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E-raamat: Advanced Ceramic Membranes and Applications

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Aug-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351677400
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Advanced Ceramic Membranes and ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Aug-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351677400
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This book provides a balanced blend of fundamental concepts of fabrication, characterization of conventional ceramics, extending to present the recent advances in ceramic membranes. It covers the basic concepts of ceramic membranes as well as practical and theoretical knowledge in conventional and advanced ceramic membranes combined with unorthodox ideas for novel approaches in ceramic membranes. Book includes lot of real time examples derived largely from research work by authors. Aimed at researchers, students and academics in the field of membrane engineering around the globe, it has following key features:











Guides readers through manufacturing, characterizing and using low-cost ceramic technology.





Provides an overview of the different types of ceramic membranes, catalytic reactors and their uses.





Covers industrial application, separation and purification.





Includes recent developments and advances in membrane fabrication.





Discusses new raw materials for ceramic membranes.
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Authors xv
1 Ceramic Membrane Processes 1(26)
1.1 Introduction to Ceramic Membranes
1(2)
1.2 Microfiltration
3(3)
1.3 Ultrafiltration
6(2)
1.4 Nanofiltration
8(1)
1.5 Reverse Osmosis
8(1)
1.6 Gas Separation
9(2)
1.7 Pervaporation
11(1)
1.8 Hybrid Membranes
12(8)
1.8.1 Membrane Crystallizer
12(1)
1.8.2 Membrane Emulsifier
13(2)
1.8.3 Membrane Reactors
15(14)
1.8.3.1 Membrane Bioreactors
17(1)
1.8.3.2 Catalytic Membrane Reactors
18(2)
1.9 Flow Patterns
20(1)
1.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ceramic Membranes
21(1)
1.11 Summary
21(1)
References
22(5)
2 Fabrication of Ceramic Membranes 27(44)
2.1 Introduction to Low-Cost Ceramic Membranes with Examples
27(2)
2.2 Factors: Membrane Fabrication
29(3)
2.2.1 Raw Materials
29(1)
2.2.2 Membrane Shapes
30(1)
2.2.3 Membrane Modules
30(1)
2.2.4 Fabrication and Coating Techniques
31(1)
2.2.5 Manufacturing Cost
31(1)
2.3 Ceramic Forming
32(2)
2.3.1 Use of Major Chemicals
32(1)
2.3.2 Use of Pore-Formers
32(1)
2.3.3 Use of Additives
33(1)
2.4 Membrane Modules for Ceramics
34(2)
2.4.1 Tubular
34(2)
2.4.2 Rectangular/Flat Sheet
36(1)
2.4.3 Cylindrical
36(1)
2.4.4 Monolithic
36(1)
2.5 Ceramic Membrane Fabrication Techniques
36(18)
2.5.1 Extrusion
37(2)
2.5.2 Injection Molding
39(2)
2.5.3 Pressing or Compaction
41(3)
2.5.4 Slip Casting
44(1)
2.5.5 Tape Casting
45(1)
2.5.6 Chemical Vapor Deposition
46(3)
2.5.7 Directed Metal Oxidation
49(1)
2.5.8 Reaction Bonding
50(1)
2.5.9 Sol-Gel Process
51(3)
2.6 Sintering
54(10)
2.6.1 Mechanisms and Stages of Sintering
54(3)
2.6.2 Types of Sintering
57(1)
2.6.3 Different Sintering Processes
58(14)
2.6.3.1 Microwave Sintering
58(2)
2.6.3.2 Plasma-Assisted Sintering
60(1)
2.6.3.3 Pressure-Assisted Sintering
60(4)
2.7 Summary
64(1)
References
65(6)
3 Characterization Techniques 71(38)
3.1 Introduction
71(1)
3.2 Measurement of Thermal Stability
72(1)
3.2.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis
72(1)
3.3 Determination of Morphological Characteristics
73(16)
3.3.1 Physical Methods
73(7)
3.3.1.1 Mercury Porosimetry
73(2)
3.3.1.2 Perporometry
75(1)
3.3.1.3 Thermoporometry
76(1)
3.3.1.4 Gas Adsorption/Desorption Isotherms
77(1)
3.3.1.5 Archimedes' Principle
77(1)
3.3.1.6 Bubble Point
78(1)
3.3.1.7 Measurement of Solute Rejection
79(1)
3.3.2 Permeation Methods
80(2)
3.3.2.1 Liquid Permeation
80(1)
3.3.2.2 Gas Permeation
81(1)
3.3.3 Microscopic Techniques
82(7)
3.3.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy
83(1)
3.3.3.2 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
84(1)
3.3.3.3 Atomic Force Microscopy
85(3)
3.3.3.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy
88(1)
3.4 Measurement of Mechanical Strength
89(2)
3.4.1 Flexural Strength
89(1)
3.4.2 Fracture Toughness
90(1)
3.4.3 Hardness
90(1)
3.5 Determination of Chemical Stability
91(1)
3.5.1 Acid-Alkali Test
91(1)
3.6 Characterization of Membrane Surface Charge
91(4)
3.6.1 Contact Angle
91(1)
3.6.2 Zeta Potential
92(3)
3.7 Other Techniques
95(10)
3.7.1 XRD
95(1)
3.7.2 SAXS
96(6)
3.7.2.1 Protein Structure and Function
98(1)
3.7.2.2 Drug Delivery Systems
98(1)
3.7.2.3 Pharmaceutical Formulations
98(1)
3.7.2.4 Structure and Internal Core-Shell Structure of Nanoparticles
99(1)
3.7.2.5 Polymer Nanocomposites
99(1)
3.7.2.6 Colloids and Microemulsions
100(1)
3.7.2.7 Thin Films and GISAXS
100(1)
3.7.2.8 Surfactant Systems
100(1)
3.7.2.9 Characterization of Physical Properties of Liquid Crystalline Compounds
101(1)
3.7.2.10 Functionalized Quantum Dots
101(1)
3.7.2.11 Porous Nanostructures and Catalysts
102(1)
3.7.3 XPS
102(7)
3.7.3.1 Applications in Metals
104(1)
3.7.3.2 For Catalyst and Nanocomposite Membrane Materials
104(1)
3.7.3.3 Pharmaceutical Applications
104(1)
3.7.3.4 Applications in Surface Modification
105(1)
3.8 Summary
105(1)
References
106(3)
4 Ceramic Membrane Cleaning Methods 109(10)
4.1 Introduction
109(1)
4.2 Physical Cleaning Techniques
109(3)
4.2.1 Sponge Ball Cleaning
110(1)
4.2.2 Flushing
110(1)
4.2.3 Backwashing
111(1)
4.2.4 Air Sparging
111(1)
4.3 Chemical Cleaning Technique
112(1)
4.4 Physicochemical Cleaning Technique
113(1)
4.5 Other Techniques
113(2)
4.5.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Cleaning
113(1)
4.5.2 Electric Field-Assisted Cleaning
114(1)
4.5.3 Magnetic Field-Assisted Cleaning
115(1)
4.5.4 Pulsatile Flow
115(1)
4.6 Summary
115(1)
References
116(3)
5 Introduction to Membrane Reactors and Membrane Contactors 119(36)
5.1 Membrane Reactors
119(3)
5.1.1 Classification of MRs Based on Their Configuration
119(3)
5.2 The Catalytic Membrane Reactor and Its Novel Applications
122(8)
5.2.1 Synergistic Effect of Separation and Reaction
122(1)
5.2.2 Membrane Functions in CMRs and Applications
123(2)
5.2.3 Opposite Flow Mode Catalytic Membrane Reactors
125(1)
5.2.4 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Laden Gas Treatment
126(1)
5.2.5 Catalytic Combustion of Propane
127(1)
5.2.6 Oxydehydrogenation of Propane to Propylene
128(1)
5.2.7 Other Catalytic Reactions
129(1)
5.3 Fabrication of CMRs
130(3)
5.4 Catalytic Membrane Reactors versus Traditional Reactors
133(1)
5.5 Possible Scopes of Further Research
134(1)
5.6 Membrane Contactors
135(8)
5.6.1 Membrane Distillation
138(2)
5.6.2 Membrane Crystallizers
140(1)
5.6.3 Membrane Emulsifier
140(2)
5.6.4 Membrane Extractors
142(1)
5.6.5 Phase Transfer Catalysis
142(1)
5.7 Summary
143(2)
References
145(10)
6 Low-Cost Tubular Ceramic Support Membranes 155(24)
6.1 Introduction
155(1)
6.2 Practical Example I: Fabrication of Low-Cost Tubular Ceramic Support
155(11)
6.2.1 Introduction of Sawdust as Pore-Former
158(4)
6.2.1.1 Selection and Treatment of Sawdust
158(1)
6.2.1.2 Effect of Particle Size of Sawdust on Membrane Porosity and Pore Size
158(4)
6.2.1.3 Confirmation of Formation of Pores by Sawdust
162(1)
6.2.2 Optimization Study
162(4)
6.2.2.1 Raw Materials Content
164(1)
6.2.2.2 Sintering Temperature
164(1)
6.2.2.3 Binder Contents
165(1)
6.3 Study of Phase Transformation and Microstructure of the Optimized Membrane
166(6)
6.3.1 Morphological Study of the Optimized Membrane
169(1)
6.3.1.1 Archimedes' Test
169(1)
6.3.1.2 Gas Permeation Test
169(1)
6.3.1.3 FESEM Image Analysis
169(1)
6.3.2 Mechanical Stability
169(1)
6.3.3 Chemical Stability
170(1)
6.3.4 Manufacturing Cost of the Fabricated Support Membrane
171(1)
6.4 Practical Example II: Fabrication of Low-Cost Ceramic Support
172(1)
6.5 Comparison to High-Cost Ceramic Membranes
173(1)
6.6 Summary
174(1)
References
175(4)
7 Fabrication of a Low-Cost Tubular Catalytic Membrane Reactor 179(12)
7.1 Introduction
179(1)
7.2 Synthesis of the Catalyst
179(4)
7.2.1 Chemicals for Catalyst Preparation
179(1)
7.2.2 Preparation of Catalyst
180(1)
7.2.3 Characterization Techniques
180(3)
7.2.3.1 BET Surface Area Analysis
180(1)
7.2.3.2 Particle Size Analysis
180(1)
7.2.3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
180(1)
7.2.3.4 X-ray Diffraction
181(1)
7.2.3.5 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
181(1)
7.2.3.6 Electron Spin Resonance
181(1)
7.2.3.7 Temperature Programmed Reduction
181(1)
7.2.3.8 CO Chemisorption
181(1)
7.2.3.9 Laser Raman Spectroscopy
182(1)
7.2.3.10 Transmission Electron Microscope
182(1)
7.3 Coating of Catalyst on Support Membrane
183(3)
7.3.1 Study of Membrane Surface Morphology
184(1)
7.3.2 Measurement of Film Thickness
185(1)
7.3.3 Distribution of Catalyst over the Membrane Surface
185(1)
7.4 System Economics
186(1)
7.5 Other Fabrication Methods
187(1)
7.6 Summary
188(1)
References
189(2)
8 Study of Mass Transfer of CMRs 191(22)
8.1 Introduction
191(1)
8.2 Gas Absorption and Gas-Solid Catalyzed Reaction through CMRs
191(3)
8.3 Practical Example
194(3)
8.3.1 Conversion of H2S into Elemental Sulfur
194(3)
8.3.1.1 Another Example
195(2)
8.4 Kinetics of Catalyst on Membrane
197(1)
8.4.1 External Diffusion Resistance
197(1)
8.4.2 Internal Diffusion Resistance
198(1)
8.5 Reaction Kinetics and Mass Balance Equation
198(6)
8.6 Influence of Reaction Rate, Equilibrium Reaction Constant, and Mass Transport Coefficient at Membrane Boundary Layer
204(3)
8.7 Summary
207(4)
References
211(2)
9 Various Applications of Ceramic Membranes 213(24)
9.1 Introduction
213(1)
9.2 Gaseous Stream Treatment
213(7)
9.2.1 VOC Removal
213(2)
9.2.2 Acid Gas Removal
215(3)
9.2.3 SO2 and Mercury Removal
218(2)
9.3 Liquid Stream Treatment
220(5)
9.3.1 Wastewater Treatment
220(2)
9.3.2 Fruit Juice Clarification
222(2)
9.3.3 Heavy Metal Separation
224(1)
9.3.4 Aroma Compound Recovery
225(1)
9.4 Fuel Cell Applications
225(2)
9.5 Other Applications
227(1)
9.6 Commercial Applications
228(2)
9.7 Summary
230(1)
References
231(6)
Nomenclature 237(4)
List of Symbols 241(4)
Index 245
 Dr. Sujoy Bose is an assistant professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Calicut. He has graduated from Durgapur Institute of Advanced Technology & Management under West Bengal University of Technology. He has finished post graduation from National Institute of Technology Durgapur. He has completed PhD from Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati. He has over 7 years of experience in the field of membrane technology. He is an expert in the area of developing ceramic membranes for different applications. Recently, he has introduced sawdust as a novel cheap raw material for ceramic membranes. His research interests also include material science, nanofluids etc. He has published journals in reputed peer-reviewed international journals like Materials Letters, Ceramics International, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, etc. He has served as an executive committee member of IIChE Guwahati region chapter from 2013-2014.



Dr. Chandan Das has received his Bachelors and Masters Degree in Chemical Engineering from University of Calcutta and Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from IIT Kharagpur, and currently is an Associate Professor in the Chemical Engineering Department at IIT Guwahati. He has guided, so far, 4 scholars for their doctoral degree, 18 M.Tech. and is guiding 8 more PhD scholars. Dr. Das is the recipient of "Dr. A.V. Rama Rao Foundation's Best Ph.D. Thesis and Research Award in Chemical Engineering/Technology" for the year 2010 from Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers (IIChE). Dr. Das has authored about one hundred technical publications in peer reviewed journals and proceedings. He has authored one book entitled "Treatment of Tannery Effluent by Membrane Separation Technology" in Nova Science Publishers, USA and two book chapters. He has two patents in his credit. He has handled five sponsored projects and five consultancy projects so far. He has visited Denmark, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Japan for exchanging ideas, etc.



Being associated with various research works in the area of water and wastewater treatment, such as treatment of tannery wastewater using membrane separation technology, as well as removal of pollutants using micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration, Dr. Das has gained expertise in membrane separation technology for removing various pollutants from contaminated water and wastewater. His research activity encompasses both understanding of fundamental principles during filtration as well as the development of technology based on membrane separation. In particular, his research areas are modeling of microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, treatment of oily wastewater, tannery effluent using membrane based processes. We are exploring the detailed quantification of flux decline from fundamentals. As an offshoot of the major research, he has fabricated ceramic membranes using low cost precursors as sawdust. Catalyst is coated on the ceramic support for manufacturing catalytic membrane reactor.



He is also working on decontamination of chromium laden aqueous effluent using Spirulina platensis. He is actively involved in the productions of high value added products, namely, total phenolics, flavonoids, tocopherol, etc. from black rice as well as of 6-gingerol, vitamin C content, essential oil content from ginger of North East India.



ACHIEVEMENTS:











Separation of Cr (III) from aqueous solution by sorption on Spirulina platensis at pH 6.2. Phosphate, carboxylic and amine groups are responsible for metal ion binding. Phosphatic group has maximum attachment with ions. Dead: (adsorption + ppt) 100% (feed-20ppm) and Live: 97% (feed-100ppm)









Cr(VI) reduction into Cr(III) at acidic pH using protonated functional groups. 98% reduction at 0.5 pH. Temp-high reduction high









PCTE in ZMC reasonable Spirulina cell growth









Crossflow microfiltration of oily wastewater retains 98% oil droplets, COD reduction from 2000 to 225 ppm, combined diffusion model ( 0.01m- 47m)









Ceramic membrane suitable for NMP separation from coal-NMP mixture; tested upto 3rd stage; IOS, steel industry waste was utilized for ceramic membrane fabrication.









Through spiral wound membrane module, with permeate recycle had better quality compared to without permeate recycle. Laminar-Brownian diffusion model (<0.1 m); turbulent-shear induced (0.5-30m)-due to clustering.















Major research fields:



Field 1: Membrane separation technology: Dr. Vijay Singh, Dr. Sujoy Bose, Mr. Suman Saha, Mr. Kibrom Alebel Gebru, Mr. Kulbhushan Samal



Membrane modules: 1. Unstirred batch cell; 2. Stirred batch cell; 3. Crossflow cell; 4. Spiral wound; 5. Spinning basket ; 6. Tubular (catalytic); 7. Electrospun nanofiber membrane



Applications: Oily wastewater, coal-solvent mixture, fruit juice, elemental S, water and wastewater, humic acids



Field 2: Bioremediation: Dr. Mahesh Kumar Gagrai



Spirulina platensis, a blue-green microalgae removal of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solution



Field 3: Extraction, purification and separation of value added products from herbs, crops: Dr. Arijit Das, Mr. Abhishek Shukla, Mr. Amit Baran Das



Aloe vera, Rebaudioside (RA), aloe vara, ginger, black and red rice of North East Region of India.



 
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