5.1 Difference of Herbal and Conventional Drugs & Trends in Herbal Medicine Use
51(1)
5.1.1 Use of Whole Plants
51(1)
5.1.2 Herb Combining
51(1)
5.1.3 Diagnosis
52(1)
5.2 Trends in Herbal Medicine Use
52(1)
5.3 Market Value of Herbal Medicines
52(1)
5.4 Indian Herbal Trade in World Scenario
53(1)
5.5 World Wide Herbal Trade
53(1)
5.6 Market Potential of Phytomedicines
54(1)
5.7 Global Herbal Market
54(3)
6 Preventive Measures to Stop Adulteration in Marketed Herbal Samples
57(8)
6.1 Trends and Challenges Related to Herbal Plants
57(1)
6.2 Constraints in Developing Traditional Medicines from Plants
57(3)
6.3 The Role of the Private Sector
60(1)
6.4 A Coherent Research Agenda Will Need to Address
60(1)
6.4.1 Health
60(1)
6.4.2 Biodiversity
61(1)
6.4.3 Social Dimension
61(1)
6.5 A Coherent National Programme on Medicinal Plants Should Include the Following Institutions
61(1)
6.5.1 Ministry of Health
61(1)
6.5.2 Ministry of Agriculture
61(1)
6.5.3 Universities
61(1)
6.5.4 Pharmacy
61(1)
6.5.5 Public Health
62(1)
6.5.6 Botany
62(1)
6.5.7 Taxonomy Identification
62(1)
6.5.8 Clinical & Pharmaceutical Industry (Government and Private)
62(1)
6.5.9 Ministry of Trade
62(1)
6.6 A National Strategy on Medicinal Plants Should Highlight the Following
62(1)
6.7 Priority Issues that Need Special Attention Include
63(2)
7 Medicinal Wealth of Pakistan
65(20)
7.1 Medicinal Plants of Pakistan
65(20)
8 Marketed Herbal Plants in Pakistan: Case Studies
85(56)
8.1 DNA Analysis
96(45)
8.1.1 Cinnamomum verum
97(5)
8.1.2 Cinnamomum tamala
102(6)
8.1.3 Gymnema sylvestre
108(5)
8.1.4 Sphaeranthus indicus
113(5)
8.1.5 Artemisia maritima
118(5)
8.1.6 Butea monosperma
123(6)
8.1.7 Achillea millefolium
129(9)
8.1.8 Morus nigra
138(3)
9 List of Commonly Used Herbal Drugs throughout the World
141(30)
10 A Pictorial Guide of Marketed Herbal Plants: Comparison With the Original Sample
171(4)
Bibliography 175
Dr. Shabnum Shaheen has completed her Post Doctorate from Malaysia in Biological Sciences. She is awardee of gold medal in an International conference of Botany and also won Farogh-e-Taleem Gold medal award from Idara Farogh-e-Taleem & Federal Minister Kashmir Affairs, Pakistan. She is the first scientist who introduced EDS technique for grass phytoliths in Epidermal Leaf Anatomy in Pakistan. Till yet she has 3 national patents which are submitted in the intellectual property Organization, Government of Pakistan. She is the member of many national and International science societies/journals and also reviewer of many well reputed journals. She is the author of 6 books and published many research articles in national and international journals. 



Miss Sehrish Ramzan is a Ph.D scholar in Biological Sciences. She is a plant scientist and her Ph.D work is focused on the adulteration of herbal drugs. Till yet she published 10 research articles in national andinternational journals and member of many societies. Her research interests include biodiversity, systematic, adulteration and medicinal plants.



Dr. Farah Khan did her Post Doctorate from Ohio State University,Columbus,US (2011). She is Professor / Chairperson at Department of Botany,LCWU, Lhr. She is the member of many Research Journal Editorial Boards.  So far 62 Research theses including 02 Ph.Ds.  have been  supervised by her. She has published 52 Research papers in Impact Factored, HEC and UGC recognized International and National journals. She has published 34 Abstracts/Proceedings indifferent International and National conferences and  seminars. Thirty one Poster( Research)  presentations  and 04 Monographs  published  by international Publishers are also on her record. She has won many awards including a gold medal by IFT,PK.

Dr. Mushtaq Ahmad is Plant Biologist in the field of Biodiversity. He has author of 387 research publications (to date) in top international journals, more than 3000 citations, with high IF, H & I indices. 20 international books published and circulated internationally. Dr. Ahmad is awardee of various national and international awards (TWAS, CAS-PIFI & USEA). He is also the Editorial Board Member of many well reputed ISI journals and book series. He has supervised 13 Ph.D. & 65 M.Phil. research scholars in applied disciplines of Natural plants products, Plant biodiversity, wild edible plants, Medicinal plants, Energy &Environment.
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